‘New Jona and we have noe eeeved np yet 23 (2021) 100015, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress ELSEVIER _Joumal homepage: www-sciencedirect.com/journalthermal-science-and-engineering-progress ® Thermal energy storage performance of PCM/graphite matrix composite in a tube-in-shell geometry MY. Yazici *,M. Saglam’, 0. Aydin”, M. Avei® of Mecca gern Sere Urey, $490 Same Tk ° Deparment of Mcarel Ener, Reade Teco ber, 61050 Trabaon,Tkey * Deparment of Mecha! Engen, cp Te regan Unversity, 100 fie, Try ARTICLE INFO apsTRact Rowers ‘Thermal energy sorage acest het “Maling beat aansfer performance and measuring energy storage efficiency vi total melting tine of saplite mauix ln rubedn shel for solar thenual eneigy storage and recovering waste het appliaons i uvied experimentally. The phse change material (PCM oxganic/parin(PS6-58), i inpreginted ito the ‘raplite mats withthe blk density of 0 g/L, The eet filet temperate Tie = 75 “Ca 5 *) of heat ae ‘transfer fhuid (HTF) on total melting time is obtained. The time-history of temperature measurements, thermal oe camera imaging, aud qu acton av obtained 1 reveal the derual perfomance of PCM/uaphite mati na Ginpie tabeln-sbell att heat uhemual eneigy storage (LATES) syste In deta The vests show that the POM Wate ben saphite maui has a remarkable effect on the phase change eat transfer and total meting tne. The tera Performance ofthe PCR graphite mati is presented comparatively with the conventional ube-in-shell storage Unie. Effective thermal condictivity which exhances the beat ttansier tate is shown to increase 3 cies compared to shat of pue pain. The total melting me decreases by about 02% competed to the conventional tube in-sel nt Unifon ein behaviours observed bse on highly condctive aban hema pti fr PCM/graphite matrix. Heat transfer takes place by dominant conduction for the PCMY graphite mati. Leakage Issue is prevented using graphite matrix encapsulation. Tocal melting ine is decreased y about 319% with he Incsese ia HIF inlet temperance forthe PCMY/g.aphite maui 1. Introduetion, LIITES systems using phase change materials atract researchers due to the advantages of high energy storage density and isothermal process. LHITES systems are utilized in different engineering application such as Dullding (1,21, heating and cooling systems (3,¢),dhermal management of lectronics/bateries/PVs [5-9), waste heat recovery [10,11], refrigeration and cold storage (12,15), solar energy systems (14-19) (Compressive reviews on PCM types and their applications are aval ble in the existing lteracure [20-28 ‘The tbe in shell LHTES nit, in which the PCM sep in henna space while the heat transfer uid flows through the nner tube i the ‘The global energy requirement is ineeasing rapidly, because of population, eeononuie growth, and rising levels of prosperity, However, ‘ever increasing energy demand causes new energy challenges in relation to energy suppl for humanity. A sustainable energy fanute will equire novel energy systems, For sustainability, energy storage increases its Importance for energy efficiency and sso using renewable energy sorces efficent Thermal energy storage (TES) is one of the leading forms of energy storage. TES contributes to the balance berween supply and demand of intermittent renewable energy source of solar energy, which is the most ‘common application for thermal energy storage. Thermal energy storage should also be used for integrating renewable thermal energy sources land recovering waste heat. TES can be eategorized into three types Sensible (eg. water and rock), latent (eg, water-ice and paralin), and thertuo chemical (e.g, chemical reactions and sorption processes). Coxsespoading autor mal addres mys yaiei@samsin dc (ALY. Yas, uap://doL.ong/10.1016/}18.2021.100015 ‘ast comnion storage unit depending on its pipe geometry of simplicity ‘nd minimal best loss (22). Moreover, anuong the tube-insbell form the «ylindrieal one gives better results in termi ofthe heat wansfer rate (29) Extensive experimental and numerical stdies ineluding design para ters of inlet temperature/mass flow rae of heat transfer id (20,91), POM type/quantity (29,92), orientation [99,9495] ting angle (26), eccentricity [57,98], container geometry [59] have been performed on Received 18 December 2020; Receved in teised fom 14 Februay 2021; Accepted 14 Mach 2021 ‘Availabe online 20 Match 2021 2asis0049/ 2001 Eleven La, All sights reserve.the storage performance of tube-in-shell geometry ‘The LHTES has two main drawbacks to tackle depending on the nature of the material of phase change material in organic type (oaraim: low thermal conductivity and leakage tse. The low thermal ‘conductivity causing lawer heat transfer rates prolongs the melting and solidification processes, Since the form of PCM is not stable during melting, PCM should be encapstlated for isolation from the surround. ing. These disaevantages lini the application of PCM for TES systems For aver decades, scientists investigated the heat transfer enhancement ‘scategies and optimizing the properties of the PEM for thermal storage Inching, inreasing the heat transfer area (0,1, improving the PCM ‘ermal conductivity using dispersed nanoparticles (2) insertion of etal matrix (], lmpregnation of graphite foams [6], ei ‘ation of bubble agitation in the PCMS (7), geomersie optimization [57,48], and eneapsulation [49,50]. The eneapsulated PCMs ean be ‘categorized principally as core-shell PCMs and shape stabilized PCM in the different sizes of macro, micro, and nano, ‘In recent years, the use of graphite matty is one of the promising methods of improving the thermal condkietivity of PEM and pliase change heat transfer process and preventing leakage issue for LHTES applications due to advantages of high porosity reaching 95%%, low density, high thermal conductivity, good mechanical properties, and ‘chemically non-reactive nature. Is well compatible with many surfaces ‘providing n high ratio of surface area to volunie, Moreover, with Internal structure, it provides a porous medium for the encapsilation of PCM. The phase change material is impregnated tothe geaphive matrix by capillarity and surface tension phenomena. Impregnation encapst lation is one ofthe shape stabilized PCMs methods which allows pase ‘lange materials to retain soli phase form during dhe soli-tiguid phase transition and does not allow any leakage. Therefore, shape-stabilized PCM is one ofthe effective ways of encapsulation (50). Anisotropy of ‘ermal conductivity and eduction in latent heat of soli-liquid phase transition is the only potential handicaps ofthe graphite matrix (51) Despite the remarkable advantages of graphite matrix, there are limited studies on the thermal storage performance of ruben shell PCM/graphite mateix LHTES system, Moreover, itis seen that mast of the studies are cartied out numerically. Here, itis given only PCM/ ‘graphice matrix (or foam) in tube-in-shell configuration for solar ther mal energy storage or recovering waste heat. PY etal. [46] obtained & new supported paraffin saturated by capillary Forces in an expanded ‘graphite matrix. They experimentally studied the effect of PCM load on. the thermal conductivity. They also studied the chermsl power and ea ‘pacity of PEM/graphite matrix theoretically compared 10 conventional systems of tubes and spherical hollow. They shonved that the overall solliication time decreased considerably, A numerical study exam. ining the effect of porosity on the taersal performance of PCM-graphite foam (sellin tube geometry) for terrestrial and space appliestions was conducted by Lafai etal. [52]. They observed thatthe average output power (related to energy absorption rate using carbon foam af porosity 97% was about five times higher than pure PCM for terestrial appl cations. Zhong etal. [55] used graphite foams (mesophase pitch base) with diferent thermal properties and pore-size to enhanee the thermal diffusivity of parafin wax. The performance of parafin/graphite matrices was characterized through the structure, thermal diffusivity, ‘and latent eat, Experimental results showed that thermal diffusivity ‘ould be increased significantly by parain-graphite foam: compared to sole paraffin wax. Studies investigating different parameters (size, bulk density, anisotropy degree, etc.) (0 eulance the thermophysical prop erties and thermal performance of PCM/graphite matsix were carried ‘out by Zou et als (94), Xie et al [95], Wang etal [56]. Guo etal (97) performed numerical study to evaluate the thermal performance of PCM/graphite form in #tube-in shell storage unit. They reported that paraffin/graphite foam could be used asa suitable candidate for LHTES systems. Gimener et al. (58) conducted an experimental and mumericel study (0 investigate the performance of PCMgraphite foam in a heat exchanger introduced into metallic bes for different graphite foam, ‘Thera Scns an npg Props 22 (2021) 10915 ‘Table 1 ‘Them physical properties ofthe parafin and PCM/ graphite mats Popes PEAT Grapie Me Uae et A) 2 m Des them?) ooo > Tamulcmewiviy(Was) a i 4 5 758,06°0 4 He 2509 s 2 = 7 a i ° — Pure paraffin ~~ Patatfinigraphite matrix 3 ao 6 Tec) Fig. 1. DSC anal for pace patina pati rapite types with porosity variations snd bull density. A simplified one dimensional radial mode! ofa cylindrical storage component was used to evaluate the major parameters. The effect of thermal contact ress tance on solidfieation tne was evaluated. 11 is seen clearly from the abovecited literature that the studies focused on the melting phenomenon and thermal energy storage per formance of PCM graphite matrix in tube-in-hell for solar thermal en ergy storage and recovering waste leat applications are scarce, These deficiencies draw a gap inthe literature of PCM, graphite matrix in tube shell for LHTES applications. Hence, the motivation of this expert mental study so evaluate the melting phenomenon and thermal energy storage performance via melting time of PCM/graphite matrix in hor- zontal ¢ tube in shell (annular) storage geometry for solar thetmal en ergy storage and recovering waste heat. To the bes of the knowledge of the authors, the present sty isthe first comprehensive experimental investigation o illustrate the melting heat transfer performance and total melting time to measure energy storage efficiency of the PCM/ sraphite mateix in horizontal tube in shell storage geometry for solae energy storage and recovering waste heat applications. From a scientific or practical viewpoint, our gol sto store energy as much as possible in a shorter time using PCM graphice matrix configuration improving the fnergy storage performance, To evaluate the melting behavior and thermal energy storage performance, the time history of temperature, ‘ermal camera images, and liquid fration of PCM/graphite matrix are utilized under two different inlet temperatures of heat ransfer Aid. The data sets willbe base for beter performance and designs, A comparison wih a conventional cube-in-shell TES system (15), in which the PCM is ‘eneapsulated in an annular gap between the me and the shell, was also presinted to reveal the efeet ofthe PCM/graphite matrix, 2, Experimental study 2.1, Heat storage material and PCM raphite matric As the phase change material, paraffin of P56-58 (Merck chemicals, corp. is used inthis study. Paraffin isknown to bean attractive materialee i. aren tae ig. 2. SEN images: graphite mates, pena with its advantages including, no phase segregation, chemical/physicl thermal stability, good compatibility with oer materials, and nou: reactivity, safe and high latent heat of fusion. The thermophysical properties ofthe paraffin and parafin/graphite are presented in Table 1 DSC analysis (Hitachi-DSC.7020) of pure paraffin and paraffingrephite Is also given in fs. 1. Expanded graphite (EG) is prepared from nacural lake graphite (0 elevate the impregnation ofthe paraffin int the porons graphite matrix. “The natural fake graphite sample is converted Co expandable graphite using sone special chemicals. EG is then achieved by rapid expansion snd exfoliation of expandable graphite at 1000 °C for 60 s. The pro: ‘duction process of EG is presented comprehensively by Py [40]. kn this sendy, expandable graphite (09% purty, 32 mesh, and 500 expansion rate) was supplied by ProGraphite GmbH (Germany) and EG is abtained by the heat treatment. EG was compacted to the desired bulk density of 50 g/L In an aluminium mold using Instron Universal Testing System (lustron 3382). The total porosity of the graphite matty is ealeuated practically abot 99% by using impregnated PCM amount, The total porosity iscalculated theoretically about 92% fr a specific bulk density by the following equation (46 @) © = Pu /Ps ~ -72250) where pug isthe specified buile density of graphite matric while 2250 stands for the theoretical density of graphite in terms of kg/m’, respectively. The difference of porosity benween the maximum observed rnd calculated theoretically isthe closed porosity not filled by paraffin Two concentric annular disks composed of graphite matrix as sup porting material for PCM were manufactured. The annular disks have 50 mai thickness, 110 mm outer diameter, and 28.5 man inner diameter To produce PCM/graphite matrix composite, the graphite matrix was immersed in a iqnid prrafin bath (PS6-58) at 75 °C in a vacntm for About 4b to achieve saturation. The PEM is impregnated to the graphite matrix through eapilary forces [4,51]. It is also emphasized thet the capillary forces do not allow any PCM leskage from the matex to the tutside while remelting, The total PCM's quantity enclosed in the wo PEM/graphite matrix composites fs 0.749 kg. The manss ratio of the paraffin in the PCM/graphice matsix composites is about 94%, Bulk density and porosity are determinants of the total impregnated paratin ‘wantty ig, 2 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM, Zeiss EVO T=85°C (b) Fig. 3. Leakge test of PCH/giaphite mais; T ~ 30°C (a), T = 85-60,‘Thera Scns an npg Props 22 (2021) 10915 ‘rotmveryirenpe Fe (Tstoge (MM /aphite maa) = Teer eM Secondary Loop — Primary Loop Fig. Sctemati view ofthe expevinental tp. S10) images ofthe EG matrix and the PCM/graphite matrix compost Ieisshown that compressed EG exhibit wornt-Like particles (Pig. 2a). AS ‘ean be seen in fg. 2a, there are some non interlocking areas between EG layers. Fig. 2) displays the morphology of the PCM/graphite matrix ‘composite. The honeycomb-like network bt by the overlapping and lntersecting of graphite fakes (ig. 28) ofthe EG matrix was filly coated with parafin [5]. Iocan be concluded thatthe EG layers adsorb most of the paraffin in ther pores. Fig. 9 shows the optical images of PCMY/graphice matrix sample before and after heating samples to 85 °C. PCM/graphite matrix keeps its form without leaving any stain on the paper. This result shows that the PCM/graphite matrix is leakage proof 2.2. Experimental apparanis and procedure ‘The experimental setup used for charging experiments is given tically in Fg. 4, I consists of circulating bat, a low mete, & iadule of PEM graphite mari, anda data nequisition system. The test rg is ull on two flow loops namely: the primary loop, creulation fof the heat transfer fuid (HT, distilled water) in order to reach the desired inlet temperature for experiments, and a secondary loop, beginning of charging process with the heat transfer from the FTE to the test mostle. The inlet emperanire of the HTF is controled by the ‘constant temperature circulating bath, which has temperature range of =20/++100 °C with an accuracy of = 0.04 °C. The charging process is assumed to end when temperature recording of eritical Ioeal point, Which mets latest in the test module (PCMY/graphite matrix) presents higher values than the solid-liquid phase transition temperature of paraffin which s about 69°C. ig. 5 shows the constriction details (Pig, a-b) of the test module ‘anu a photograpli of the PCM/graphite matrix (Pig. Se). It consists of a ‘copper tube with an outer diameter of 28.5 mim (thickness = 1 ram) surrounded by two annular PCM/graphite matrix with an over diam. eter of 110 mm (Fig. 5a). The PCM/graphite matrix composites are manufactured precisely according 0 the outer diameter of the copper pipe. The placement of annular composites to the copper tube is made like right ft. Thermal grease Is also used to promote better heat con. ‘duction berween the copper pipe and PCM/graphite mati, ‘The temperature history of the PCM/graphite matrix composites, (test module is measured by four T-ype thernioeouples spaced at 13,5 ‘um apart fo thee diferent axial postions (T 4, Ts, To12). The axial distance among the three positions with 90° apart is holding 50 mm. Additionally, HTP temperatures at the inlet Te) ad he outlet (Ta) oF the test module are recorded (Fis. #). The display of thermocouple o- siclons on the PCM/graphite matrix is shown in iy. 6, The high pret sion Type thermocouples (OMEGA, PA insulated, 0.25 mm wire diameter) with an accuracy of + 0.5 °C are used aid calibrated by constant temperature circulating bath in measuring range of 10 co 100°C with a discrepancy of + 0.2 °C. A data requisition system (PCE. 11200) is connected to a personal computer, which records the temper atures at 5s interval, For the visualization ofthe thermal image of the PEM graphite matrix surface (right side of detest module, a thermal eamera (FLIR AZ0 thermovision) is attached o the system. A window of 40.75 mim » 28,5 man dimensions is made om the flange (ight sie) to allow thermal vistalization Experiments are performed in a conditioned room of 90°C. The test, rmodtle is covered by using @ double 30 mim thick fibreglass insulation ‘material (k ~ 0.035 W/m K) with an alininized outer surface to prevent het losses tothe environment 3. Rosulls and discussion ‘Thermal energy storage performance of the PCM/graphite matrix composites positioned horizontally are studied experimentally. Expet- tents are carried out at the two different HT inlet temperatures, Ti =75 "Cand 85°C. A constant value of the mass Mow rate, 280 kg/h, was considered. The transient temperature variations, thermal eamera in ges, and lignidfrnction were presented i Pigs. 7-10 to evaluate thePolyproplylene pipe pextgrap PCMigeaphite matrix Fange ai (a) (b) Fig. 5. Consructon details of est module: schematic view (a), photograph b), PCM graphite mati Potential of PCM/graphite matric composites, The results are also ‘compared with the horizontal-concentrietube-in shell gooetry studied by Avel and Yaziet(15] in Figs. 11 and 12. teshould be emphasized that the present study i conducted under the same initial conditions as the previous study [15] ineluding the amount of paragin (P56-58) per unit volume, mass flow rate, HIF inlet temperature, and room temperature Heat transfer through a porous medium of graphite matrix, which ha high ratio of heat transfor surface co volume, has been considered ‘8s heat flow slong highly conductive abundant thermal paths. TAs advantage ofthe graphite matrix accelerates the process of carrying and storing heat in the phase change material. Heat transfer in such & me. lium occurs by conduction (51,59). The natural convection heat transfers suppressed within pores smaller than 10-ni (59). These pore sizes are confirmed by SEM insages in Pip. 2. The time history of temperatize at diferent radial points for three ‘axial positions with 90° apart F-4 Ts, To are given in Figs. 7 and S| for different inlet temperatures of HTE. Its seen in Fig. 7 that local Temperature recordings showed a rapid increase in the frst period of ‘charging related to sensible heat storage (eg Fig. 7b,€ < 10 min). Inthe next period (eg. Fi. 6b, 10 min < t-< 56 min), & postive decreasing trend due to high energy storage capacity during solid-liquid phase transition was obtained (Fg. 7b, 10 min < ¢ < 56 min). The dominant ‘hesmal energy storage metanam s Tatent heat storage in this period, In the following stage (eg. Hig. 7b, t > 56 min), the temperature increment rate inerease agai, because the high thermal energy storage petiod via phase change phenomenon is completed. Fig. 7 Cte ‘tema! camera view region e110 Flange ‘Thermocouples Copper pipe matrix u 75°C) also illastrates the melting behavior of POM Fig. 6. Thermocouple postions on the PCAY/raphite matrix composites,‘Thera Scns an npg Props 22 (2021) 10915 8 88 Tme=75 °C Tyagi 75 °C za Bulk density=60 oll bulk density=50 g/L ae a eS 2 2 oo F 43 0 al! 2m, 08 16 28 32 40 48 (min) ) 68 eof Taa®75°C qo}, bulk density=50 gi. Tec) Te oe Ye 243240 4856687280 4 (min (©) Fig7. Temperature history of loel measurement points, Tee =75 °C: Ty. @), Te (0s Toye (OL _graphive matrix composites, Melting stars peripherally close he wall of the copper tbe at all xia postions (rg. 7a, band c). Then, i extends radially outwatds, The local point temperatures lose to the trace oF the ETF tube (Ty, T5 Te) reach the melting point inumediately with the ‘early period of the charging proces. I is mainly due the heat transfer direction and the higher temperature diference becween the HTF tube ‘and PCM/graphite matrix. For example (¢ = 40mins), temperature measirements of Ts ate 69 °C, 6 °C, 56 °C, 55 °C in Fi. 7b, respec tively It is shown in Fi. 7b that the tesapernture recordings (15.9) are Slightly higher in the mille axial plane. For example (¢ = Onin), Temperature values of To, Ts, To are 58 °C, 61 °C, 58°C, respectively This is due to higher heat loses from the Mange surfaces to the From the evaluation of Fs, 6, all the points inside the PCM/eraphite matrix resch the meting temperature ina short time with an increase in Timer due to the higher enperature difference becween the HTF and PCM/graphite matrix. Its also shown that the characteristics of tem perature history are similar to Tee = 75 °C (ig 7). nereasing the Tne led to about a decrease of 81% (from 70 mins fo 48 mins) inthe Coral aelting time considering the last melted (critical) point ‘The transient thermal eamera images are given for every 20 m ig. 0. The final thermal image corresponds tothe rime of temperature (09 °C) at which the phase transformation s completed, Ici shown that the meling front extends radially from the inner surface to the outer surface). The temperature fleld on the surface of the PCM/graphite ‘matrix confirms the thermocouple measurements given Figs. 7 and 8. ‘Additionally, itis also importanly noted that a uniform melting behavior is observed depending on highly distfbuced chermal paths in the porous medium. Melting front tracks faster for Taj = 85 °C than Tinie =75°C depending on the higher temperature gradient. The liquid fraction (Apte/Ati also plotted in Fig. 10by using thermal eamera temperature values recorded for every 10 min. Ieshould be remembered tha the local points reaching the vale of 59°C and above ate assumed te complete the solid-iquid phase transition, Is seen in Fig. 10 that the melting rate inereases with an increase inthe HFT inlet temperature, 8s expected. Is noted tha dhe solid-liguid phase transition rate inerenses sradually up toa certain time (1), whic is 56-60 min and 36-40 min for Tse = 75 "Cand Ties =85 °C, respectively. This is the result of only several local points completing the solid-liquié phase cransition while ost of the region contin to store theraual energy inthe form of latent88, ‘Thera Scns an npg Props 22 (2021) 10915 20) n| 6 50) TEC) 48 Tee) ] T= 85°C Te785°C =| bulk density=50 g/L bulk density=50 g/L ge 8 28 320 a 58a 7280 MoS 8 2s 32 a0 a8 568720 (rin) + (in) @) (b) TEC) Tpeg=85 °C bulk density=50 g/L aol? sah 24) oe ee Fig. Temperate history of local miasirement points, Tae heat. Ics observed (12 << 96/60miIns, 12 <¢< 36/40mins) in Fes. 7 ‘al © that the increment race of local point temperatures decreases significantly depending on Intent heat storage/melting period. There fore, this belavior of liquid feaction ((< fe is supported by thermo: ‘couple measurements (Figs. 7 and 8). In he following period (€> tthe liquid phase increases steeply elated to the completion of Intent heat storage, The liquid fraction increases by 77% and 6190 in the final petiod ‘compared to tefor Tie =75 °C and Te = 85 °C respectively (Fis. 10). ‘The rapid increase In local temperatures observed from Figs. 7 sid 8 Indicares that the solié-iquid phase change transition ends and the sensible heat storage process starts again ‘The time history ofthe ertieal points s plotted in Pig. a and b for Tae =79°C ad Try =85 °C, The local temperature measurements of PEM graphite matrix composites reel the misting point faster than the ‘conventional tube-in-shell unit. This 8 the result of enhanced heat transfer rate depending on highly conductive abundant thermal paths of ‘graphlve matrix using for encapsulation (PCM) compared to the cite lation within liquid PEM of natural conveetion (conventional tube in shell) (15) ‘The (otal melting times are given comparatively for Doth LHTES. systems in Fig. 12 t illustrate dhe thermal perforauance of the PCM/ _graphive matrix. [is obviously seen that PCM/graphite matrix reduced the rol melting time, respectively, 9296 and 91% forthe temperature oF the HTF of 75 °C and 85 °C. As stated before, thie fs explained by the 2 ao ae eas 72 (min) © 5 °C Ta, Tog ©), Tass considerable increase in effective thermal conductivity (Table 1). Higher thermal conductivity achieved by abundant thetmal paths ensized higher heme transfer rate nd higher melting. uniformity on PCM? graphite matrix LATES system. 1€ should be eniphasized thatthe dom tuant heat taser mechanism is condiction for the PCM/graphite mx trix LHTES, 4. Conclusions Thermal energy storage performance of PCM/graphite matric in horizontal cube-inshell was analyzed experimentally for solar thermal ‘energy storage and recovering waste heat LHTES systems. PCM graphite matrix enhanced the storage performance by dectessing the total ‘melting time and providing uniform melting behavior considerably and ‘rediby fn comparison to conventional tube-in-shel storage unit (15) For the PCM graphite matex, the following specific conclusions can be rave ‘© For the PCM graphite matrix, the eat cansfer rate was enhanced ‘due 1025 tines higher effective thermal coneitivity compared to pe paraffin ‘For the PCM/graphite matrix, the total melting time decreased 929% ‘and 91% compared tothe conventional tbe in shell unit (15 forthe Teer 0f 75 °C and 85 °C, respectivelyMyr, Yat ea ‘Thera Scns an npg Props 22 (2021) 10915 inner surface / copper interface omnia 20 eins omits is outer surface / insulation interface @ eee fe ) Fig. 9, Transient thermal camera images: Tae ~ 75 °C @, Tan ~ 85 °C (). 100 90 j 80 70 60 40 30 20 10 liquid fraction (%) liquid fraction (%) g 0102080 40 6060 70 0 0 10-20 80 4080-60 70 80 (minute) {minute) @ ) Fig, 10. POM guid fsetion, Tae = 75°C (2), Tye = 85°C 0.‘Thera Scns an npg Props 22 (2021) 10915 oe a Fy = a) 2 Fe Tua=75°C =| Taag85 °C 32h" —_pomigraphite matrix — PCMigraphite matrix -----tubesin-shell geometry [15] tube-in-shell geometry [15] Ea (rar el ee ee) (hour) @) eG 10 oa te, 1 (hour) (b) Fig. 1. Temperaute history of cial points for PCM/grapite mix and conventional rube-in-sbell geometry [15]: Tata = 75 °C (@, Tass = 85°C = : ; : ; : 0 oO re See oT Setiiube[I6] POMghie mati @) ) ‘= For the PCM/graphice mateix, uniform melting behavior was observed depending on highly conductive abuidant thermal paths rilly compared to the conventions sube-in-shell unit (15). 4 The leakage issue vias eliminated by the eapillarty effet using graphite matrix without a need for external sealing materia ‘+ Heat transfer takes place by dominant conduetion for PCM/eraphite tuatzix, while natural convection is the dominant heat transfer ‘mechanism forthe conventional ruben shel storage nit. «© For the PCM/graphite mari, ineeasing the HT inlec temperature resulted in 231% decrease inthe total melting time Declaration of Competing Interest ‘The authors declare that they have no known competing finance Interest or personal relationships that ould have appeared co influence the work reported in this pape. 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