LOCAL

1. Water supply distribution importance, challenge, problems (originally gawa to ni dodge

Nilagay ko nalang sa unahan tingin ko mas fit sya dito )

Water security continues to be a critical global concern due to the combined negative environmental
impacts of human-caused activities and natural occurrences on water resources. According to the United
Nations, almost 2.1 billion people lack access to adequate and safe water, and around 2.3 billion lack
access to decent toilet facilities. In the Philippines, 331 municipalities out of 1489 are classified as
waterless. According to the Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government, towns are defined as
waterless when at least 50% of the total impoverished population lacks access to safe water and is prone
to waterborne diseases with significant morbidity and mortality rates. (Paustra, Beltran., et al. 2019)

The Integrated Water System (IWS) provides water and sanitation services to rural populations facing
water constraints. Three systems comprise the IWS presented in this study: the Rainwater Harvesting
System (RWHS), the Water Treatment System (WTS), and the Eco-Toilet System (ETS). RWHS and WTS
both utilize rainwater, which can be used for various home purposes, particularly during the wet season.
ETS provides numerous benefits to users, including environmental and public health promotion and food
security. Despite the potential benefits of the IWS components, their perceived acceptability by users
jeopardizes their implementation's success. This study aims to ascertain the critical aspects affecting the
societal acceptance of IWS in the Municipality of Mulanay, Quezon Province, Philippines. And examine
behavioral intention as a proxy for social acceptance of the IWS components. The approach is based on
the concept of a combined technology acceptance model and theory of planned behavior (C-TAM-TPB).
Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to study C-TAM-TPB. The C-
TAM-TPB evaluation demonstrates that the user's attitude toward usage (ATU) and significant
determinants can influence behavioral intention toward IWS component use. This study has the potential to
improve the development of IWS initiatives significantly. [CITATION Ign \l 1033 ]
2. Groundwater

Today, the issue of a lack of clean drinking water is quite severe. Water is an essential component of
growth and should be made available to all people. Groundwater is the most frequent water source in cities,
towns, and rural regions in the Philippines. Sixty percent of houses rely on groundwater. In neighborhoods
without the convenience of piped water from municipal or city water districts of Metropolitan Waterworks
and Sewerage System (MWSS) concessionaires, residents rely on water from a local "poso" or deep well.
In the Philippines, a sufficient quantity of water is required, although this is not guaranteed. The decline in
the quality and quantity of surface and groundwater sources is a vital sign that clean water is becoming
scarce in many urban and coastal locations. Households use Self-provision without access to water
sources or a formal degree of water delivery. Wells, springs, and community faucets provide them with
water. Demand outstrips availability, particularly among the urban poor, which pays private vendors up to
ten times the price of piped water for water. Diseases caused by polluted water, such as gastroenteritis and
typhoid, are more common among the poor and in rural areas. (The Urban Partnership Foundation, 2012).
Pressures from population growth and economic development will continue to exert pressure on the
environment, particularly on limited water resources. Despite modest gains during the International Water
Decade, many low-income families in developing countries still lack access to safe water, and financial and
human resources shortages, as well as institutional weaknesses, persist. [CITATION Mun91 \l 1033 ]

3. Guidelines for water supply distribution

To understand fundamental principles and factors in designing minor waterworks facilities for Level II and III
water supply systems in the Philippines, RURAL WATER SUPPLY DESIGN MANUAL and the series'
companion publications can serve as a general reference and guide [ CITATION Wat12 \l 1033 ].
The following are the design criteria and standards provided by the manual.
Demand Projections:
1. Design period: 5 – 10 years
2. Minimum Demand: 0.3 ADD
3. Average Day Demand (ADD): Design Population x per capita consumption/1 – NRW
4. Maximum Day Demand (MDD): 1.3 ADD
5. Peak Hour Demand (PHD): 3 x ADD for < 1,000 served population
2.5 x ADD for > 1,000 served population
 6. Non Revenue Water: 15% for a new system
7. Households per public faucet: 4 – 6 HHs
Per capita Water Consumption:
Level II: 50 - 60 lpcd
Level III:
Domestic: 80 – 100 lpcd
Institutional: 1.0 m3 /day or actual
Commercial: 0.80 m3 /day or actual
Design of Reservoirs
Reservoir Capacity: 25% of ADD
Design of Distribution System
1. Minimum line pressure = 3 meters
2. Maximum line pressure = 70 meters
3. Maximum velocity of flow in pipes:
a. Transmission Line = 3.0 m/s.
b. Distribution Pipes = 1.5 m/s

4. Design of water distribution system ( Water dist related)

In designing a water distribution system using naugong spring as an additional water source for the laguna
water district. The project team finds out the most appropriate design for the water distribution system that
would utilize Naugong Spring as an additional water supply for the Laguna Water District. It included the
water supply system for Calauan's three barangays: Perez, Paliparan, and Mabacan. The researchers
researched and evaluated Laguna Water District's current water system and acquired data via interviews,
observations, library research, and the Internet to accomplish this. After compiling the necessary data, the
water distribution system was designed using methodical computations. Through evaluation, the study
determined that the Naugong spring supplied water solely for irrigation and that the spring's discharge
capacity exceeded the community's water demands. As a result, the researchers conclude that the study is
possible. The researcher suggests three possible solutions. Practicality, efficacy, feasibility, and
affordability were all taken into account while selecting the optimal choice. [CITATION Bad \l 1033 ]

5.& 6. Tradeoff (Water)

Several factors must be considered to determine the optimal layout of a water supply system, including
efficiency, environmental, social, political, health, and safety. The level of importance of each factor will all
be based on the client's requirements. A water distribution system design in Barangay Malimpuec,
Lingayen, Pangasinan was carried out, and the designers demonstrated a variety of distribution systems,
including the Branch System, the Loop System, and the Combined System. The branch system was
determined to be the optimal design option for the area's water distribution system because it is the most
cost-effective, with an estimated value of Php 3,067,548.00, and the most sustainable, with a projected life
of 57 years [ CITATION Ati20 \l 1033 ].

The piping network is the most expensive component of a district cooling system; it is a distribution network
that transports chilled water at controlled rates to several locations. An in-depth evaluation would be
required to design an optimum distribution network. Such that, the selected design must result in the lowest
possible initial investment, maintenance, and operational expenses. A methodology for optimizing the
design of a district cooling distribution network utilizing a loop-type system was conducted to analyze and
solve the problem. The pressure drops and volumetric flow rate of a district cooling distribution network
using a loop-type system were examined through an exhaustive search method. Finally, the designer
verified that loop-type network design results in the lowest overall cost. The results were compared to
conventional methods and revealed some degree of similarity in pipe sizes, except that pressure drop does
not occur in this method [ CITATION Aug18 \l 1033 ]

7. Storage tank

We typically examine three variables before undertaking clean water projects. To begin, we consider the
source: where the water comes from and the quantity and quality of the water. Second, we consider
distribution: how to get water to the population. A third, lesser-known component of a water system is a
suitable storage system or reservoir.
Storage systems should ideally be sufficiently massive to suit the community's needs. Additionally, it would
be excellent to discover a system constructed using locally sourced materials and appropriate for the local
community, allowing them to maintain and perhaps extend the system in the future. Storage tanks exist in a
variety of shapes, including square, rectangular, spherical, and cylindrical. They can be self-contained or
integrated into the framework of a house. In the Philippines, one of our residences was built on top of our
water storage system. It provided us with an excellent cement foundation for our house and was an efficient
use of space. We maintained a clean water tank, treated the water with chlorine, and electrically pumped
the water daily to a higher stainless tank above our residence. [ CITATION Pal17 \l 1033 ]
8. Design of water distribution system ( Tank related )

Central Philippine University's (CPU) proposed potable water supply system is projected to meet the daily
water usage of students and residents on campus. This is a solution to the challenges associated with the
current potable water supply. When implemented, it is anticipated that it will benefit university staff,
students, and residents. The project entails the detailed design of a proposed new potable water delivery
system and its construction and operation. It involves the design of an elevated reinforced concrete water
tank, cistern tank, distribution pipe network, and pump. Two similar elevated water tanks measuring 8.5
meters in height and 3.5 x 3.5 x 3.5 meters in dimension were constructed to feed the projected project
area for 25 years. Additionally, a cistern tank is intended to provide interim storage. A centrifugal pump with
a horsepower rating of three and a half will transport water from the cistern tank to the raised tank. As a
result, all potable water will be supplied by the elevated tank. This research also includes a pipe layout to
illustrate the distribution lines [CITATION Est08 \l 1033 ]

9. Tradeoff ( Struc )

According to the study Construction of Elevated Water Tank with Main Water Network, the elevated water
tank must be one pedestal steel structure that can resist corrosion, has enough space for the view deck
with some safe barriers. The access to the peak of this water tank should be a steel stair, coated with paint,
and has a standard size for railings. Furthermore, the stair detail should have an equipment shaft along the
stairs that serve as an entrance for the tools and equipment for construction and maintenance. For
maintenance purposes, the tank must be provided with a maintenance hole following the standards. In
addition, the precision of tank design and calculations and the quality of the systems that consider will be
vital for future operations. Lastly, the main pipeline will be connected to the primary storage and
established appropriately mounted and supported along the contour of the location (Moreno et al., 2018).