A New Page in the History of Reservoir Characterization in the Andes

Sedimentary Basin Area, with the Introduction of State of the Art LWD
Formation Evaluation Services

A Case History in South America – Ecuador

CARVALHO, A.; SIERRA, J.; SANCHEZ, L.; MEDINA, R, Schlumberger, Quito, Ecuador
CEVALLOS, M.; GONZALEZ, W.; SANTACRUZ, R., City Oriente, Quito, Ecuador

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

The continuous increase in demand of HC The complexity of depositional sequence in

resources and the exhaustion of the simplest
reservoir deposits have forced the oil industry to
focus on the development of more complex
reservoir targets and drilling profiles. This scenario
becomes even more challenging in Sub-Andean
sedimentary basins, given the diversity of
depositional environments and the active history of
tectonic stresses that brings into view the
additional complication of drilling safety.
In this area, the history of logging operations
with conventional technology has often been
marked by difficulties in completing data
acquisition, resulting in increased costs, additional
rig time and the high risk of sticking tools.
Given the complexity of the sedimentary
sequences, on many occasions the basic suite of
logging measurements is insufficient to provide an
accurate interpretation of fundamental reservoir
properties. Therefore, operators can not make
proper decisions on completion and production
strategies of important reservoir targets.
The introduction of the newest Schlumberger
EcoScope Logging While Drilling (LWD)
technology in two deviated wells in Ecuador, for
City Oriente Limited, provided an opportunity to
eliminate the risks of data acquisition, save time
and reduce costs. The measurements acquired
from this service provided an integrated
interpretation solution, which significantly
improved the reservoir characterization.
The utilization of the unique spectroscopy and
sigma measurements in addition to the
conventional set of measurements provided a
major contribution to minimizing interpretation
uncertainties, permitted the identification of
hydrocarbon (HC) zones, and allowed the
estimation of permeability properties to help define
zones with the best productive potential.
the young Sub-Andean sedimentary basins is
often marked by difficulties with drilling operations
and wireline based formation evaluation data
acquisition.
Well bore stability issues are often
encountered and bring a significant level of risk
during logging operations with conventional cable
conveyed technology. The problems are reported
by most of the operators in the area of Peru,
Colombia and Ecuador. It generally results in long
time with open hole logging operations, repetition
of wiper trips for hole conditioning, sticking pipe
events and frequency of situations where logs are
not acquired, leaving important reservoir zones
without proper characterization.
The application of a new Logging While
Drilling Formation Evaluation technology in two
wells for City Oriente provided the proper solution
to a history of difficulties with wireline logging
operations. In addition, the unique characteristics
of this new LWD technology brought remarkable
benefits for reservoir evaluation that helped solve
important interpretation questions related to
lithology and hydrocarbon production potential.
The technology also provided an important
contribution for drilling optimization, cementing
and stimulation optimization, which can be clearly
translated into significant time and financial
savings.
The information presented in this article is
intended to demonstrate the benefits of these
technologies in terms of reservoir characterization
in the Blanca 04 and Blanca 05 wells. Detailed
information about the EcoScope service physics
and measurement principles can be found in the
papers listed in the references at the end of this
document.
GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND
Block 27 is located in the northeastern part of
the Ecuadorian Oriente Sedimentary basin, at
latitude North 0° 15´ and longitude West 76° 05´,
between the borders of Colombia and Ecuador
(Figure 1). This area forms part of the present
Sub-Andean system of Foreland Basins, which
extends from Colombia to Argentina.
Figure 1: Location map, showing the Block 27
highlighted in yellow on the northeast Ecuadorian
border.
The Ecuadorian Oriente Basin was developed
as a result of the translational and compressive
stresses beginning in the late Cretaceous, which
resulted in the emergence of the “Cordillera Real”
and the generation of the back-arc basin structure.
Stratigraphically, the Oriente Basin preserves
a Phanerozoic depositional sequence, which can
be divided into several megasequences with
different sedimentological, tectonics and magmatic
characteristics, which reflects distinct evolutionary
steps of the sedimentary basin history [Dashwood
& Abbotts, 1990; Baby et al., 1999].
During the Cretaceous these formations
witnessed abrupt variations of the shore line in the
shallow marine platform of the eastern
sedimentary basin. They show lateral and vertical
changes of facies and interrupt the predominant
low energy marine sedimentation (Zailtin et al.,
1994).
The sedimentary section, Hollin-Napo-Tena, is
basically composed of estuarine and marine
sandstones, shallow marine shales and
carbonates. The sequence exhibits well defined
sequential stratigraphic characteristics
In the central part of this area, City Oriente
has delimited the Blanca field where the
sandstone reservoirs from Napo Formation, here
denominated as Napo-1 zone and Napo-2 zone
constitute the intervals with better productive
hydrocarbon potential.
Similar to other neighboring fields in the area,
the Blanca field exhibits a significant variation in
formation water salinity with respect to depth.
Water salinity ranges from 51,000 ppm (NaCl
equivalent) in the Napo-1 zone and gradually
decreases to 6,700 ppm (NaCl equivalent) in the
lower sandstone sequences.
A NEW LOGGING WHILE DRILLING
FORMATION EVALUATION SERVICE
Based on a survey performed with clients
around the world, Schlumberger captured the
main requests with respects to the technology
needs for data acquisition with logging-while-
drilling tools and measurements. The results of the
survey indicated that the most significant issues
for the next generation of logging-while-drilling
devices should focus on:
• Measurement Distance to bit
• Real-time data rate
• Reliability
• Reduction of Nuclear Sources
These results provided the key requirements
for the development of a new logging while drilling
formation evaluation service. The new service
integrates into a single, 26 ft long collar, resistivity,
density, neutron and gamma ray measurements,
as well as measurements new to LWD including
neutron capture spectroscopy and sigma
measurements. The co-location of these sensors
on a single collar provides the ability to deliver an
accurate petrophysical evaluation in real time.
In addition to the measurements for the
petrophysical applications, the new service also
contains sensors dedicated to drilling optimization,
including accelerometers for shocks and
vibrations, annular pressure and temperature, and
caliper information from various sensors while
drilling. The integration of these drilling
parameters with images, lithology from
spectroscopy and other measurements provides
the capability to understand the causes of
borehole instability and take appropriate decision
to modify drilling fluid properties and improve
drilling safety and performance.
The EcoScope tool is a single collar that
contains an integrated package of sensors for the
acquisition of the following measurements:
• Thermal Neutron Porosity
• Hydrogen Index
• Resistivity
• Sigma
• Capture Spectroscopy
• Neutron Gamma Density
• Azimuthal Ultra-sonic Caliper
• Density Caliper
• Azimuthal Density and Photo Electric
Factor
• Density, Ultrasonic, Photo Electric and
Gamma Ray Images
• Shocks and Vibrations
• Inclination
• Annular Pressure and Temperature
• Azimuthal Gamma Ray
EcoScope Tool
Figure 2: EcoScope tool schematic diagram.
Considering the requests for the
improvements on service delivery, an important
effort was dedicated to the improvement of rate of
penetration capability, tool reliability and
maintenance.
An special focus was as also put on the
problems related to logistics and environmental
risks with nuclear chemical sources and resulted
on the implementation of a Pulse Neutron
Generator (PNG), which not only permits the
acquisition of porosity measurements with superior
quality to what is obtained with conventional
americium-beryllium chemical sources, but also
permits the acquisition of the innovative neutron
capture spectroscopy and sigma measurements.
Benefits to Formation Evaluation in the Blanca
Field
The EcoScope service was utilized in two
deviated wells for City Oriente in Ecuador to
acquire formation evaluation data and to avoid the
problems associated with cable conveyed logging
acquisition which occurred during the drilling
campaign of the Blanca field.
The Blanca 04 and Blanca 05 wells were
drilled with 9 7/8 inch PDC bits and water based
drilling fluids. The drilled interval corresponds to
clastic and carbonate formations from Napo-Tena
sequence.
Confirmation of hydrocarbon potential in the
Napo-1 sandstone zone of the Blanca 04 well.
The Napo-1 sandstone reservoir constituted
the main target for the Blanca 04 well. During
perforation an unexpected low resistivity profile
was observed in this zone, with maximum value of
only 7.5 Ohm.m. This low resistivity range did not
provide a good correlation with logs from a nearby
offset well (Blanca 02) where the resistivity in the
Napo-1 zone was around 60 Ohm.m. This fact
raised questions regarding the hydrocarbon
saturation in the zone, resulting in a very
pessimistic scenario for the well.
The availability of the Sigma measurement
from EcoScope was critical in this case. The
Napo-1 zone in this field normally contains
formation water salinity around 51,000 ppm NaCl
equivalent, which provides good conditions for the
utilization of Sigma for hydrocarbon identification.
The Sigma measurement obtained in Real
Time indicated values of 12 to 13 capture
 units,(C.U.), corresponding to either hydrocarbon
or a fresher formation water with much lower
salinity than expected. When both resistivity and
Sigma measurement were used to calculate water
and hydrocarbon saturations for the Napo-1 zone,
the agreement in results from these two
independent methods for determining hydrocarbon
saturation, brought new hope to the production
perspectives of the well.
Combined interpretation of basic petrophysics set of
data with unique Spectroscopy-Sigma
measurements.
Basic triple-combo logging data didn’t provide
confidence in hydrocarbon saturation estimation
in low resistivity pay.
Sigma measurement provided an independent
method for water saturation estimation (Red
Line), which was used to prove water saturation
from resistivity (Black Line).
Figure 3: Petrophysics log showing resistivity and
sigma saturation computation.
Permeability estimation
Permeability was then estimated from the
porosity and spectroscopy based mineralogy data
using the mineral form of the k-Lambda algorithm.
The k-Lambda algorithm estimates
permeability as a function of L, a measure of the
size of dynamically connected pores. The mineral
form of the k-Lambda algorithm can be
generalized as:
Where:
k is the absolute permeability (mD),
Z is proportionality constant with a default value of
200,000.0 (dimensionless), Wi is the weight
fraction of mineral i (w/w), and Soi is the specific
surface area of mineral i (m2/g).
The K-Lambda method was used to estimate
the permeability potential in the zone of interest for
the Blanca 04 and Blanca 05 wells. The results
were important to help taking decision about
testing the zones with better mobility profile.
The permeability estimation presented good
correspondence with well test results and proved
to be an additional value provided by the service.
Once the permeability was computed, it was
then possible to compute irreducible water
saturation and the bulk volume of irreducible water
using an inverse form of the Timur-Coates
algorithm. This irreducible water saturation was
used with the total water saturation and clay-
bound water saturation to partition the water
volume into bound and free water fractions.
The figure 4 presents the final deliverable of
the EcoView interpretation for the Blanca 04 well.
On the right hand side (Track 5), the volumetric
mineral composition of the rocks obtained from the
neutron capture spectroscopy measurements is
presented. This information was used to generate
the lithological column shown on the left hand side
of the graphic (track 1).
The permeability estimation for the Napo-1
zone is presented in track 3. The permeability
information was used in combination with
resistivity and other nuclear measurements to
calculate hydrocarbon saturation, irreducible water
saturation and bound water saturation as
presented in the track 4. The Track 2 displays a The Napo-2 sandstone reservoir in the Blanca
normalized producibility profile of the zone, based 04 well
on the calculated permeability, empirical relative In the Blanca field, the Napo-2 sandstone
permeability relationships along with the reservoir underlies the Napo-2 limestone
assumptions of 100psi differential pressure sequence. The interface between these two
between the formation and wellbore, and radial depositional sequences often constitutes a zone of
flow conditions. transition with gradual decrease in carbonate and
increase in sandstone content. In many cases,
where only gamma ray, resistivity and density-
Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 neutron measurements are available, it is
extremely difficult to accurately quantify the
carbonate content within the Napo-2 sandstone
reservoir.
The neutron capture spectroscopy
measurement was the key to determining the
carbonate content in the Napo-2 sandstone. The
Napo-1 Zone
elemental concentrations were also fundamental
to the petrophysical interpretation, as they were
used to calculate matrix properties necessary for
calculating porosity and hydrocarbon saturation
more accurately. The matrix properties derived
from elements include:
• Matrix density
• Matrix neutron response
• Matrix capture cross section

Decision Making for Well Testing

The interpretation of the EcoScope recorded

mode data permitted the corroboration of the
wellsite observations including cuttings and
shows. The information was used to determine the
zones having the best production potential.
Figure 4: Final interpretation log. Based on the petrophysical interpretation, it
was possible to identify the zone with the highest
hydrocarbon saturation and also its producibility
Improving reservoir characterization in Napo-2 potential. This permitted the client to determine
sandstone zone with confidence the best intervals to perforate and
test.
The unique neutron capture spectroscopy
Production tests were made on the Napo A
measurement acquired from the EcoScope service
reservoir in the Blanca 04 and Blanca 05 wells.
in the Blanca wells, provided a significant
Both zones exhibited good production response,
contribution to the improved petrophysical
and the permeability estimated from the
interpretation of this reservoir. The measurement
production test correlated well with results
not only corroborated the wellsite lithology
predicted by the EcoScope petrophysical
interpretation from cuttings, but also brought new
interpretation.
information about formation properties that could
not be explained from the typical lithology
interpretation done with basic nuclear
Well Pay Zone EcoScope Pemeability Production Test
measurements. Estimation Permeability
mD mD
Blanca 4 Napo-1 2919 2743
Blanca 5 Napo-1 1300 1375
Figure 5: Comparison between EcoScope estimated
permeability and permeability estimated from
production test results.
 Transition zone between Napo-2
Limestone and Napo-2 sandstone reservoir

Neutron capture spectroscopy measurements provide an

accurate estimation of carbonate within the reservoir interval.
Matrix properties derived from elemental concentrations are
fundamental to the calculation of accurate petrophysical
parameters, including porosity and hydrocarbon saturation.

Figure 6: Napo-2 reservoir section.

Benefits to Drilling
• Real Time decision making
Perhaps the main benefit provided by the
logging-while-drilling service was the ability to
acquire and transmit a complete set of data for
reservoir characterization and drilling optimization
in real time. As a result, the wellsite team
including the reservoir and drilling groups, were
able to be constantly updated on the position of
the well within the stratigraphic column.
Benefits from Real Time decision making
could be clearly verified during the perforation of
the Blanca 05 well. The real time data provided
the necessary information required to allow taking
the decision to stop the well 177 ft prior to the
original plan. This decision translates into
significant rig time and financial saving, and
contributed to the reduction of risks and
unnecessary drilling in unstable formations.
It is also important to observe that the ability to
acquire logging data as close as possible to the bit
brought additional benefits by providing better
quality log data and more accurate petrophysical
evaluation, since the formations had not yet been
affected by significant invasion or borehole
deterioration (wash out).
In addition to the availability of data at the rig
site, all of the pertinent information was displayed
remotely in Real Time via the InterACT* web
based service, which permits sending the data
acquired on the rig to a server that can be
accessed by the client via internet, allowing a
smooth flow of communication between the rig
and office, effectively enhancing the decision
making process.
• Drilling optimization and drilling mechanics
The EcoScope service provides a leap
forward in the integration of formation evaluation
data with drilling optimization. The service
combines a set of measurements specifically
designed to aid and improve drilling performance,
including:
− Annular Pressure and Temperature While
Drilling (APWD) for hole cleaning, well
bore stability and mud design optimization.
− Multi-vibration chassis; this chassis
contains both a tri-axial accelerometer to
measure axial and lateral shocks, and a
uni-axial accelerometer. The combination
of these measurements an estimation of
the torsional vibration.
− A single axis inclinometer close to the
bottom of the tool. This allows for a better
evaluation of directional drilling, because it
will be reading ahead of the MWD tool.
• Well bore geometry with images and
calipers
An additional improvement is the ability to
measure a true caliper of the well, since there are
two ultrasonic sensors, 180 degrees apart, located
on the stabilizer area (other logging wile drilling
tools have only one ultra-sonic sensor). An
average caliper can be obtained in Real Time, and
in memory this information is binned in 16 sectors,
allowing for an estimation of 8 azimuthal calipers
that are used to visualize the true shape of the
borehole.
The density measurements are also used for
an estimation of standoff from the sensor to the
borehole wall. This offset calculation is translated
into a caliper measurement, which can be also
transmitted in Real Time, providing the two
independent sources of caliper measurements,
which are used in conjunction for data verification,
when both are reading in a valid range, or can be
used to help overcoming limitations when one of
the caliper measurements is beyond its specified
ranges.
The EcoScope capability to acquire
azimuthally oriented data brings the ability to
generate images from density, ultra-sonic, PEF
and GR measurements. The images have a broad
range of applications and constitute a powerful
interpretation resource when used in combination
with caliper data to provide three-dimensional
display of the wellbore geometry.
In the Blanca 04 well, the caliper and image
measurements helped in evaluating the condition
of the wellbore in a conglomerate interval located
above of the primary interval of interest.
Data was acquired with the EcoScope service
while pulling out of the hole. Given the ability to
acquire data with fast sampling rate, a caliper log
with 1 sample per foot sampling rate was obtained
at a tripping speed of 900 ft/h. This capability was
critical to allow logging the conglomerate interval
without introducing risks, nor affecting the normal
trip operation conditions.
This conglomerate constitutes a known high
additional sources of fixed pressure losses that
might not be taken into account. Such coincidence
is an indication of the correctness of the borehole
diameter values provided.

2.5
Calc. Pump Press.
risk interval for logging and casing operations, and Acquired Pressure

WHP (psi) (x 1000)

sticking problems often occur when trying to pass
through this zone in other wells.
The Caliper and image data acquired in the
conglomerate zone showed important effects of

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
well bore instability (figure 8). Zones of hole Time (min)

enlargement and borehole break out could be

Fluids at 7500 ft
clearly identified and associated with the response Figure 8: Cement volume simulation.

12
Acquired Q In

of the formation to the stress conditions and Q Out

Flow Rate (bbl/min)

drilling fluid balance.

8
The quality of the data provides additional
operational and financial benefits with respect to

4
the reduction in the excess of volumes for pills and

0
cement,
0 20 associated
40 60 with
80 the uncertainties
100
Time (min)
120 140 160 in
180hole
200

diameter.

• Reduction in Non efficient times

There were many improvements associated

with the EcoScope service that provided gains in
efficiency in terms of rig time:

Figure 7: Three-dimensional image and Caliper − The absence of a neutron source and the
interpretation. efficiency of the density measurement
source loading, reduces source loading
from 30 to 40 minutes to only 5 minutes.
• Benefit to Cementing operation
− Improved statistics for nuclear
Once the drilling operation was concluded, the measurements, coupled with
Real Time caliper was immediately presented to improvements in processing, allows for
both the client and the cementing operator. The logging operations that can be conducted
availability of this information allowed for better at speeds as fast as 450 ft/hr with a quality
planning of casing centralization and estimation of equivalent to wireline logs. This capability
slurry volumes. Once the information recorded in is especially useful in reaming operations
the tool memory was available, it was also and very fast drilling conditions.
presented to corroborate the results previously
given. The results obtained where outstanding, − Sensors located closer to the bit, avoiding
and highly commended for the cementing the need for additional rathole. This results
operator, who manifested the tremendous help from the co-location and integration of
when planning for the operation using real time measurements within a single collar,
caliper. eliminating the traditional positioning of the
The graph below visually displays the density-porosity on top of the MWD tool to
comparison between the predicted and actual provide for source fish-ability.
pressure profiles for the cementing job, with the
green curve being the actual pressure profile, and − Based on the co-location of sensors in the
the blue curve the product of the simulation. The tool, resistivity, porosity, sigma and
values don’t have to be exact, but the trend of the spectroscopy measurements can be made
slopes need to be coincident if the simulation on the same interval of formation at the
considered the right parameters, since there are same time, minimizing measurement depth
 discrepancies, and measuring the
formation with minimal invasion effects
while drilling.
• Benefits to Well Stimulation Operations
Data interpretation from the EcoScope service
is provided using the EcoView software. This
software application was designed and built
specifically for the EcoScope measurements, and
provides most of the parameters required to
prepare a matrix stimulation job, without the
uncertainties that occur when mineralogy is not
available.
Data such as porosity, permeability and
mineralogy are mandatory for stimulation, in order
to properly decide what type of stimulation fluid to
pump, to reduce the risks of an unsuccessful job
due to unconsolidated formation, incompatibilities,
etc. Calcite and clay percentage determination is
mandatory to determine whether to use Regular
Mud Acid or similar substances. The permeability
information provided by the service is also helpful
in determining the adds concentration of these
additives. Porosity helps to determine the
penetration into the matrix towards the end of the
treatment. Water cut helps to decide if it is
necessary to pump a temporary water blocking
system during the stimulation job.
CONCLUSIONS
The successful utilization of a new logging-
while-drilling formation evaluation service in two
wells for City Oriente provided the technology
solution to eliminate the problems associated with
log data acquisition from cable conveyed logging
operations.
The service permitted the acquisition of high
quality petrophysical data for reservoir evaluation,
without the need to spend additional time and risk
of keeping unstable formations exposed for longer
periods of time than necessary.
The service also provided the measurements
necessary to accurately identify the presence of
hydrocarbon, even in formations exhibiting mixed
or complex lithologies. Using only conventional
measurements, the uncertainty in the
interpretation results would have limited the ability
to make proper decisions for well tests and
completion strategies.
The unique sigma and spectroscopy
measurement were key to improving the
petrophysical interpretation, and permitted the
determination of accurate porosity, fluid saturation
and permeability estimates, which were in
excellent agreement with production test results.
The service also provided critical information
for drilling optimization, such as the Equivalent
Circulating Density (E.C.D) used to optimized hole
cleaning and mud design.
In addition, caliper information was provided in
a timely manner to help improving the cement
operation and the vast amount of data provided by
service was utilized to improve the stimulation
operation of a nearby well.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors dedicate and special thanks to
City Oriente Limited for the authorization given for
publication of the information presented in this
article and for the spirit of innovation demonstrated
by the adoption of a new technology alternative to
help improving logging operation for reservoir
characterization.
Thanks to Jack Horkowitz and John Rasmus
from Schlumberger United States for the important
support provided on the technical review of this
paper.
Thanks to Tony Fondyga and Marta Becerra
from Schlumberger, Ecuador for the help on the
interpretation of the EcoScope data set from
Blanca 04 and Blanca 05 wells.
Also thanks to Juan Montalvo from
Schlumberger Well Services, Ecuador for the
information provided with respect to the utilization
of EcoScope data for cementing operations.
REFERENCES
Baby, P., Rivadeneira, M., Barragán, R., 2004,
La Cuenca Oriente, Geologýa y Petróleo.
Dashwood, M.F., and Abbotts, I.L., 1990,
Aspects of the petroleum geology of the Oriente
Basin, Ecuador, Brooks, J., ed., Classic petroleum
provinces: Geologic Society Special Publication
50, p. 89-117.
Evans, M., Adolph, R., Vildé, L., Morriss, C.,
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Herron, S.L. and Herron, M.M., 1996,

Quantitative Lithology: An Application for Open and
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Paper E.

Jordan, D., Wade, H.W., Schultz, D., Vavra, C.,

Reinoso, H., 1997, Transgressive deposits of the
Hollin Formation, Oriente Basin, Ecuador:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists and
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