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Subject: my task: ISLAM SEBAGAI PENGETAHUAN ILMIAH
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<h2 class="date-header"><span>Selasa, 07 Juni 2016</span></h2>
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
ISLAM SEBAGAI PENGETAHUAN ILMIAH
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; line-
height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b></span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi
wabarakatuh.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alhamdulillahhirabbilalamian, banyak ni’mat yang
allah berikan, tetapi sedikit sekali yang kita ingat. Segala puji hanya milik
allah tuhan sekalian alam atas segala berkat, rahmat, taufik, serta hidayah-Nya
yang tiada terkira besarnya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah
dengan judul “ISLAM SEBAGAI PENGETAHUAN ILMIAH”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun tujuan
penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk memenuhi tugas matakuliah </span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">metodologi study islam</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
pada semester </span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">II</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
di tahun 201</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;;
font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
menyelesaikan makalah ini penulis mengalami kesulitan terutama disebabakan oleh
kurangnya ilmu pengetahuan yang menunjang, dan kurangya buku sumber yang
diperoleh, namun dengan kesungguhan dan&nbsp;
bantuan dari berbagai pihak, alhamdulillah makalah ini dapat disel</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">saikan
dengan cukup
baik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis sadar, sebagai
mahasiswa yang masih dalam proses pembelajaran, penulisan makalah ini masih
banyak kekurangannya. Karena itu , penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang
bersifat positif agar penulisan makalah ini menjadi lebih baik dimasa yang akan
datang. Dan semoga penulisan makalah ini bermanfa’at bagi pembaca</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan kami berharap
dosen yang bersangkutan dapat memberikan saran dan tambahan yang sangat kami
harapkan apabila penulisan makalah ini memiliki kekurangan atau kurang
berkenan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , serif; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b><b><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; line-
height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:
large;">PENDAHULUAN</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; line-
height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-
size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A.</b>&nbsp;</span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size:
7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align:
justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa ingin tahu yang
bersifat ilmiah
dan penyelidikan-penyelidikan ilmiah yang sistematis merupakan ciri-ciri yang
menonjol dalam peradaban Islam. Hal ini tidak mengherankan karena Islam adalah
sebuah agama yang rasional tetapi bukan sebuah agama yang rasionalistis
(berpijak pada rasio semata). Agama Islam mengembangkan sebuah kesadaran yang
tinggi mengenai kedudukan akal sebagai inti dalam tradisi-tradisi agama dan
dalam mempertahankan sikap kritis terhadap ilmu pengetahuan. Islam tak hanya
menghargai dan menyuruh belajar tapi juga memberikan metode pengamatan yang
rasional. Dengan begitu, Islam tidak hanya menghasilkan “ilmuwan-ilmuwan”
besar, tetapi juga sebuah tradisi sains yang menyeluruh -sebuah tradisi yang
mengintegrasikan obyektifitas ilmiah di dalam Filsafat Islam.<a
href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref1"><u><span style="color: white;
mso-themecolor: background1;">[1]</span></u></a></span><u><span style="color:
white; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align:
justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aristoteles memulai
metafisikanya
dengan pernyataan “setiap manusia dari kodratnya ingin tahu”. Pernyataan ini
tampak berbenturan dengan generasi sebelumnya, Sokrates, yang menganggap “ia
tahu bahwa ia tidak tahu”, sehingga Delphi menginterpretasikan tidak ada
manusia yang lebih bijaksana dari pada Sokrates dengan pernyataan: “tidak ada
manusia yang mempunyai pengetahuan, tetapi sementara orang lain mengira bahwa
mereka mempunyai pengetahuan, Sokrates sendiri yang mengetahui bahwa ia tidak
tahu”.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align:
justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan Aristoteles
tentang
keingintahuan manusia dan pandangan Sokrates yang menganggap bahwa
ketidaktahuan merupakan kenyataan kodrati manusia, sesungguhnya bukan merupakan
pandangan yang secara essensial harus dipertentangkan satu sama lain. Akan
tetapi pada prinsipnya dapat ditemukan relasi dari keduanya. Langkah pertama
menuju pengetahuan yang dibayangkan Aristoteles sejatinya merupakan kesadaran
Socratik bahwa manusia tahu bahwa ia tidak tahu, sehingga ada keinginan untuk
tahu dan keinginan tersebut dapat diwujudkan. Titik temu yang dapat ditarik
dari keduanya adalah eksistensi pengetahuan sebagai bagian penting yang pasti
ada pada diri manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align:
justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;">B. &nbsp;Rumusan masalah</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height:
normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa arti dan perbedaan antara
pengetahuan, ilmu,
dan filsafat ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height:
normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana metode ilmiah dan struktur
pengetahuan
ilmiah ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height:
normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaiman klasifikasi pengetahuan ilmu
alam, ilmu
social dan humoniora ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;
text-align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align:
justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C.<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;;
font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height:
normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">Tujuan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height:
normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui arti dan perbedaan
antara
pengetahuan, ilmu, dan filsafat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height:
normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui metode ilmiah dan
struktur
pengetahuan ilmiah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height:
normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui klasifikasi
pengetahuan ilmu
alam, ilmu social dan humoniora.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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text-align: justify;">
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text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , serif; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; line-
height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">PEMBAHASAN</span></span></b><b><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Arti dan Perbedaan antara
Pengetahuan,
Ilmu dan Filasafat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span><b><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">Arti </span></b><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan, ilmu dan
filsafat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">a) pengetahuan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah
pengetahuan, ilmu (sains), dan filsafat pada pembahasan sebelumnya banyak
disinggung sebagai bagian dari ruang lingkup pengetahuan itu sendiri. Namun
demikian, meskipun ketiganya memiliki persamaan sebagai pengetahuan tetap
ditemukan perbedaan-perbedaan mendasar, baik dari segi pengertian, fungsi
maupun cara-cara untuk memperolehnya. Untuk melihat perbedaan-perbedaan
tersebut lebih jauh, sangat penting terlebih dahulu dipaparkan pengertian dari
ketiganya.</span><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam&nbsp;<i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy&nbsp;</i>–
sebagaimana dikutip Selamat Ibrahim S. DEA, pengetahuan didefenisikan sebagai
kepercayaan yang benar (<i>knowledge is justified true belief</i>). Berdasarkan
pengertian ini ia menyimpulkan bahwa pengetahuan merupakan sesuatu yang harus
benar, sebab jika tidak benar maka sesuatu itu bukan merupakan pengetahuan
melainkan kekeliruan atau kontradiksi. Pertanyaan yang kemudian muncul adalah:
apakah setiap pengetahuan harus memiliki kesimpulan yang benar?.</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: 36.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada dasarnya pengetahuan merupakan segala sesuatu
yang diketahui manusia, baik pengetahuan tersebut merupakan kesimpulan yang
benar maupun pengetahuan dengan kesimpulan yang salah (keliru). Pada bagian
terdahulu misalnya, telah dipaparkan perkembangan pengetahuan manusia dari
taraf yang paling rendah – bahkan keliru dalam pandangan pengetahuan masyarakat
modern – hingga pengetahuan ilmiah yang sangat mendukung kelangsungan hidup
umat manusia. Oleh karenanya pengetahuan bisa saja salah, akan tetapi
pengetahuan yang hakiki sejatinya merupakan pengetahuan yang benar.</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: 36.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kajian filsafat, umumnya ada empat kelompok
manusia terkait dengan pengetahuan, yaitu: pertama, manusia tahu bahwa ia tahu;
kedua, manusia tahu bahwa ia tidak tahu; ketiga, manusia tidak tahu bahwa ia
tahu; dan keempat, manusia tidak tahu bahwa ia tidak tahu. Dengan demikian,
pengetahuan yang diperoleh manusia benar-benar ada ketika ia mengetahui objek
yang ingin diketahui.&nbsp;&nbsp;Pengetahuan biasa umumnya tidak mempersoalkan
hal ini, apakah manusia tahu bahwa ia tahu, atau justru tidak tahu bahwa ia
tidak tahu.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut epistemologi Islam, pengetahuan adalah sebagai
sebuah pohon, sedang berbagai sains itu adalah cabang-cabangnya yang tumbuh dan
mengeluarkan dedaunan beserta buah-buahan sesuai dengan sifat pohon itu
sendiri. Tapi, karena cabang-cabang sebuah pohon tidak tumbuh terus menerus,
maka sebuah disiplin tidak perlu dituntut melampaui batas-batasnya. Menuntut
sebuah cabang ilmu pengetahuan tertentu dengan melampaui batas-batasnya akan
menjadi sebuah aktivitas yang sia-sia. Bukankah jika sebuah cabang tumbuh
terus-menerus, akhirnya ia akan menghancurkan keharmonisan seluruh pohon?
</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;;
font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu di antara artikulasi-artikulasi terbaik
mengenai epistemologi ini kita temui dalam&nbsp;<i>Book of knowledge</i>&nbsp;karya
Imam Abu Hamid Muhammad Al Ghazali (1058-1111). Al Ghazali adalah seorang guru
besar di Akademi Nizamiyyah Baghdad<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"
name="_ftnref2"></a><a href="file:///D:/FIKRI/semester%203/MSI/MSI.docx#_ftn2"
title=""><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></a>.&nbsp;
pengetahuan terdiri dari tiga buah kriteria:</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-
height: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber</span><span
lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%; text-indent:
-0.25in;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">&nbsp;Pengetahuan yang diwahyukan:
Pengetahuan ini kita
peroleh dari para Nabi dan Rasul, tidak kita peroleh dengan menggunakan akal
seperti ilmu hitung, juga tidak dengan percobaan-percobaan seperti
obat-obatan&nbsp;atau dengan pendengaran seperti bahasa-</span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-
indent: -0.25in;">bahasa”.&nbsp;Pengetahuan yang tidak diwahyukan: sumber pokok
dari “ilmu-ilmu”
ini adalah akal, pengamatan, percobaan, dan akulturasi
(penyesuaian).</span></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>
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justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-
height: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kewajiban-
Kewajiban</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height:
150%;">·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pengetahuan yang diwajibkan kepada setiap orang (<i>fardh
al ‘ain</i>): yaitu pengetahuan yang penting sekali untuk keselamatan
seseorang, misalnya etika sosial, kesusilaan, dan sebagainya.</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan yang diwajibkan kepada masyarakat (<i>fardh
al kifayah</i>): yaitu pengetahuan yang penting sekali untuk keselamatan
seluruh masyarakat. Misalnya pertanian, obat-obatan, arsitektur dan teknik
mesin.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">3)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span><span
lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;Fungsi
Sosial</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height:
150%;">·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">Ilmu-Ilmu yang patut
dihargai: yaitu ilmu-ilmu (sains) yang berguna dan tak boleh diabaikan “karena
segala aktifitas hidup ini tergantung kepadanya…”</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ilmu-ilmu yang patut
dikutuk: termasuk astrologi, magik, studi ilmiah mengenai cara-cara penyiksaan,
dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam kerangka di atas, sains dan kemanusiaan tidak
berdiri sebagai “dua buah kultur” yang saling terpisah tetapi sebagai dua pilar
yang memperoleh rasa solidaritasnya yang vital dari keseluruhan kultur manusia.
Jadi, di dalam kerangka ini, pengetahuan itu sekaligus bersifat dinamis dan
statis. Terdapat perkembangan setahap-demi setahap dalam bentuk-bentuk ilmu
pengetahuan (sains) tertentu, sementara terdapat pula kesadaran akan keabadian
pengetahuan prinsipil yang diperoleh dari wahyu itu. Kerangka pengetahuan Islam
tak pernah menutup mata terhadap pengetahuan yang diwahyukan itu, pengetahuan
yang merupakan “matriks” kerangka bagi semua sains</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align:
justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">b) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu
(Sains)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align:
justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan
sebagai pengetahuan yang benar dibicarakan dalam ranah pengetahuan ilmiah
(ilmu/sains). Ilmu (sains) adalah pengetahuan yang bertujuan untuk mencapai
kebenaran ilmiah tentang objek tertentu yan diperoleh melalui pendekatan,
metode dan sistem tertentu.&nbsp;Jika proses cerapan rasa tahu manusia
merupakan pengetahuan secara umum yang tidak mempersoalkan seluk beluk
pengetahuan tersebut, ilmu – dengan cara khusus dan sistematis – dalam hal ini
mencoba untuk menguji kebenaran pengetahuan tersebut secara lebih luas dan
mendalam.
Ilmu tidak hanya berbicara tentang hakikat (<i>ontologis</i>) pengetahuan itu
sendiri, melainkan juga mempersoalkan tentang bagaimana (<i>epistemologis</i>)
pengetahuan tersebut dapat diproses menjadi sebuah pengetahuan yang benar-benar
memiliki nilai guna (<i>aksiologis</i>) untuk kehidupan manusia. Oleh
karenanya, perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan itu pada dasarnya bersifat
dinamis</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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indent: 36.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu pengetahuan pada prinsipnya merupakan
sebuah&nbsp;<i>tesis</i>yang diuji dengan&nbsp;<i>antitesis</i>&nbsp;sehingga
menghasilkan pengetahuan yang baru (<i>sintesis</i>). Hail pengetahuan baru
tersebut (<i>sintesis</i>) akan menjadi sebuah&nbsp;<i>tesis&nbsp;</i>yang baru
pula sehingga akan diuji kembali dengan&nbsp;<i>antitesis&nbsp;</i>yang baru
dan akan melahirkan pengetahuan yang baru (<i>sintesis</i>).<a
href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref4"></a><a
href="file:///D:/FIKRI/semester%203/MSI/MSI.docx#_ftn4" title=""><span
style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></a>&nbsp;Demikian
seterusnya, ilmu pengetahuan akan terus berjalan secara dinamis bagaikan “anak
tangga” mengikuti pola 1, 2, 3,…dst.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indent: 36.85pt;">
<br></div>
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justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">c) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">Filsafat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain pengetahuan biasa dan pengetahuan ilmiah
(sains) yang telah dipaparkan di atas, filsafat juga merupakan bagian penting
yang turut dibicarakan dalam ranah pengetahuan, sebab filsafat merupakan bagian
dari pengetahuan itu sendiri. Filsafat memiliki pengertian yang cukup beragam,
antara lain:</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-
align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">All learning exclusive of
technical precepts and practical arts;</span></i><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-
align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a discipline comprising as it
core logic, aesthetic, ethics, metaphysic, and epistemology;</span></i><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-
align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a search for a
general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></i><i><span
lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">rather than observational means;</span></i><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-
align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">an analysis of the ground of and
concepts expressing fundamental beliefs;</span></i><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-
align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a theory underlying or regarding
a sphere of activity of thought;</span></i><span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-
align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">the most general beliefs,
concepts and attitudes of and individual or group;</span></i><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-
align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">calmness of temper and
judgment</span></i><i><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></i><a
href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref18"></a><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan akan lebih mudah dilihat dengan membuat
tabulasi tentang fungsi dan cara memperoleh pengetahuan berdasarkan tiga jenis
pengetahuan tersebut (pengetahuan, sains, dan filsafat) sebagaimana ditunjukkan
pada tabel berikut:</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"
style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width:
1.45in;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis Pengetahuan</span></b><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-
alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;"
width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;
text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi</span></b><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-
alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.95pt;"
width="211"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;
text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Memperolehnya</span></b><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:
solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;"
width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan Biasa</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-
right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-
bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari tanpa
mempersoalkan seluk beluk pengetahuan secara mendalam</span><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-
right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
width: 157.95pt;" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt;
margin: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui pencernaan indra dan pengalaman secara
umum</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:
solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;"
width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu (Sains)</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-
right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-
bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menguji kebenaran dari pengetahuan manusia
secara umum yang berkisar pada pengalaman sehari-hari guna memenuhi kebutuhan
hidup manusia</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-
right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
width: 157.95pt;" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt;
margin: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui penalaran dengan metode dan cara-cara
tertentu secara objektif dan sistematis</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-
right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
width: 1.45in;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt;
margin: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-
alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;"
valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt;
margin: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mencari jawaban dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan
akhir guna menemukan kebenaran yang hakiki</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-
alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-
right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.95pt;"
width="211"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui penalaran yang luas dan mendasar dengan pola
berpikir sistematis</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width:
1.45in;" width="139"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-
right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt
0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-
right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in
5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.95pt;" width="211"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan di atas menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan
pada fungsi dan cara memperoleh pengetahuan dari ketiga jenis pengetahuan yang
sedang
dibahas. Meskipun pengetahuan secara umum bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
hidup manusia – karena pengetahuan tidak lain merupakan jawaban dari berbagai
pertanyaan yang muncul berhubungan denagan persoalan-persoalan hidup, fungsi
spesifik dari ketiga jenis pengetahuan di atas tetap mengandung beberapa
perbedadan disamping perbedaan cara memperolehnya. Perbedaan yang lain,
khususnya yang dapat ditemukan di antara ilmu dan filsafat, adalah bahwa
filsafat berupaya mencari hakikat dari segala sesuatu, bukan hanya sekedar
relasi kausal atau penjelasan deskriptif saja, sementara ilmu pengetahuan
merupakan fragmentaris yang menjadikan suatu bagian tertentu sebagai bidang
kajiannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-
size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-
height: 150%;">Perbedaan Filsafat, Ilmu dan Pengetahuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai kesimpulan ialah
perbedaan
antara pengetahuan, ilmu dan&nbsp; filsafat adalah bahwa pengetahuan itu berada
pada tahap pertama yaitu sekedar mengetahui secara umum dan tidak sampai
mengakar, sedangkan ilmu sudah sampai pada tahapan yang ke dua yaitu pengenalan
secara rasio, artinya keberadaan manusia (manusia sebagai objek) dengan segala
sifat-sifatnya sudah dianalisa secara akal, sehingga tidak bertanya-tanya dan
ragu-ragu. Dan perbedaan ilmu dan filsafat adalah filsafat objeknya universal
atau berifat umum sementara ilmu bersifat khusus.</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;Kemudian penjelajah
ilmu akan puas dengan
teori-teorinya, sedangkan filasafat terus berenag dan menyelam pada uji cobadan
eksperimen, seperti halnya yang dilakukan Ibrahim ketika ingin mengetahui cara
menghidupkan yang mati. (QS. Al-Baqarah: 260)</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-
indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
Ilmiah dan Stuktur Pengetahuan Ilmiah</span></b><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">1</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
Ilmia</span></b><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">h<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nazir (1998) menjelaskan, metode ilmiah atau proses
ilmiah merupakan proses keilmuan untuk memperoleh pengetahuan secra sistematis
berdasarkan bukti fisis (Ahmad Tanzeh:2009). Ilmuan melakukan observasi serta
membentuk hipotesis dalam usahanya untuk menjelaskan fenomena alam. Metode
ilmiah boleh dikatakan suatu pengejaran terhadap kebenaran yang diatur oleh
pertimbangan-pertimbangan logis. Karena ideal dari ilmu adalah untuk memperoleh
interelasi yang sistematis dari fakta-fakta, maka metode ilmiah berkehendak
untuk mencari jawaban tentang fakta-fakta dengan menggunakan pendekatan yang
sistematis.</span><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Almack (1930)&nbsp;&nbsp;dalam Ahmad Tanzeh (2009), metode ilmiah adalah cara
menerapkan prinsip-prinsip logis terhadap penemuan, pengesahan dan penjelasan
kebenaran. Sedangkan Ostle berpendapat bahwa metode ilmiah adalah pengejaran
terhadap sesuatu untuk memperoleh sesuatu interelasi.</span><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">2. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria
Metode Ilmiah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
ilmiah dalam meneliti mempunyai kriteria serta langkah-langkah tertentudalam
bekerja, seperti dalam tabel berikut:</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"
style="background: rgb(88, 159, 39); border-collapse: collapse; margin-left:
59.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; padding:
0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 366.7pt;" width="489"><div class="MsoNormal"
style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-background-
themecolor: background1; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Ilmiah</span></b><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:
solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;"
width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .
0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria</span></b><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-
right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
width: 204.7pt;" width="273"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;
margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-
align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah-langkah</span></b><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:
solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top"
width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .
0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">a. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
fakta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">b. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekas
dari pras</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">ngka</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">c.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">enggunaka</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n </span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">prinsip</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-prinsip </span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">analisis</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">d</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">Menggunakan hipotesa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.Menggunakan ukuran yang</span><span
lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">objektif</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">f.Menggunaka</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">tekni</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">kuantifikasi</span><span style="color: white; font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-
right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
width: 204.7pt;" valign="top" width="273"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background:
white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;
text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih </span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mendefinisikan
masalah</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">b</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Survey
terhadap data yang tersedia</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">c</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">Mempormulasikan hipotesa</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">d</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membangun
kerangka analisa</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">e</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">Mengumpulkan data primer</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">f</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengolah,
menganalisa serta membuat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">interpretasi</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin:
0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 24.55pt;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Supaya
suatu metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian disebut ilmiah, maka metode
tersebut harus mempunyai beberapa kriteria, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-
height: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
Fakta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;
text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan-keterangan yang ingin
diperoleh dalam penelitian, baik yang akan dikumpulkan dan yang akan dianalisa,
haruslah berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang nyata. Bukan berdasarkan pada daya
khayalan, kira-kira, legenda atau sejenisnya.</span><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-
height: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">Bebas
dari Prasangka</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;
text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode ilmiah harus bebas dari
prasangka, bersih dan jauh dari pertimbangan subyektif. Menggunakan suatu fakta
haruslah dengan alasan dan bukti yang lengkap dan dengan pembuktian.yang
obyektif.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-
height: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">Menggunakan
prinsip analisa</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;
text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam memahami serta memberi arti
terhadap fenomena yang kompleks, harus menggunakan prinsip analisa. Semua
masalah harus dicari sebab musabab serta pemecahannya dengan mengguanakan
analisa yang logis. Fakta yang mendukung tidaklah dibiarkan sebagaimana adanya
atau hanya dibuat deskripsinya saja. Tetapi semua kejadian harus dicari sebab
akibat
dengan menggunakan analisa yang tajam.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-
height: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan
hipotesa</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;
text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam metode ilmiah, peneliti
harus dituntun dalam proses berpikir dengan menggunakan analisa. Hipotesa harus
ada untuk mengonggok-kan persoalan serta memandu jalan pikiran ke arah tujuan yang
ingin dicapai sehingga hasil yang ingin diperoleh akan mengenai sasaran dengan
tepat. Hipotesa merupakan pegangan yang khas dalam menuntun jalan pikiran
peneliti.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-
height: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan
ukuran obyektif</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;
text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerja penelitian dan analisa
harus dinyatakan dengan ukuran yang obyektif. Ukuran tidak boleh dengan
merasa-rasa atau menuruti hati nurani. Pertimbangan-pertimbangan harus dibuat
secara obyektif dengan menggunakan pikiran yang waras.</span><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-
height: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">Menggunakan
kuantifikasi</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;
text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam memperlakukan data ukuran
kuantitatif yang lazim digunakan, kecuali untuk atribut-atribut yang tidak
dapat dikuatifikasikan. Ukuran-ukuran yang digunakan misalnya ton, mili meter,
detik, tak hingga dan sebagaimana. Bukan menggunakan ukuran sejauh mata
memandang, sehitam pekat aspal dan sebagainya yang dianggap tidak dapat diukur
dengan akal manusia. Kuantifikasi yang mudah adalah dengan menggunakan ukuran
nominal,&nbsp;<i>ranking</i>&nbsp;dan&nbsp;<i>rating</i>.</span><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-
size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">Struktur Pengetahuan Ilmiah</span></b><b><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
artinya adalah susunan, dengan menggabungkan struktur bersama pengetahuan.
Artinya menjadi susunan pengetahuan dan ditambah lagi dengan kata ilmiah yang
berarti harfiahnya adalah susunan pengetahuan yang tertata dengan baik dan
sistematis.</span><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi
Pengetahuan Ilmu Alam, Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora</span></b><b><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu Pengetahuan
Alam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
pengetahuan </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">alam adalah ilmu yang
mempelajari tentang fenomena
alam. Hubungan agama Islam dengan ilmu pengetahuan dalam bidang alam, Islam
bersikap terbuka dan selektif. Dari satu segi Islam terbuka untuk menerima
berbagai masukan dari luar, tetapi berssamaan dengan itu Islam juga selektif,
yakni tidak begitu saja menerima seluruh jenis ilmu alam yang tidak sejalan
dengan Islam. Dalam bidang ilmu dan teknologi, Islam mengajarkan kepada
pemeluknya untuk bersikap terbuka. Sekalipun Islam bukan timur dan bukan barat,
ini tidak berarti Islam harus menutup diri dari keduanya. Bagaimanapun, Islam
adalah sebuah paradigma terbuka. Ia merupakan mata rantai peradaban dunia ilmu
dan teknologi<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan agama Islam dengan ilmu pengetahuan dalam bidang
alam, dapat pula
dilihat dari lima ayat Surah Al-’Alaq yang diturunkan Allah SWT, kepada Nabi
Muhammad SAW di gua Hira, yang artinya: ”Bacalah dengan (menyebut) nama Tuhanmu
yang menciptakan, Dia telah menciptakan manusia dari segumpal darah. Bacalah,
dan Tuhanmulah yang Maha Pemurah, Dialah yang mengajarkan manusia dengan pena,
Dia mengajarkan kepada manusia apa yang tidak diketahuinya. (QS. Al-’Alaq (96 :
1 – 5 )</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">Ilmu-ilmu Sosial</span></b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu-ilmu Sosial, yaitu ke ilmu-ilmu yang mempelajari
perilaku manusia dalam kehidupan bersama. Sifat Ilmu-ilmu Sosial itu spesifik
karena disertai kajian mendalam. Ilmu-ilmu Sosial merupakan terjemahan dari
Social Sciences. Di antara ilmu-ilmu sosial itu ada: (1). Geografi, yang
mempelajari kehidupan bersama manusia dalam hubungan atau interaksinya dengan
lingkungan alam dan sosial; (2). Ekonomi, yang mempelajari bagaimana masyarakat
memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan hidup mereka; (3). Sejarah, yang mempelajari
tingkah-laku (aktivitas) manusia pada masa lalu; (4) Antropologi, yang
mempelajari kehidupan masyarakat tradisional; (5) Sosiologi, yang mempelajari
interaksi antarwarga masyarakat; (6) Hukum, yang mempelajari bagaimana
kehidupan masyarakat diatur dengan undang-undang; (7) Politik, yang mempelajari
bagaimana penyelenggaraan negara dilaksanakan supaya tujuan bernegara dapat
dicapai.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu Humaniora</span></b><b><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt
0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu-ilmu Humaniora
adalah ilmu-ilmu pengetahuan yang dianggap bertujuan membuat manusia lebih
manusiawi, dalam arti membuat manusia lebih berbudaya. Contoh: Teologi,
filsafat, hukum, sejarah, fiologi, bahasa, kesusastraan, dan
kesenian.</span><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Humaniora atau Humaniteis adalah bidang-bidang studi
yang berusaha menafsirkan makna kehidupan manusia dan berusaha menambah
martabat kepada penghidupan dan eksistensi manusia menurut Elwood
mendefinisikan “Humaniora” sebagai seperangkat dari perilaku moral manusia
terhadap sesamanya, beliau juga mengisyaratkan pengakuan bahwa manusia adalah
makhluk yang mempunyai kedudukan amung (unique) dalam ekosistem, namun
sekaligus juga amat tergantung pada ekosistem itu dan ia sendiri bahkan
merupakan bagian bidang-bidang yang termasuk humaniora meliputi agama,
filsafat, sejarah, bahasa, sastra, dan lain-lain. Manfaat pendidikan humaniora
adalah memberikan pengertian yang lebih mendalam mengenai segi
manusiawi.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada hubungan sangat erat antara antropologi dan
humaniora yang kesemuanya memberikan sumbangan kepada keduanya sebagai kajian
umum mengenai manusia. Bagi para humanis, bahan antropologis juga sangat
penting. Dalam deskripsi biasa mengenai kebudayaan primitif, ahli etnografi
tradisional biasanya merekam sebagai macam mite dan folktale, menguraikan
artifak, musik dan bentuk-bentuk karya seni, barangkali juga menjadi subjek
analisa bagi para humanis dengan menggunakan alat-alat konseptual mereka
sendiri</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times
new roman&quot; , serif; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b><b><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; line-
height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">PENUTUP</span></span></b><b><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-
align: center;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;
text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-
size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-bottom:
0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah pengetahuan, ilmu
(sains), dan filsafat pada pembahasan sebelumnya banyak disinggung sebagai
bagian dari ruang lingkup pengetahuan itu sendiri. Namun demikian, meskipun
ketiganya memiliki persamaan sebagai pengetahuan tetap ditemukan
perbedaan-perbedaan mendasar, baik dari segi pengertian, fungsi maupun
cara-cara untuk memperolehnya. Untuk melihat perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut lebih
jauh, sangat penting terlebih dahulu dipaparkan pengertian dari
ketiganya.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;
font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom:
0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan sebagai pengetahuan
yang benar dibicarakan dalam ranah pengetahuan ilmiah (ilmu/sains). Ilmu
(sains) adalah pengetahuan yang bertujuan untuk mencapai kebenaran ilmiah
tentang objek tertentu yan diperoleh melalui pendekatan, metode dan sistem
tertentu.&nbsp;Jika proses cerapan rasa tahu manusia merupakan pengetahuan
secara umum yang tidak mempersoalkan seluk beluk pengetahuan tersebut, ilmu –
dengan cara khusus dan sistematis – dalam hal ini mencoba untuk menguji
kebenaran pengetahuan tersebut secara lebih luas dan mendalam. Ilmu tidak hanya
berbicara tentang hakikat (<i>ontologis</i>) pengetahuan itu sendiri, melainkan
juga mempersoalkan tentang bagaimana (<i>epistemologis</i>) pengetahuan
tersebut dapat diproses menjadi sebuah pengetahuan yang benar-benar memiliki
nilai guna (<i>aksiologis</i>) untuk kehidupan manusia. Oleh karenanya,
perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan itu pada dasarnya bersifat dinamis</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-
height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-bottom:
0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain pengetahuan biasa dan
pengetahuan ilmiah (sains) yang telah dipaparkan di Atas, filsafat juga
merupakan bagian penting yang turut dibicarakan dalam ranah pengetahuan, sebab
filsafat merupakan bagian dari pengetahuan itu sendiri</span><span style="font-
family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height:
150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;
text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height:
150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbs
p;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&
nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp
;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;;
font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size:
12pt; line-height:
150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbs
p;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&
nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; line-
height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in
0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;
text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-
size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Ghazali, 1962</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;">&nbsp;<i>The Book of Knowledge</i>,
yang diterjemahkan oleh Nabih Amin Faris, Asyraf, Lahore</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;
text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-
size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gove</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;">, </span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Philips Babcock,
1966</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">et.al. (ed).&nbsp;<i>Webster Third New
International</i></span><i><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dictionary.&nbsp;</span></i><span style="font-family:
&quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;">Massachussets, USA: G &amp; C
Merriam Company Publisher</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height:
150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-
size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soetriono dan SRDm Hanafie</span><span lang="IN"
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
2007</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;<i>Epistemologi dan Metodologi Penelitian
Filsafat.</i>&nbsp;Yogyakarta:
Penerbit Andi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;
, &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span
style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size:
12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;
text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-
size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Irwandar .&nbsp;<i>Dekonstruksi Pemikiran
Islam</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: &quot;times new
roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span></i><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2003<i>, Idealitas Nilai
dan Realitas Empiris.&nbsp;</i>Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruz
Media, </span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; ,
&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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.comments .thread-toggle { display: inline-block; }

.comments .thread-toggle .thread-arrow { display: inline-block; height: 6px;


margin: 0.3em; overflow: visible; padding-right: 4px; width: 7px; }

.comments .thread-expanded .thread-arrow { background:


url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAcAAAAHCAYAAADEUlfTAAAAG0lEQVR4
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transparent; }

.comments .thread-collapsed .thread-arrow { background:


url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAcAAAAHCAYAAADEUlfTAAAAJUlEQVR4
2mNgAILy8vL/DLgASBKnApgkVgXIkhgKiNKJ005s4gDLbCZBiSxfygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==") 0px 0px
no-repeat scroll transparent; }

.comments .avatar-image-container { float: left; max-height: 36px; overflow:


hidden; width: 36px; }

.comments .avatar-image-container img { max-width: 36px; }

.comments .comment-block { margin-left: 48px; position: relative; }

.comments .hidden { display: none; }

@media screen and (max-device-width: 480px) {


.comments .comments-content .comment-replies { margin-left: 0px; }
}

table.tr-caption-container { padding: 4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; }

td.tr-caption { font-size: 80%; }

.icon-action { vertical-align: middle; border-style: none !important; margin: 0px


0px 0px 0.5em !important; }

.comment-action-icon { width: 13px; height: 13px; margin-top: 3px; }

.delete-comment-icon { background: url("/img/icon_delete13.gif") left center no-


repeat; padding: 7px; }
#comment-popup { position: absolute; visibility: hidden; width: 100px; height:
20px; }

@media all {
.BLOG_video_class { display: inline; }
}

.post-share-buttons { display: inline-block; margin-top: 0.5em; vertical-align:


middle; }

.share-button { width: 20px; height: 20px; overflow: hidden; margin-left: -1px;


position: relative; background: url("/img/share_buttons_20_3.png") left center no-
repeat !important; }

.dummy-container, .google-plus-share-container { vertical-align: top; padding-left:


0.3em; }

a:hover.share-button { text-decoration: none; z-index: 1; }

.share-button-link-text { display: block; text-indent: -9999px; }

.sb-email { background-position: 0px 0px !important; }

a:hover.sb-email { background-position: 0px -20px !important; }

a:active.sb-email { background-position: 0px -40px !important; }

.sb-blog { background-position: -20px 0px !important; }

a:hover.sb-blog { background-position: -20px -20px !important; }

a:active.sb-blog { background-position: -20px -40px !important; }

.sb-twitter { background-position: -40px 0px !important; }

a:hover.sb-twitter { background-position: -40px -20px !important; }

a:active.sb-twitter { background-position: -40px -40px !important; }

.sb-facebook { background-position: -60px 0px !important; }

a:hover.sb-facebook { background-position: -60px -20px !important; }

a:active.sb-facebook { background-position: -60px -40px !important; }

.sb-buzz { display: none !important; }

.sb-pinterest { background-position: -100px 0px !important; }

a:hover.sb-pinterest { background-position: -100px -20px !important; }

a:active.sb-pinterest { background-position: -100px -40px !important; }

.sb-google { background: url("/img/plusone/plusonepreview.png") no-repeat; height:


20px; vertical-align: top; width: 82px; }

.goog-inline-block { position: relative; display: inline-block; }

* html .goog-inline-block { display: inline; }


:first-child + html .goog-inline-block { display: inline; }

.goog-custom-button { margin: 2px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial,


sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; list-style: none; vertical-
align: middle; cursor: default; outline: none; }

.goog-custom-button-outer-box, .goog-custom-button-inner-box { border-style: solid;


border-color: transparent; vertical-align: top; }

.goog-custom-button-checked .goog-custom-button-outer-box, .goog-custom-button-


checked .goog-custom-button-inner-box { border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); }

.goog-custom-button-outer-box { margin: 0px; border-width: 1px 0px; padding: 0px; }

.goog-custom-button-inner-box { margin: 0px -1px; border-width: 0px 1px; padding:


3px 4px; white-space: nowrap; }

* html .goog-custom-button-inner-box { left: -1px; }

* html .goog-custom-button-rtl .goog-custom-button-outer-box { left: -1px; }

* html .goog-custom-button-rtl .goog-custom-button-inner-box { right: auto; }

:first-child + html .goog-custom-button-inner-box { left: -1px; }

:first-child + html .goog-custom-button-rtl .goog-custom-button-inner-box { left:


1px; }

.goog-custom-button-active, .goog-custom-button-checked { background-color:


rgb(250, 246, 188); background-position: left bottom; }

.blog-mobile-link { padding: 15px; }

#mobile-share-button { height: 18px; padding: 1px 10px; text-align: center;


vertical-align: top; margin: 0px; }

#mobile-share-button a { display: block; height: 100%; line-height: 18px; width:


100%; }

.mobile-share-panel-outer { background: rgb(68, 68, 68); }

.mobile-share-panel-inner { background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 3px;


font-family: Arial; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); }

.mobile .mobile-share-panel-inner a { display: block; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); }

.mobile-share-panel-title { background: rgb(245, 245, 245); border-bottom: 1px


solid rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius:
2px; height: 25px; line-height: 25px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 20px; }

.mobile a.mobile-share-panel-button { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);


height: 50px; line-height: 30px; padding: 10px 0px 10px 65px; width: 100%; box-
sizing: border-box; background: url("/img/mobile_share_icons4.png") left center no-
repeat rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; }

.mobile-share-panel-button-close { font-size: 26px; float: right; height: 25px;


line-height: 25px; text-align: center; width: 25px; }
.mobile a.mobile-share-panel-button-email { background-position: 10px 0px !
important; }

.mobile a.mobile-share-panel-button-facebook { background-position: 10px -50px !


important; }

.mobile a.mobile-share-panel-button-twitter { background-position: 10px -100px !


important; }

.mobile a.mobile-share-panel-button-googleplus { background:


url("https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/gplus-32.png") 19px 9px no-repeat
rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; }

.mobile a.mobile-share-panel-button-buzz { border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-


bottom-right-radius: 2px; background-position: 10px -150px !important; }

.svg-icon-24 { height: 24px; width: 24px; }

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padding: 0px; }

.crosscol .PageList li, .footer .PageList li { list-style: none; float: left;


padding-right: 0.75em; margin: 0.75em; background: none; }

.crosscol .PageList h2 { display: none; }

.PageList li a { font-weight: normal; }

.PageList li.selected a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; }

.default-avatar { display: none; }

.profile-img { float: left; margin: 0px 5px 5px; }

.profile-data { margin: 0px; }

.profile-datablock { margin: 0.5em 0px; }

.profile-name-link { background: left top no-repeat; box-sizing: border-box;


display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; min-height: 20px; padding-left: 20px; }

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.status-msg a { text-decoration: underline; padding-left: 0.2em; }

.noInfo { visibility: hidden; }

.error .msgcolor { background: none; color: red; font-weight: normal; }

.status .msgcolor { background: rgb(249, 237, 190); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);
opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); }

table.status-msg img { display: block; }

.saved { padding: 0px 5px; }

#anonymousWarning { background: rgb(249, 237, 190); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);


padding: 6px; }

div#info-wrap { margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; }

#subscribe { margin-right: 5px; }

#allHolder { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-width: 1px; border-style:


solid; border-color: rgb(229, 229, 229) rgb(229, 229, 229) rgb(238, 238, 238);
border-image: initial; }

.notifyMeCheckbox { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid


rgb(220, 220, 220); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 13px; margin:
6px 0px 0px; position: relative; width: 13px; -webkit-appearance: none; border-
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.notifyMeCheckbox:hover { border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0,


0, 0.1) 0px 1px 1px inset; }

.notifyMeCheckbox:focus { border-color: rgb(77, 144, 254); outline: none; }

#subscribeButtonHolder.checked .notifyMeCheckbox { background:


url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABUAAAAVCAYAAACpF6WWAAAAtklEQVQ4
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.notifyMeCheckbox:active { background: rgb(235, 235, 235); border-color: rgb(198,


198, 198); }

.checkboxLabel { padding-left: 3px; }

@media only screen and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (min-device-width: 768px) {


.notifyMeCheckbox { margin: 12px 0px -1px !important; }
}

#subscribeButtonHolder { color: rgb(68, 68, 68); float: right; padding-right:


6px; }

#main-error, #main-status { padding: 2px 6px; }

.r { clear: both; display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; line-
height: 1px; font-size: 1px; }

dl { display: block; margin-bottom: 5px; }

#comments-block { background-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border: 1px solid rgb(235,


235, 235); height: 130px; min-height: 100px; }

#comments-block dl dd { height: 135px; overflow: auto; padding-bottom: 1px; width:


318px; }

#preview-actions { margin-top: 15px; }

#comments-block a { color: rgb(0, 158, 184) !important; }

#comments-block { margin: 0px; }

#comments-block dd { padding-bottom: 0.75em; }

#comments-block dd, #comments-block dd p { color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height:


140%; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; }

#comments-block dt.collapsed { font-size: 100%; margin: 0px 0px 4px; border-bottom:


1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; }

#comments-block dt.collapsed img { display: none; }

#comments-block dt.collapsed img.comment-icon { display: inline; }

#comments-block dd.collapsed { display: none; }

.comment-timestamp { color: rgb(119, 119, 119); font-size: 11px; margin: -0.25em


0px 1em; }

.deleted-comment { font-style: italic; color: gray; }

#preview-image { display: none; float: none; margin-bottom: 0px; }

#preview-profile { float: right; }


#preview-main, #preview-header { background: transparent; border: 1px solid
rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em; width: 395px; }

#preview-main a, #preview-header a { position: relative; cursor: pointer; }

#preview-main { border-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; margin-top: 0px; height: 80px !


important; margin-left: 20px !important; }

#preview-header { border-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;


padding-top: 0.25em !important; }

#preview-actions { font-size: 95%; white-space: nowrap; margin-bottom: 0px !


important; }

#preview-actions a { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }

#preview-actions .lnk { display: block; width: 47%; margin: 0px; }

#preview-actions .left { float: left; }

#preview-actions .right { float: right; margin-left: 0.2em; text-align: right; }

#preview-body { padding-top: 1em; border-bottom: 0px; }

@media only screen and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (min-device-width: 768px) {


#preview-body { padding-top: 0px; }
}

.comment-icon { line-height: 16px; display: inline; }

#comments-block #preview-header img { margin-bottom: -2px; }

.blogger-comment { background: url("/img/cmt/comment_sprite.gif") -45px -117px no-


repeat; width: 16px; height: 16px; }

.openid-comment { background: url("/img/cmt/comment_sprite.gif") -45px -149px no-


repeat; width: 16px; height: 16px; }

.anon-comment { background: url("/img/cmt/comment_sprite.gif") -45px -101px no-


repeat; width: 16px; height: 16px; }

#allHolder.previewMode #postCommentButtonHolder, #allHolder.previewMode


#identityControlsHolder, #allHolder.previewMode textarea, #allHolder.previewMode
select { display: none; }

.previewMode { background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px !important; }

#allHolder #previewHolder { display: none; }

#allHolder.previewMode #previewHolder { display: block; }

#previewHolder { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(187,


187, 187); width: 514px; }

div.profile-image-container img { display: none; }

.editLink { float: right; padding: 4px 4px 0px 0px; }


#comments-block .avatar-image-container { height: 37px; left: 1em; overflow:
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#comments-block .avatar-image-container img { border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);


float: right; }

#comments-block .avatar-image-container.avatar-stock img { border-width: 0px;


padding: 1px; }

#comments-block .avatar-preview-anon .avatar-image-container { display: none; }

#comments-block .avatar-preview { padding-left: 45px; width: 296px; }

#comments-block .avatar-preview #preview-main, #comments-block .avatar-preview


#preview-header { width: 400px; }

img.upload-from-cmt-preview { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px


solid rgb(187, 187, 187); margin-bottom: 3px; padding: 5px; }

#upload-profile-photo-zippy { margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 10px; display: block;


}

#upload-simple-photo-form { margin-bottom: 8px; }

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#comments-block .avatar-comment-border { border: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position:


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#comments-block .avatar-comment-border #preview-main, #comments-block .avatar-


comment-border #preview-header { border-width: 0px; margin-top: 4px; }

#comments-block .avatar-comment-border dd { margin-bottom: 0px; }

#comments-block .avatar-comment-border .editLink { padding-top: 0px; }

#comments-block .avatar-comment-border #preview-header { margin-top: 0.25em; }

.avatar-comment-border #preview-header { margin-left: 20px; }

iframe.avatar-hovercard-iframe { border: 0px none; padding: 0px; width: 25em;


height: 9.4em; margin: 0.5em; }

.mobile-dialog { position: absolute; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }

#comments-block .mobile-avatar-preview { padding-left: 45px; margin-bottom: -1px; }

#comments-block .mobile-avatar-preview #preview-main, #comments-block .mobile-


avatar-preview #preview-header { width: 180px; }

#commentSelectorLabel { color: rgb(102, 102, 102); }

#signoutLink { float: right; margin-top: 7px; vertical-align: middle; }

#identityControlsHolder { padding-top: 8px; }


#identityControlsHolder .genericAvatar { display: block; background-image:
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#identityControlsHolder .genericAvatar, #identityControlsHolder .loggedInAvatar


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#identityControlsHolder.enableAvatar .genericAvatar,
#identityControlsHolder.enableAvatar .loggedInAvatar { display: block; float: left;
height: 36px; margin-right: 8px; width: 36px; }

#postCommentWrapper #postCommentSubmit { margin: 8px 0px 6px; }

#commentsHolder { padding: 18px 22px 10px; }

.signoutButton { background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); background-image: -webkit-


linear-gradient(top, rgb(245, 245, 245), rgb(241, 241, 241)); border: 1px solid
rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); cursor: default; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; font-
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#identityMenu { background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll transparent; border: medium
none; border-radius: 2px; font-size: 13px; height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: none
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