The Role of Hydrogen for

Net Zero Emission

Widodo Wahyu Purwanto
Sustainable Energy Systems and Policy
Research Cluster
http://sesp.ui.ac.id/ Universitas Indonesia
 Department of Chemical Engineering
Universitas Indonesia
Email: widodo@che.ui.ac.id

Prof. Widodo is currently the editorial board of Journal of Natural Gas Science
and Engineering – Elsevier (https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-
natural-gas-science-and-engineering), Head of research cluster Sustainable
Energy Systems and Policy -Universitas Indonesia (http://sesp.ui.ac.id/), and
senior member of American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
He has served as director of the Center for Energy Studies, Universitas
Indonesia (PEUI) from 2004 to 2007, Head of the Department of Chemical
Engineering Universitas Indonesia, from 2007 to 2013, chairman of the
Association of Higher Education in Chemical Engineering Indonesia
(APTEKINDO) 2009-2012, and member of the National Research Council (DRN) -
technical commission energy (2014-2019).
Prof Widodo research focus include: (i) Sustainable energy system modeling
and energy transition and (ii) Natural gas technology and management. Prof.
Widodo has published more than 100 scientific journals and 4 books, and has
graduated 18 PhD, more than 100 Master and was guiding 8 PhD students.

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 Outline

§ Key drivers
§ Status and challenges of hydrogen
supply chain
§ Future role of hydrogen for NZE
§ Hydrogen and uses costs and future
trade
§ The way forward
Key drivers
COP 21- NZE for 1.5°C and abatements

Source: IRENA, 2021

5
 NZE Power sector with EV
3.500 3.500
3.000 3.000
2.500 2.500
Power Generation (TWh)

2.000 2.000
1.500 1.500
1.000 1.000
500 500
- -
(500) (500)
(1.000) (1.000)
2018 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060
Diesel Coal Coal (w CCS) Coal (Adv)
Coal (Adv w CCS) Gas Gas (Adv) Gas (Adv w CCS)
Biomass BECCS Hydro-LS Hydro-SS
Geothermal Nuclear Solar-Utility Scale Solar-Rooftop
 NZE Power sector
800
BAU
700

600
Emission (million ton)

500

400

300 2060 NZE

Electricity with EV
2060 NZE
200 Electricity

2060 NZE
100 2050 NZE
Electricity
with Rooftop PV
Electricity
-
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070
 NZE transport sector
CPS NZE

800 800
700 700
600 600
500 500

(MBOE)
(MBOE)

400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
- -

20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

DIESEL GASOLINE AVTUR DIESEL GASOLINE AVTUR

GAS ELECTRICITY HYDROGEN GAS ELECTRICITY HYDROGEN

8
Cleanness and most abundant
chemical structure

Source: IRENA, 2020

Physical properties of hydrogen

Source: IEA, 2019

Colors of hydrogen

Source: IRENA
 Colors of hydrogen
§ “Black”, “grey” or “brown” refer to the production of
hydrogen from coal, natural gas and lignite respectively.
§ “Blue” is commonly used for the production of hydrogen
from fossil fuels with CO2 emissions reduced by the use of
CCUS.
§ “Green” is a term applied to production of hydrogen from
renewable electricity.
§ In general, there are no established colours for hydrogen
from biomass, nuclear or different varieties of grid
electricity. As the environmental impacts of each of these
production routes can vary considerably by energy source,
region and type of CCUS
Hydrogen economy

Source: Rattan
Hydrogen economy

Source: IEA, 2019

Status and challenges of
hydrogen supply chain
Today’s hydrogen value chains

Source: IEA, 2019, 2021

 Key technologies of hydrogen Electrolysers available in low and high temperature
technologies:
Low – alkaline and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)
production High – solid oxide electrolyser (SOEC)
Via conventional, renewable & innovative RES technologies

Coal High-temp
Natural Gas
Central

Gasification Electrolysis
Production method

Reforming (with CCUS)

established industrial Low GHG Photo-biological
process Biomass Electrolysis PEC STCH
Reforming Electrolysis Bio Inspired
Gasification (solar)
biogas, etc. (wind) Approaches
Mid-scale

Biomass Pathways Solar Pathways

Distributed Grid Bio-derived Microbial Hybrid &

SMR Electrolysis Liquids Conversion Other

Near-term Mid-term Long-term

PEC: Photoelectrochemical
AN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATION PROGRAMME
STCH: Solar thermochemical Source: IEA, 2017
Challenges of clean hydrogen uses
§ Today, hydrogen is almost supplied from natural gas and coal.
Hydrogen is already deployed at the industrial scale across the
globe, mostly in oil refining and for the production of
ammonia/urea.
§ Producing hydrogen from low-carbon energy is currently costly.
However, the costs of producing green hydrogen from renewable
electricity are falling rapidly.
§ Hydrogen must be used much more widely. It must also be adopted
in sectors where it is currently almost completely absent, such as
transport, buildings and power generation.
§ New and upgraded pipelines and efficient and economic shipping
solutions require further development and deployment.
Future role of hydrogen for NZE
 The role hydrogen for
decarbonization
§ Enabling large-scale renewable energy
integration and power generation
§ Distributing energy across sectors and regions
§ Decarbonizing transportation
§ Decarbonizing industrial energy use
§ Helping to decarbonize building heat and power
§ Providing clean feedstock for industry.

Source: Hydrogen council

Hydrogen as a net zero-energy carrier
– 5 main uses of hydrogen

Source: US hydrogen economy

Technology readiness levels of key
hydrogen production, storage and
distribution technologies

Source: IEA, 2021

Technology readiness levels of key
hydrogen end-use technologies

Source: IEA, 2021

Power to X (e-fuels) and end uses across
the energy system

Source: IRENA, 2020

Future sustainable production of
chemicals and fuels

Source: Ioannou et al, 2021

Flexibility of electrolysers
Characterisation of the types of water
electrolysers

Source: IRENA, 2020

 Power generation and grid
balancing - Power to X

Source: IRENA Source: Hydrogen council

Hydrogen is most promising for long-
term carbon-free seasonal storage

Source: Hydrogen council

 Current limits on hydrogen
blending in natural gas networks

Soure: IEA, 2019

Hydrogen as a complement to alternative
ways to decarbonise end uses

Source: IRENA, 2020

Decarbonizing transportation -
BEVs vs. FCEVs

Source: Hydrogen Council

 Fuel Cells
PEMFC
Well-to-wheel analysis framework of
vehicles by propulsion type

Source: Deloitte, 2020

Current and future number of FC
vehicles by type by country

Source: Deloitte, 2020

Decarbonizing industry -
hydrogen as heat

Source: Hydrogen Council

Decarbonizing industry - hydrogen
as clean feedstock

Source: RSC
Hydrogen-based reduction allows
emission-free ironmaking

Source: Hydrogen council

Decarbonizing Building - CHP

Source: Challoch Energy

Future hydrogen and uses costs
and trade
 Future hydrogen supply mix

Low carbon – NG/Coal + CCS

Source: Hydrogen Council
VRE electricity-based hydrogen s in several
regions

Source: IEA, 2021

Hydrogen production costs from PV
and wind vs. fossil fuels

Source: IRENA, 2019

Electrolyser investment cost as a
function of module size

Source: IRENA, 2020

Hydrogen production cost, electrolyser cost,
electricity price and operating hours

Source: IRENA, 2020

Cost and emissions intensity of blending
hydrogen into the gas network

Source: IEA, 2019

TCO trajectory of passenger vehicles

Source: Hydrogen council, 2020

Total cost of ownership of on-demand
heavy-duty truck

Source: Hydrogen council, 2020

 Competitiveness of hydrogen in example
use cases in high- and medium-grade heat

Source: Hydrogen council, 2020

Cost of synthetic fuel

Source: Hydrogen council, 2020

Power to X (e-fuels) cost

Source: IRENA, 2019

Cost components of residential
heating in 2030

Source: Hydrogen council, 2020

Cost of fuel cell CHP vs alternatives

Source: Hydrogen council, 2020

Transport costs per unit of hydrogen
via different types of transport

Source: IEA, 2021

Hydrogen trade projects under
development in Asia-Pacific

Source: IEA, 2021

Global trade of hydrogen

Source: Hydrogen council, 2020

The way forward
The facts and Key recommendations
§ Indonesia: absent of strategy, targets and
regulations related to the deployment of
hydrogen for NZE.
§ There are only a few trials of fuel cell
products for BTS applications and
proposed electro-hydrogen production
from geothermal field.
§ R&D related to hydrogen is almost limited
and not priority.
The facts and Key recommendations

§ Develop strategies and roadmaps on

hydrogen’s role in energy systems.
§ Create strong incentives for using low-carbon
hydrogen to displace fossil fuels.
§ Mobilise investment in production assets,
and provide strong innovation support.
§ Establish appropriate certification,
standardisation and regulation regimes.
Policy and regulatory interventions

Source: IEA, 2021

Thank You
My research on hydrogen

62
Fuel Cells

63
Biohydrogen

64
Green urea

65
Blue/green methanol
Decarbonization of electricity