A. Determine what type of innovation is being represented in each case.

1. eCitizen portal is an e-government initiative implemented by the

Government of Singapore. The portal won the acclaimed Stockholm Challenge
Award in the year 2002. The portal provided a one-stop shop for the citizens of
Singapore enabling them to access the information and services of various
government departments quickly and easily. It revolutionized the manner in which
government-to-citizen(G2C) and government-to-business (G2B) interaction took
place.
Answer: Product/Service Innovation, the case discusses the
implementation of an eCitizen portal that allows Singaporeans to easily access
information and services from various government agencies. It has something
to do with service innovation that ensures and enhance the performance of
specific service.

2. Headquartered in New York, the US-based PepsiCo is one of the world’s leading
beverage and snacks food companies. In its 2002 annual report, the company
claimed to have the largest share in the US beverage markets. Analysts felt that
one of the main reasons for the company’s massive growth over the decades and
the leadership status it has acquired in almost all its business segments was
PepsiCo’s efficient distribution and logistics management operations.
Depending on the product involved, PepsiCo chose between various standard
distribution methods employed, such as the Direct Store Delivery System, the
broker warehouse system, the vending and foods service system, and the pre-sell
method.
Answer: Process Innovation, because it was stated in the case that
PepsiCo has various systems that allow the company to grow year after year,
eventually leading to the company being one of the world's leading beverage
and snack food companies.
3. In January 2000, the American International Group, Inc. (AIG), the global
market leader in insurance and financial services, launched the AIG e-business
risk solutions (AIG eBRS) exclusively to address the risks associated with online
businesses, popularly known as e-business or e-commerce.
Answer: Disruptive Innovation, this is a new market type of disruptive
innovation business that competes against non-consumption in lower margin
industries. Introducing a new product or service and converting non-consumers
into customers. Nowadays, e-commerce is one of the most effective businesses,
especially because technology has such a large impact on society.

4. In the mid-1990s, Canon, Japan’s leading camera and photocopier

manufacturer, undertook reengineering and restructuring of its business
processes to turn itself into a truly global corporation. By re-engineering its
business processes, Canon was able to revive itself without adopting painful
strategies like retrenchment.
Answer: Disruptive Innovation, this is a low-level disruptive innovation.
According to the case, Canon undertook reengineering and restructuring of its
business processes in order to become a truly global corporation. It is an
existing product; it enters the market with a low-performing, low-priced
product and then works to improve performance; this is how Canon was able
to revive itself without resorting to painful strategies such as retrenchment.

5. Skype is a low-cost telecommunication service that allows customers to call

and send messages on the same interface more conveniently and for a fraction of
the price of traditional telecommunication services. It was launched on August of
2003 by Niklas Zennstrom.
Answer: Disruptive Innovation, this is same as case study number 3. It
also has something to do with technology, because prior to that day, we could
only use the phone to call and text message, and online communication was not
widely used. Then, thanks to Skype, the traditional way was cut and then
improved through the use of technology until new apps were developed.
B. What do all of the five (5) cases have in common?
Technology and innovation are linked to each other. It motivates people
to develop and improve new products for the marketplace. And, by
developing and improving new products, the company has a greater
opportunity to grow, as well as the consumer's ability to make informed
decisions. Without technology, innovation progresses slowly. Technology and
innovation are beneficial. It boosts productivity and provides citizens with
new and improved goods and services, thereby raising their overall standard
of living. The benefits of innovation can take a long time to manifest. They
frequently cover a large proportion of the population.