INTRODUCTION The potential gradient 8o at which a dielectric, disrupts fully is called “dielectric Strength’ of the material. For air gy = 30 kV(max)/em at NTP, ie. - 76 cm pressure of Hg and 25°C, The dielectric strength varies widely with the air density. The density of air at 6 cm (Hg) barometric pressure and °C temperature is given by +veS as abmod phenc i sex ure O= relative air density = 3926 P (19.1) 273 +t which takes into account atmospheric conditions. 19.2] CRITICAL DISRUPTIVE VOLTAGE Consider a single-phase transmission line (Fig. 19.1). Let 7, and 7, be the radii of the conductors and D, the distance between the two conductors such that - D>>r,, ry, Let g be the charge per unit length on the conductor a and hence ao lb ~q will be on conductor b. a b la P "» /«———__ p> | Fig. 19.1] One-phase transmission line Scanned with CamScannerThe electric field intensity at ar i " conductor a due to both the line charac wt? a distance x for the centre of le charges will be E.= yt -_4 fi I Tox Ie, (D=x) Ine|x* Dox (132) The potential difference between the conductors D-v » de li, 1)4 = sex 4 1 Iney|x Dx 4% (19.3) Now the gradient at point P is given by ‘ Be xf [Ea oe wn gti Diss 4 2neq|x D-x| Ie, x(D-x) Substituting for q from Eq. (19.3), we get Poy -124, Electric intensity oe _feV 1D a} surface ere” 4s *"InDir 2zeXD-) Ey 2 aTky Ce v D Dir, x(D-) ( ie EVI TE reid lad tend 2 VD ayn ingle prue Lnggy x(D-x)In Dir is’ yo f bP)-© where V’ is the line to neutral voltage of the system. eak y on a@ For three-phase system, V’ = Vige! V3 5 > Ung OFB > It is easy to see from Eq. (19.4) that gradient increases as x decreases (point P is moved towards conductor a) and thus it is maximum when x = r and is given by CEePy, D “D y Ve 27 Bydnd Bmax = Er = Ems FH = rin Dir rin Dir aN! = V Ev DY, - V! =rfmax In Dir ae 319.5) AS i i WI bea th deci cont ofa Al ‘Rater conditions ater than normal the dielectric strength of air modifies to Bo = 809 where dis given by Eq. (19.1) (19.6) 30 ap = 30 kV/em. For AC voltages go 75 = 21.2 KV (rms)/em Scanned with CamScanneryc . + a = P EMP B wren torh inveahpehions trawe wevenled 854 Power System Engineering The critical disruptive voltage is then given by Vy=r gy din 2 (19.7) F 'For 3-phase AC lines: Vis in kV (sms)/phase and = 21.2 kV (rms)/em In arriving at this equation, an assumption is made that the conductor is solid and the surface is-smooth. To account for surface irregularity due to stranding Eq. (19.7) is modified as V.=r gq Smg in Dir kV rms line to neutral (19.8) where my = irregularity surface or stranding factor. It depends upon the shape of the cross-section of the conductor and on the state of its surface. For smooth polished wires mp = 1; For rough-surfaced conductors, 0.92 < mp < 0.98; For stranded conductors 0.82 < mg < 0.88 When the voltage applied corresponds to the critical disruptive voltage, corona starts but it is not visible because the charged ions in the air must get __Some finite energy to cause further ionization by collisions. ( Itmay be of interest to note that in the case of parallel wires the visual corona HK 2 does not begin at\voltage V, but at a higher voltage Va, called the visual critical Voltage. The visual corona will occur when the breakdown value is attained at 2 distance r (1 + 0.3//5r ) from the axis instead of r. This means that voltage to neutral should be (1 +.0.3//6r. ) times the disruptive critical voltage, —_~ The ingaaical petakion fer caltulahng Ndv Vy, = 21.1 my af + | In Dir kV mms line to neutral (19.9) Ver ‘According: to Peek for visual corona Surface factor m, = 0.72 for stranded wires for local visual corona 0.82 for decided or general visual corona on stranded conductors = | for polished wires i) raya ‘ Since the surface of the conductor is irregular, the corona does not start simultaneously on the whole surface but it takes place at different points of the ‘~~ Conductor which are pointed and this is called /ocal corona. Using bundled conductors per phase reduces electric field intensity levels in the conductor vicinity because of the increase in effective phase radius. 49.3| CONDITIONS AFFECTING CORONA ‘As discussed earlier corona is owing to the bombardment of air molecules with bsequent dislodging of electrons, by ionized particles. Corona will thus be areal by the electrical state of the atmosphere, as well as by physical conditions and construction of the line. Scanned with CamScannerCORONA Loss Corona has three undesirable features: power loss, harmonic currents (causing 1on-sinusoidal voltage) and radio interference (RI) and these factors should be considered when evaluating a line design. Losses do somewhat affect efficiency of the line, but will not be of sufficient importance to have any appreciable effect on the voltage regulation. As in the case of critical voltage for corona, the power loss is affected both by atmospheric and line conditions. Loss under fair weather conditions is given by Peek’s formula as: 240 P= “GUE +25),riD (V- yx 10% kW/ph/km (19.10) where V = kV to neutral (rms), f= frequency in Hz; when V/V, is less than 1.8, Peterson’s formula holds good, and is given by p= 21x10? x VF Mogi (Dir)? Here F = corona factor determined by test. The power loss is small varying from 1 to 2 kW/km for 500 kV, three conductors per phase bundle. It increases rapidly with bad weather, with frost being the worst situation. The current in corona discharge has several high-frequency harmonics that interfere with a wide range of radio frequencies (0.24 MHz). In designing a HV line, the magnitude of RI (in “V/m), as well as its effect on the various communication services, e.g. amplitude-modulated broadcasting PLC, aviation and marine signals, etc. should be considered. Corona loss can be reduced by using large dia conductors, hollow conductors and bundled conductors. Th ¥' B mere, Vd Ls mere, 6 Vd’ is increased, the working vo Lege can be meveased a kW/ph/km * (19.11) B, e yeOUces , Mertover Scanned with CamScannerso ics of a 3-phase line F 'm, 2.5 m delta spacing, air temperature 27°C altitude 2440 m, correspondin, spacing, pe 2 7 ig to an approximati i 73.15 em, operating voltage 110 kV at eee le barometric pressure of Solution Radius of the conductor r = 0.5 om Relative air density = 392b _ 3.92x73.15 273427 273427 Assuming that the conductor is stranded and taking the stranding factor as 0.86 = 0.9558 my = 0.86 Disruptive critical voltage is given by: Vi = go mor 51n Dir KV rms line to neutral = 21.2 x 0.86 x 0.5 x (12282) xo9ss8 = 54,18 kV ms line to neutral Visual critical voltage V, =21.2xm,6r (+) In Dir kV mms line to neutral vor = 21.2 x 0.72 x 0.9558 x 0.5 (! + = 64,50 kV ms to neutral. Fair weather loss using Peek’s formula er va fé (VV)? x 10% kWiph/km 2 240 10.5. (4 st) x10 ~ o9ssa *7°V250 (3 Scanned with CamScanner= 0.7332 kW/ph/km Approximate loss duri ng storm conditions. The disruptive critical value is taken as 0.8 of the val ue for fair weather viz. 2 240 05 (110 -s Loss = 75x J—— ap 08xs6.8] x10 oss = Dosa * «(33 (Ue = 3.427 kWiph/km a Scanned with CamScannerfa aged ithe foe ‘the conductors (with radii of 20 mm each) ae conditions, air densit an equilateral triangle. Assuming fair weather nons, ity factor of 0.95 and irregularity factor of 0.96. Find the minimum spacing between the conductors if the disruptive critical voltage is not to exceed 230 kV between lines. go = 30 kV/cm (peak). 19.2 Find the corona characteristics of a 110 kV, 50 Hz, three-phase line 200 km long consisting of 1 cm dia stranded copper conductors spaced 3.5 m delta arrangement. Temperature 27°C and barometric pressure 75 cm, mg = 0.85, m, = 0.72 and m, for general corona = 0.81. 19.3 Determine the critical disruptive voltage and corona loss for a three- phase line operating at 110 kV which has conductor of 1.2 cm dia arranged in 3 m delta. Assume 5 = 1.06 and go = 21 kV/cm. 19.4 A single-phase overhead line has two conductors of dia 1.5 cm with a spacing of 1.5 m between centres. If the dielectric strength of air is 21 kV/cm, determine the line voltage for which corona will commence on \ the line. (5= 0.96, m9 = 0.92). ‘Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner3-6 ‘ ve ID mm ain dusiky day (s) = ons brn egutonity favor (1m) = oe din yup ve bain? Voltage = — RB01Y Vo = 3moh yb In| Par\ fe | * 230 xy x . any x bas £09 a An[ Oey LON \n Dey, ( ay ge} 7 SN 54433 “3 Dey < Qoxw ee ) dx’ X38) 204 = T BY 18 Mm ]o = cum ‘Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannervuvvwvvevvuwvwwewevuww~wrwuwwerr we hw ~ - - Given VA -3 x ws tm 2 omg x10 pn. Vm: Q = at (tn. Vie %G aw (917) Vv Vv ¥4 Wy Oly (Ya) Zit (a1) 7 wae DTS KIOX a OP rhe Ne a ex 3 ( a Were x10 on [ *°) 7 G4 OS eV _ ‘Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner