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Endocrine System

Dr. Yuliana, S.Ked, M.Biomed

Anatomy Department Medical Faculty Udayana University

5w 1H 2

- What (definition, organ name)

- Why (function)
- Who (male, female, elderly, children)
- Where (location)
- When (any time, special time?)
- How (how it works)
- * endocrine x ……. (examples)

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Endocrine system
ductless glands) 3

• Hypothalamus --- Hypophyse (pituitary)

• Thyroid gland dan parathyroid gland
• Pancreas
• Adrenal/suprarenal gland
• Thymus
• Ovarium (Ovary)
• Testes (difference with testis?)
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Hypothalamus: 4

• Located at the most ventral of diencephalon

• Act as base and lateral wall of third ventricle
• 4 gr
• Consists of:
– Supraoptic part
– Tuberal part
– Mammilary part

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Hypophysis cerebri--pituitary gland 6

• Positioned at sella turcica of sphenoid bone

• Covered by durameter
• Act as master endocrine gland
• Has two lobes, that are connected by infundibulum
– Anterior lobe/adeno hypophysis: pars distalis, pars tuberalis,
pars intermedia.
– Posterior lobe/neurohypophysis:infundibulum (stalk), neural
lobe.
• Blood supply: superior and inferior hypophysial artery

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Thyroid gland: 8

• Consists of 2 lobes; right and left lobes

• Connected by isthmus
• Its weight is somewhat variable, but is
usually about 30 grams.
• Covered by lamina pretrachealis
• Very vascular
• Adhered to larynx dan trachea
• Butterfly shaped
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Thyroid gland 9

• is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal

ring.
• Each lobe is about 5 cm. long
• its greatest width is about 3 cm,
• its thickness about 2 cm.
( 5 cm in length x 3 cm in width x 2 cm
thickness

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• Blood supply:
– Superior thyroid artery, branch of external carotid
a.
– Inferior thyroid artery, branch of thyrocervical a.
– Veins will be drained to internal jugular v.
– Lymphatic drainage from paratrachealis
lymphonodes.

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Parathyroid gland 18

•  6 mm
• They vary 2-6 in number, most have 4
• Lie most frequently on the medial half
of the posterior surface of each lobe of
the thyroid gland.
• Usually named according to their
position, superior and inferior on each
side.
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• Lymph nodes, fat lobules, or accessory thyroid tissue

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may be mistaken for parathyroid glands.
• Blood supply: superior and inferior
thyroid aa.

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Pancreas 24

• Exocrine and endocrine (langerhans islet)

• Lies retroperitoneally and transversely across
the posterior abdominal wall
• Divided into 4 parts:
1. Head (caput)
2. Neck (collum)
3. Body (corpus)
4. Tail (cauda)

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Continued: 25

• Blood supply:
– Spleen a.
– Superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa.
– Lymph: lymphaticus coeliacus
• Nerve supply:
– Symphatic dan parasymphatic

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Adrenal gland: 28

• Right and left (triangular and semilunar

left gland)
• ± 3-6 gr (each)
• Superomedial of ren
• Covered by fascia renalis

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ADRENAL GLAND
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• Blood supply:
–Inferior phrenic a
–Superior suprarenal a: sering berasal
dari a. renalis
–Middle suprarenal a: dari aorta
• Vein: drains into inferior vein cava
• Nerve supply:
– Plexus coeliacus, n. thoracalis dan
lumbosplanchnicus
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Testis: 32

• Ovoid organ that is suspended in scrotum by the

spermatic cord
• Produced sperm and hormones, principally
testosteron
• Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules.
• Testicular arteries
• Testicular veins
• Lymphatic drainage of the testis is to the lumbar
(lateral aortic) and preaortic lymph nodes.
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Continued: 35

• Pole superior and inferior

• Margo; anterior and posterior
• Facies medial and lateral
• Posterior part is covered by epididymis

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Ovaries (ovarium) 36

• Almond shaped glands located close to the lateral

pelvic walls
• near the attachment of the broad ligament to the
lateral pelvic walls
• suspended from both by peritoneal folds, the
mesovarium from the posterosuperior aspect of the
broad ligament and the suspensory ligament of the
ovary from the pelvic wall

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 The distal end of the ovary

connects to the lateral wall of the
pelvis by the suspensory ligament
of the ovary.
 Ovary also attached to the uterus
by the ligament of ovary.
 Homolog with testes
 Produced estrogen, progesteron,
ovum
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Continued: 41

• Blood supply:
– Artery ovarica (ovarian artery) ---
– Vena Ovarica
--- dextra (right) drains to  v. cava inf.
--- sinistra (left) drains to  v. renalis
– Lymphe: lymphonodi para aorta

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• The nerves descend along the ovarian vessels

from the ovarian plexus.
• The visceral afferent pain fibers ascend
retrogradely with the sympathetic fibers of
the ovarian plexus and lumbar splanchnic
nerves to the cell bodies in the T11-L1 spinal
sensory ganglia.

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THYMUS 43

 Located at
 mediastinum (?) superior, between sternum and great
vessels.
 lower part of the neck and the anterior part of the
superior mediastinum.
 Important for antibody
 Also a primary lymphoid organ (other?)
 Greater in size when puberty and get smaller
since about 30 years old. (who)
 After puberty, the thymus undergoes gradual
involution and is largely replaced by fat.
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Blood supply 44

 Arterial supply
 anterior intercostal and
 anterior mediastinal branches of the internal
thoracic arteries.
 The veins of the thymus end in the
 left brachiocephalic,
 internal thoracic, and
 inferior thyroid veins.

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Lymphatic vessels 45

• Parasternal
• Brachiocephalic,
• Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

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Mediastinum 46

• central compartment of the thoracic cavity

• Is covered on each side by mediastinal pleura
and contains all the thoracic viscera and
structures, except the lungs.
• Extends from the superior thoracic aperture to
the diaphragm inferiorly and from the sternum
and costal cartilages
• united only by loose connective tissue, often
infiltrated with fat
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Pleno 49

• Describe and give examples why pituitary

gland is called as master gland. Give 3
examples.
• Describe anatomical structure, innervation and
vascularisation of thyroid gland.

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