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WINSEM2020-21 MEE1035 TH VL2020210501551 Reference Material I 01-Jun-2021 Hybrid Vehicles
WINSEM2020-21 MEE1035 TH VL2020210501551 Reference Material I 01-Jun-2021 Hybrid Vehicles
Hybrid Vehicle
• Conventional vehicles with IC engines provide good
performance and long operating range by utilizing the high-
energy-density advantages of petroleum fuels. However,
conventional IC engine vehicles have the disadvantages of
poor fuel economy and environmental pollution.
• Battery-powered EVs, on the other hand, possess some
advantages over conventional IC engine vehicles, such as high-
energy efficiency and zero environmental pollution. However,
the performance, especially the operation range per battery
charge, is far less competitive than IC engine vehicles, due to
the much lower energy density of the batteries than that of
gasoline.
• HEVs, which use two power sources(a primary power source
and a secondary power source), have the advantages of both
IC engine vehicles and EVs and overcome their disadvantages.
• A vehicle that has two or more power trains is called a
hybrid vehicle.
• A hybrid drive train can supply its power to the load by a
selective power train.
Types of Hybrid vehicle
• Depending on the drive train structure
– Series hybrid
– Parallel hybrid
– Combined hybrid
• Depending on the share of the electromotor to the
traction power
– Mild hybrid
– Micro hybrid
– Full hybrid
– Plug-in hybrid
Series hybrid
• In a series hybrid system, the combustion engine drives
an electric generator (usually a three-phase alternator
plus rectifier) instead of directly driving the wheels.
• The electric motor is the only means of providing power
to the wheels.
• The generator both charges a battery and powers an
electric motor that moves the vehicle.
• When large amounts of power are required, the motor
draws electricity from both the batteries and the
generator.
Design
IC engine with electric motor
• The load torque, acting on the ring gear of the planetary gear
unit by gear Z4, is related to the engine torque and the
motor/generator torque
1.Hybrid traction: When lock 1 and lock 2 are released (the sun gear and ring
gear can rotate), both the engine and electric machine supply positive
speed and torque (positive power) to the driven wheels.
2. Engine-alone traction: When lock 2 locks the ring gear to the vehicle frame
and lock 1 is released, the engine alone supplies power to the driven
wheels. the speed of the yoke is proportional to the speed of the sun gear
as ω3 = ω1/(1 + ig). torque output from the yoke is proportional to the
torque applied on the sun gear from the engine as T3 = (1 + ig)T1.
3. Motor-alone traction: When lock 1 locks the sun gear to the vehicle frame
(engine is shut off and engine clutch is disengaged) and lock 2 is released,
only the electric motor supplies its power to the driven wheels.
4. Regenerative braking: The states of lock 1 and lock 2 are the same as in
motor-alone traction, the engine is also shut off, the engine clutch is
disengaged, and the electric machine is controlled in regenerating mode
(negative torque). The kinetic or potential energy of the vehicle can be
absorbed by the electric system.
5. Battery charging from the engine: The engine clutch and lock 1 and lock 2
are in the same state as in the hybrid traction mode. However, the electric
motor is controlled to rotate in the opposite direction, that is, negative
speed. Thus, the electric machine operates with positive torque and
negative speed (negative power) and absorbs energy from the engine and
delivers it to the batteries.
Weaknesses of parallel hybrid vehicles: