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    A STRESS Curren Oncrnns Ina eit oie tinea pic ef ss shite lore aed cme fda dg ist ava ep oe ee edn pe on ote mas fn | menos mala horace | | 1.1 Iytropucrion Mechanics of materials is branch of mechanics that suis the ‘elationshis between the exeral loads applied toa deformable body andthe intensity of internal ores ating within the Body. This subject | also involves computing he deformations ofthe bay, andit provdesa | study ofthe body silty when the bodyissubjetedtextemafores, | In the design of any structure or machin it iss necessary to we the prinis of statis to determine the fore ain bot on and within is various members. The sie of the members their defection, and theirstailty depend not only on the internal loadings, but also on ‘he type of material from whch the members sre mad, Consequeth, an actuate determination and fundamental understanding of material behavior willbe of vil importance for developing te nosey equations used in mechanis of materials. Realize that many formals and ules for desig, os defined in engineering codes and used in paste, ae based on the fundamentals of mechanic of materials and for this reason an understanding of the principles of this subject is very important. Historical Development. Te og of mechani of materi das bask to the begining of the sevententh century, at whch time, Galileo formal experiment to sy the effets of lad on ras and bears ‘ade of various materials For proper understanding, howere, it ws necessary to stash acute eperinentl desertion of a miter’ ‘canal properties Methods for doing this were remarkaly improved atthe beginning ofthe ejheenth century. A ht ne bah experimental ‘tnd theoretical stain his sujet were undertaken primarily rane by sch notables Sunt-Vesant, Poisson Lam and Naver Because thei ‘ots were based on materia body applications of mechani they call thisstuy "strength of mater” Cierny, however, its usualy refered ‘mechanics of deformable bodies or imply "mechanics of materi” Overtheyearsater many of the fundamental problemsof mechani, of materials had been solved, it became necesary to we advanced ‘mathematical and coapate tecnigue o solve more complex probes. Asaresul hssubjet expanded int other subjects of advanced meckanis| ‘sich ath theory of ast andthe theory of platy: Research in hese feds ongoing, not only to meet the demands for sling advanced etgnecrng problems bu oust further ue and the instationswpen ‘whic the fadamental theory of mechs of materi shed 1.2 Equiuprium oF 4 DerorMaste Boy Soce statis plays an important role in both the development and ‘pplication of mechanics of mata is very impeetat to havea good 5p ofis fundamentals Fr thiseason we will evew some of the main inp of satis hat wil be wed thcughout the text External Loads, A body can be subjected to several diferent types of ‘exteral loads however, any ene of these can be dasifed as eter 2 surface fore or a body foe, ig 1 Surface Fores. AS the name inl, surface foes are eased by the vec contact of one body with he sae of another. In al ses these foes are distibted oer the area of cnt between the bodies this area issal in omarion with th ttl surfae sea ofthe bod. thn the sae fore can be dened 5g concenrated fore, wich appli (oa point on te body For example the force of the ground on the wheels tf a biel ia be considered as a concentrated force when tying te loang on the bie the src kings plied lon a narow aes, the foating can be ideale a 2 near disribted load, ws). Here the loading is measured as tang a intensity of forcfength log the aes and is reesented graphy by a eres of arows ang the ln s. The san force Fy of (6) i quale to the area under the dsriuted odin core and this elon cs through the centroid Cor geometric cater ofthis area. The adng alo the length of eam isa pat example of wher this idealization ison appli T j sec Bolly Force, body forces ceveloped wien one body exerts a force ‘on another body without direct physical ontact between the bodies Examples include the effets cused by the earth's gravitation or its clectromagnetic ied, Although by Forces affect each of the partes ‘mpi the body dese fore ae normally represented bya singe ‘omcetated force acting onthe body: Inthe case of gavin, this foe is called the weight of ‘he body and acs through the bys ‘eater of ravi. Support Reactions. The sufi foes that develop atthe supports or Points of contact between dies are called reactions. For two- timensonal robles, bodes sabjeted to coplanar farce systems, the supports most commonly excountered ae shown in Table 1-1, Note carey the symbol wsed to represent each saport andthe type of ‘eacionsit exerts on is contacing member In general one can always etemine the ype of support reaction by imagining the attached ‘member 2s being translated or rotated in 2 patel directo ff the support prevents translation ina given dvction, ten a force mst be developed on the member in tat dietion. Likewise, if rotation i prevented, « couple moment must be exerted on tke member. For ‘example, roller suport can only preveat translation in the contac ticection, perpendicular or nema tothe surface, Hence, the roller ‘ers norma force Fon the member at Ie point of contact, Since the member cn reel oat about the roller, a couple momeat cannot be developed on the member. “De Ht 2 RORILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Mary mucin wep coc it tenner aon. Thorp xtafoeon amen ao Treas FEM | 6 ca) simess uations of Equlbion, Equibrium of a body requies both 8 balance of fores, to prevent he body fom trating or having scoxleated mation along 2 staght ce eurved pth and balance of ‘momens, to prevent the body from rotting, Those contions can be cxpresed matbematally by the two vector equations (ey oF Mo ‘re, represents the sum of ale forces acing onthe body, and 2 Mg is the sum ofthe moments of all the fres about any point 0 «ithe ono off the body If an, 9, coordinate tem is establied with the origina point Othe force and mement vectors can be resolved into component slong the coordinate axes andthe above two equations «an be writen in saat fom as six eqzations panel, re) Often in eagneeting practice the loading on a body can be represened a a stem of coplanar fore. hiss th cass ad the {ores fein the a-y plane, then the condition fr equim ofthe tbody canbe specie by only thee salar equtrium equations hal, 0) In this ease if point 0s the origin of coordinates, then moments wil ims be dete along the z ui whichis perpendicular to the plane {that contains the Fores. ‘Suse aplication ofthe equations of equiibeium requires ‘omletespecfstion oa the known and uskaown frees that at on| ‘he body. The et way to accom fr these foes isto draw the body's Sreebody diagram. Obvious, if tbe fee-body diagram is drawn corey, the effects of alte applied fores and couple moments en te attounted for when the equations of quien ate write, sec12 Eg ® o Fg Intemal Resultant Laadings, One ofthe most important applications of ats inthe analy of mechan of materials problems is to be able to determine the resin fore an moment acing within a body which ane nezesary to Hod the body ogetber wen the ho i abject to enteral load For exampl, onde the body shown in Fig 1-22, which is held in eqitriam by the fou external fore in order to obtain the intending ting ona poi region within the boy. tis necessary to use the method of wetons. Tis egies hat an imaginary section ot “eat” be mide though the gon where he internal loadings ae to be 4 Lsefiatint Use asm Fok 3 1-4 fore of80N ssiponedty te acketashown, Determine teresa internal loaings acing onthe secon tough pit Pot. 41-5, Determine the resin aig onthe cs ‘eto hough pit Don member AB. 1-6 Detsmine the resin intel lags at css sets tough pins # and Fone esc Ose Se 05m Pros 9-6 141 The beam supports the distil hed shown Determine the rant interes oaigs om the ess secion trough pint C. ASeme the fetes at he suppor A and a vere ALK. The beam sapyorts the dite lead shown. Detemine the ret itera aig on te css scion ok ps D an Esme the reictons a heaps and Dae vei sw own ‘ | T Zt oT oe wed] t+ ot 8 T | 1% Te boom DF othe cme and te eum DE ae unforn iht ofS he ois ado ih Sot terete esate loading tere ‘mers seston trough posts 4,8, and C Pooh 9 11, The fore P= 8 1 aes ot the get too etc te esata intra ans on tect the tooth i a he cent oi A of eon aa, ewooteNs 17 Tet, The tlssping boom is consused fm tee sepens When etd 0 fl postion 8 shows, AB 2S Ff the patna verre al wiht 25 tb and cele o rosy a G eerie the ent inal ings ting oho seo trough pot ICI Sole Pi. -1 fo he intra ings onthe cos econ though pit F Pros. IER? IE The sk oo lang roa exer 4 ong sndsuppors tke fol ht his as of 0 kg and Cenlr of sat, Detrmie the rehan nnd loans acing thc sion through Che thes isd athe poston shown, Nels he ms fhe ck Proto 18 gu TRESS 1-14 Determine he yest itel noma an sear forces inthe mene at () sector aa and (6) ston beach of which pss tough oi Take @ = The 650. Jad sap along the cent aio the rember. 11S. Deerine te resin iste somal and shar foes inte member tet b-2each 5 ution of 0. Plot hese cess for 8 9, The SEN land ‘ppl along th email at of te emt son oon Pook LS SAG The shy ook is wd to suppor the ale of a sel oe tie ug I onsit a moth od tht conta the papet 2 wa at pit A, Bead een the norma fr, shear fe met on the crassa at pints and _ peetesy Hoan Hs od bE ww Prt LIT, Detenipe the nama fre, shar fore ad oan ata secon hgh pit C. Take P= 82N, Sebo | Pro IT 1-48 The ale wil fal ven sujet to tensn of 224N Determine get vert lad Pte bane ill ‘spt and alte the iter naa fore sear ors and moment 2 te cass seve though pt Cer is ating oie tise Peed Poo 8 1-8, Demise the resukan intra oigs on the ros tions through pons Dan on there, Pots Tt i 1-20, The dium iter spends the SOD) du, The Tage piconet te pest and Te rig ‘atin othe dum chime issu tony horizontal and Neral oes ae exe 09 the den at @ an Determine the estan intra kan onthe cress ion though ne Determine the resto nea oigs crs stn though pints Km Jon the da erie 1a Prt, 2-2 1-22 Detemine thesia incest bean a rs scos trough pis D and Pui is Fast the ight ofthe 3p ad Pro. 2. sa by sen ae thoagh he ant pit Coa he Bean, roses 19 12h The wishtone contraton ofthe power pole porte the nes eh xen oe of 00 1b on tbe big sts I the sts ar pi cone A,B, sd C, Serine the elisa irl fading rss secon though points D,E,and F. bey 3 eta itera odingatingon Prob 24 20 oH. sss 1-25, Determine te reso inkl bain aig on set bb though he eave peat Co he ex 1-26, The support has a constant vith w and 2 specie weight (neightalume)y Determine the esata inter Tons sting a the enti Co a ass eto ted 8 Asta stm te spe Prob 26 1-7, The stl supported ats ent by wo bens A and B als ajc to he forces applied ote ples Fedo to shat Detach esl itera odings sign te crossbow point The 0 foes setinte + retion dhe 2008 and SEN oes atin the + tion. Th joel Deaig aA snd B exe oly yand2componets of freon the ha S1-2h_ The sats sppored tis ends by two bearings ‘Aan B and isaac othe ors apd othe pulleys fxd tothe shalt, Deterie the et ter aig acing thes ton through point The Nios ‘tint deston an the DN and 9 ores tin ‘he + yen The jal esi at ad Bex oly Yan ross afr oa he sha. Prt 2k \ rmosueas 21 i { 1-3) Thesgnhisa weight of 100% andcenterafgaviy 1-3, The cued rol has a aia ited tothe mall 6 itis sibjoged othe ufo Wi Joa ef Dv, 2 B.Deterine he estat inter loadings acing the tree esa ital digs acting nthe cos casein tough A wich sealed at angie 8 fom ser fhe post 2 The ps sz weight MDI. tbe iota Pro 3 Pra. 41-3, The pipe has mas of yim itis ed tothe 1-3, Theditibutleadingw ~ uy sin espe wall at A determin he retainer ois gant nth, cts nthe carved rod Determine th nora ‘onthe crs seion trough foresee nd moment dt @ = 4 Neglt . the weight ofthe a Prob. 2 srmess , sty 1.3. Stress twas sted ia ex 12 hat efor and moment aig at a speed point on te sectioned are ofa body. 9 eset th reat ete ofthe actual disbuion offre acing ove the etoed ae, Fig. 1-9. Otani this dtd finer aang io pinay importance in metas of mater. To se ths problem i is ees to estab th xcept of sts. Cotsider the sectomedare toe subvide into sl re ch 2 4A shown dk shade ia Fy, -1d As we rece Ato a male and males, we mas make wo asus epg he proper ‘ofthe materia We wl oer the mater be conto hat, to const of a cotnaum or ufo dstation of mater vig n0 voids ater than being composed offi mer of tie tons otmoleales Furhemore, the material musth okie, ming that all prions of i re comested tote, ater than having break, enc or separations A pial it et very smal fore AF, cing its asoviated aca A, shown in Fig {10a This oc, ke al he ‘oes il have aunque dein, bu fr further dcusoe we wi replat is ve component namely A, AR, and AF, ubich are taten tangent end nomal the ae, respectively. AS the ares OA approaches 2,50 do te fre AP an is components however, the unt of te force and area wi in general apgroach ite iit This quotiet scaled ses, anda noted it desebes the ines of th intl force on.a spec plane (se) psn hewgh a on. Noma Sires. The imeniy of oe, fre er anit te, ating ‘normal to AA i defined as the mormal stress, « (sigma). Since AR. is oval oth res ten an, io BA cS) Ifthe normal fore or stress “pulls” onthe area element AA as shown in Fig 1-10, itis feted to arene sre, whereas i it pushes" on AA iis called compresive ses. Sheat Stes. The intensiy offre, o fee pe uit ae, ating fans oA scale he shea, (a) Hee we ae shea es compen, tn Mf tao BA A, oo, os) Note that the subi atin 2 in wed o reference the icin ofthe oawaré orn ne, hich sie the fenton of the ava B4, Fg. 1-1 Two bits ate wed forthe sears compat nd The ns specs the retain fhe a, fad andy fer othe etnies for te sear sueses, General Slate of Stress._If he body is farther sectioned by planes ple to the -z plane, Fig. 1-10 and the y-z plan, Fg, 1-105, we «an then cutout a eubie volume clement of materi that represents the stat of ses acting around he chosen point in the body, ig. 1-12. ‘Thisstate of resis then characterized by three components acting on ah fae ofthe element. These stress components deste the ta of stes a the point only forthe element rienated along the x2 as. Had the body ben sectioned nna cube having some cher orientation, then the stato of stress would te defined wig a diferent st of ses components. Units. In the nero Sunda or St syste, th masts of tou oxnal nd shea ses gece in the bess Newons per square meter (Nin?) This unit, called a pascal (1 Pa = 1 Nin’) father sal, and in eginenig work prefies ich 38 ko (10), sambolnd ty &, mes (10), symbolized by M, orgie (10), symbole hy G, re edo present are, oe esr stress Likes nthe US. Conary ot Fo Pond Send stern us engners us exp ses in pods er quate (ps) rklopounds pr sare ind were 1 Alopound (ip) = 100 ‘Sepa ieee eis Ni? ce am = 10m, nee ihe SIspen pets emt lowed densa faced tans be ‘eto ue eeu Nim = 1 N= MP sec smmess. 23 Re tit Ge eto Fp bie 24 QL stREss ‘ 1.4 Average Normat. Srress my aN AXIALLY Loapen Bar Frege strc or ean ent mae a eke ’ Aso they ae subjected to axial loads thst are usually applied to the ends ole mete Tes seo ng nls te an thst we il mic tg es Jui io ~ ut) oe ly el tht oe hinge Se" fm am ee ssc ls te a een re than lt ssc a te eee 1 tiny rate I we npet whl Bef nd seco ee se eee rca i! incr sa es cnn est ete el tmp pe etn a col eal og saetoter tb » Assumptions: Before we detemine te average sts tribution acting cover the bars ersssecional area, it is neoesary to make two sinping sumptions concerning te material desrpdan ath specie appliaion ofthe load, “.lUisneesay tat he bar remaining staght oth before and after the load is applied, and also, the cross section should remain ato plane during the deformation, that ring the ine the bar changes it volume Isnt an shape. his cus, then ital and vel rid nes nib ‘Heenan the tar wil deform wily when theta abject to the ad, ster ig I-13 Here we will not conser eons fhe bar nerisen where pplication ofthe extemal loads can ase ocala dro: stead we wl fos only on the tres tribution within the bar's mich 2. onder forth bar undergo uniform deformation, is rosary that he applied abn the cero ani of he rs sexton, athe mati sms be homogenous and iri. Homogeneous material asthe sane phys and mecbaialpopets throughout its volume, and tropic ‘material hs these same properties in al dzections Many engineering mers my be approximated as being both homogeneous and btopic ‘a astined here Stel, for exemple ennai hounds of randomly ovieted ests in ech abi ilimeter ofits volume, and ice mos robles ivovng hit material have physical ize that nich ger than single ys the above assumption regarding its material compo- Sto suite elt: shouldbe mentioned, however, hat ste abe made anisotropic by cod olin, i, roting o forging it at suber temperatures Anisotropic materi have dilerent popes in diferent ction, and although ths isthe case. the anisotropy is rented along the bar's axis thea the bur wil aso deform uniforely when subjected to anil loa. Fr example, tiie, dt its rains riders of wood, isan engineering material that is homogeneous and anisotopc and is therefore sited forth following analysis SBCA AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AKIALLY LOADED BAR 25 Average Noumal Stress Distiaton. Provided the bari sujet to a ‘xstnt uniform deformaio noted then this deformation isthe resi ofa onsat nota seo Fi, IM, As ares each area An he ‘oss secon subeted io afore = ean the sum ofthese forces detng over the entre croscctionl area must be equivalent to the internal estat fore Pat the section. Ife let SA > dA and therefore ‘APF. he, recognizing oisconsant, we have te [ar-[ou =A Fe 0 Here verge normal stress tay point o the crosssetonl area ‘P= intemal resultant norma force, which i applied through the fentoid of the cross-sectional rea P is determined wing the ‘method of seins and te equations ofeqiibriam, rs-ectional area ofthe ar ‘The intemal load P rust pss though the cenoid of he ros section since the uniform seston wil produce zero moments about any x andy axes passing though ths point, F113 Whea this ores, tuaretas eo, pe [ wate] ya (ig) = Ms [sare | anata) sat ‘These equations are inded sate, since by definition ofthe cent, Sy dA'=0 and jx da =O. See Appendix A) puibium, Itshould be ageret tat oly 2 normal ste exists on say volume element of materi located at each point onthe ces section ofan axial loaded tr. we cesier vertical equlrium fhe element, Fg. 114 then applying the equation offre equilibrium, R=; 7 (Qa)~ oa) =0 one nother word th wo nomal es components nthe elem mas be ‘qual in magnitude but ppcite in direction. Tis is refered (0 as il sexe Ars0uA 26 Newt srRess Pps The previous analy apes to mens sujet ether tension or compression, as shown in Fg, 1-15. AS a graphical aterpretaton, ‘the maguitde of he internal resin force Ps epuivaen tothe volume under the sues dagram; thal P= a (volume eight 3 be), Fue thermore, aa consequenoe of te balance of moments, his resultant ‘ asses trough te cen of his volume Although we have developed this analy for prismatic bar this sumption can be rele somewhat to inlude bas that have aight ‘taper. or example it canbe shown, using the more ext sass f the theory of elaty, a r a tapered bar of rectangles scion for hich the angle between two alacant sides is 15%, the average normal ses ascaleulated by = PLA only 22% fs than its ale fund fem the theory feast, Maximum Average Normal Siess. In our analyss both the internal fore and he eross sectional aea A were constant along the longitu ans ofthe bar, anda a reat the normal tress o™ PIA is also const throughout the bar's ng. Occasionally, howe, the Bar nay be subjected to sever extemal loads og nochange in its sos sectional area may ocr. Asa rel the normal ss within the tur ould be dfeen from oe section tothe next and if the maxim average normal stress to be determined then it becomes inpotant (0 find he location where te ratio PLA i 8 maxinu, Todo ths itis necessary to determine the internal fore P at varius sections along. eof ba. Here itay be hello show ti aration by drawing an aval or ara and ars aka mammal force diagram, Specialy, this gram ia plot ofthe ar scorn fers P vesus is poston along the ba’ length As a sign conveatic, wll be postive fi auses tension in the member, and negative i it austs compression. Once the internal lading th Kowa, the maximum ratio of PA ca then be identified, ‘ SEC LA AVERAGE NORMALSTRESSIN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR 77 /= A oes mere ws on cs ent ni eset sted oan interna no ed maners application of win to login a atthe sis toe delemined and use the news equation of force equilibrium to obtain + Detemin the member cassetonal ae a! he section ad ‘compate the werage nora stesso = PIA, + ltissuggested that oe show acing asl yume element of ‘Hemera locted at pinto the eto where tres iscaclted "Todo this fist draw oon tbe face ofthe element cncidet withthe ‘sete atea A. Here oa inthe sme decon asthe intemal ors P neal he nonalsesis onthe cos section at inthis ‘Gestion to develop this resultant The normal stesso acting on the ‘opposite fac othe kanes can be dravn in its appropri deton, 28 dt smess fm, sme 7 EXAMPLE 1-6 ‘Te tr in Fi 1-160 asa constant width of 35 um anda thickness of 10 mm. Determine the maxima average normal stessin th bar when itis subjected to the Fading sown A zoom Cyn p mw 2uN ha aN o (2B nes SOLUTION Internal Loading. By inspection, the intemal axial forces in fp tego AB, BC ad Cara conn eve fect Iii ‘Uing te ned of sectng dhe adn ae decrmined a M116 and he worm oe dan wih | reas th rats pogily wn in Bg 1S. ingen he ast gn ee BC were Sine he conser eo tn a oe gst | ‘regen ses a Ou win ene er Average Nara Se Aig B18, vee Py OC )N ooo = ge ena STN am | ‘eres dat aig onan tan coset of be tar vin rpin BC som i Galt line | (ti) eet by tn dt o es aut the load of 30 KN; that is, 30 KN = (85.7 MPa}(35 mm)(t0 mm). SEC 14 AVERAGE NORMALSTRESSIN AN ANIALLY LOADED BAR 29 a EXAMPLE 1-7 ‘Te Sik lamps soported by two rods AB and BCs shown in Fg [etfa IAB his a diameter of 1mm and BC has diameter of 8m, determine the average normale in each rd Fla? SOLUTION Intemal Loading, We ws ist determine the xl fore in ech Tod. Afree-body diagram of te lamp issbownin Fi, I-17. Apphing the equations of force equiibium yes 4 Fact) ~ Fag c08 0 = APDK, =O) FiclS) + Fy sn GO! ~ 7848, Fyce3962N, Fay = DAN ‘By Newtons thicd law of action, equal but oppeite rection, these oo ‘ores subject the rods to tension throughout their length, sos : I “Average Normal Sires. Apsving Fa 1-6, have e I aN ! oa A & a= Ans, wou Ae ; “The average normal ses distribution acting over a cros section ® o iH of rod AB is show in Fig 1-7 anda a point cn ths ross sexton, an element of materials sessed shown in i 1-17 4 eT, 30 Scat staess EXAMPLE 1-8 ‘Thecastngshown in Fig 1-18ojsmade of set having specifi weight of y= 490 vt, Determine the average compressive tes acing at ints A and. Mp tts » © SOLUTION Intersal Loading, fe-body diagram ofthe tp segment of the ‘astng where the ection pases through points A and Bis shown in Fi 1-18h The weight ofthisseamentis determined from Wy = 74¥ ‘Ths the intemal ail fore Pa the sein is HBR =O, PW, (80 yt )(25 (0.75 8)? =0 P= B81 Average Compreie Ses, The cross-sectional ate tthe seton is ~ o(05 8)? and so the average compresive ses becomes 231 075 0 ‘Theses shown on the volume element of materi in Fig 118e J is representative ofthe condos a either point or B. Notice that this tess ats upward on the botlom or shaded feof te element sine thi fice forms part of ts botom suace area af the ex sect, ‘nda his suc, the resultant neal fore Pi pushing upwan. SEC IA AVERAGE NORMALSTRESSINAN AXIALLY LOADED aR 31 EXAMPLE 1-9 Member AC shown in Fig, 1-190 sbjcted to avert fore of SKN, Determine the position x of this force so that the average stes at Cis equ tothe average tense stessin the te od AB. The rod has a croseectional area of 0 mn? andthe contact area at Cis 60 mm 04 o Mig 119 SOLUTION Inenal Loading. ‘Te frat Aad Can be ated by consing the fce-bodydagam fr member AG, Fi 1-19. There are three unknowns aly FF and sTo ote ths problem ew ork in unis of tevin and mimes. @ Average Normal Stes. yecesary third equation canbe waiter that requires the teasestressin he bar AB and he compressive tes at Clo be equivalent ie, | Subsitting this into Eq, 1 lving for Fay, then saving for Fo, we bin ‘The poston ofthe applied lead is determined from Fa 2, 24mm Note hat 0

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