4 12019 STRAIN Chapter Objectives In engineering the defomatio ofa body is speed sng the concept foal and shear ran. In thischptet we wil define these quaies and show how they ca be determined for varios types robles. | 2.1. Derormation ‘Whenever force is pied toa body, i wil tend to change the body's shape and size. These changes ae refered to as deformaion an they nay be iter highly visible r practically umoticeale, without the use of equipment to make precke measuremeats For example, a rubber tend will under a very large deformation when stretched. On the ote hand only sight deformations of structural members occur when «building is occupied with people walking about. Deformation of brody can also oseur when the temperature ofthe body i change. A ‘ypical examples the thermal expansion or contraction of roof cased by the weather,64 cae sma Yes antae gon eat fe een or ner nen who abject The ve ie hee, thornton ed ‘ha lah an se Vekigmesty Fip2t Inthe general ene the deformation of body wil not be uniform {throughout is volume ands the angen geomet of ay ine pment Within the boy may ar slong is engl, Rr example one pron the line may elongate, whereas another portion may cone. AS het and Shorter ine segments ae considered, weve, ey ema stair after ‘he defonation, and tty deformational changes ins more norm, ‘manne, we will onside the nes to be very short aod locate inthe !ssghborhoodof a point. ndings, elie that ny ne gmat load ‘one point inthe bod wllchange by a deen amount frm one heated at some oer point. Furthermore these changes wl aso depend onthe eatin of the ine segment the point, For example alae opment ny elongate iti onented in one diction, whereasit may conta it ‘soviesed in other diet, 2.2. Strat ‘mone to desi the deformation by hangs in nth fe segnents 4d the changin he ages Ftyeen them, we wl develop th ene of strain. Measurement of strain are scully made by experince ad one: the stir osuinasitwlbe own he et eon how hey am e related tothe appl ody or tes acing within th bod, Normal tain. The eongton or contraction of alte segment pe wit ofleagthisreered to normal sain To develop foaled defini, of normal sain, conser the ine AB, which is cotaized within the undeformed body shown in Fg 2-1a Thine salon the ats and has an orga gh of As. Afer deformation, points A and Bae dged toad andthe in becomes acu ving nth of & Fig 218. The change in leagth ofthe ln is therefore A — A I we dele the ‘erage normal oan wing the yah (pan) thea Meds em As point Bis chosen doer and close to poi 4, the Tne became shrter and sores, such that As +0. Athi cases to ‘pproach such hal 01 Consent inthe the worn point A an inthe cecion fms ea) seep tera aE -Units. Note that wormal stains a dimensiones quantity sine itis ratib of two Ings Although this theca tis eomumon pace to tnt it in terms of a rato of length units. the St ste sued then the besic nits wil be metesinoter (mim). Ordinarily, for most ngnering applications «wil every smal o measurements of sain fein mometers per meter umn), where 1 m= 10 mi, Inthe foot Pound-Second stem, strin canbe stated in unis of inches pet inch (nf), Sometimes for experimental work stan is expressed asa parent, eg, O00L min = 0.1% AS an example, a normal stain of 4810-8) canbe reported as 40(10~ inn 480 i, or O80 ‘Alo, one can tat this answers imply 480 (480 ier Shear Strin, "The change in angle that osu between feo Hine ‘serient that were eigially prpendiclarto one another i feed toa shear strain, This angle i denoted by (gamma) ad is measured in adi (ad) To show how ts developed, consider the line segments ‘AB an AC originating rom the same point Aina body and deted along the perpendiularn and 1 ane, 2-2 After deformation, the te of te lnes are displaced, ad th ines themseres become curves, such hath angle etwoen them at is, Fig.7-2, Hence we deine the shear siran a point A thats associated with the mand ¢ ates ey Note thi slr than 2 theses stains poe, whereas is ager tan 32 the sear stain sega. Uutreoty o 0 Went sec22 STRAIN(0 cuz steaw he a seme Mera (1e4jse Cartesian Strain Components. Using the above definitions of normal and shear sri, we will now show how ley canbe we fp {crib the deformation ofthe boc, Fig 2a, Todos, imagine the body toe subdivided into smal elements suchas the one show in [2-36 Mhisclementisectangalr has undeformed dimensions A and andisocatedn the neighborhood of pontine Dy Fig 2-2, Asuming that the elements dimensions ae very small efrmed shape othe clement wll be apaalelepiped ig? nee ‘1 smal ine segments wil remain spprotinatlysaight afer the tei deformed. In order to achieve this deformed shape we mut frst consider how te normal strain changes the lengths of theses the rectangular element, and then how the hear strain changes the angles of each sie Hence, using Eg.2-3, A» (1+ dn inetrenne {0 the ines Ax, Ay, and Az the approximate lng of he sido the Paalelepped are (redder Oty)ay tear ind the sporoimate anges between the sides, agin cxgnally defined bythe sides Ar, ay, and Az, ate “y pol 11 parti, notice that the normal sais coms a change in ‘rolume of he rectangular clement, wheteas the shear stains ensoe atin it shape. Of cous bother ilncousy ring the deformation jstmmary the, the stat of sain aa pin in body egies ‘pesibing hte nol sins ge, ad three shear stn, oY These stains completely describe the deformation ey ‘estngle Yolune clement of materi load at the point tnd tiene so that its ses are originally parallel tothe anes Once {tes sei ae dtd atl pin the Boy. Ihe deformed shape it body can then be dese It should also be added that by owing th state of stain ata pon, defined by isk components A is posible to determine the strain comporents on an elemeny ‘ened at the point i any other direction Thi ix cused in Chapter 10Small Strain Analysis. Most engineering éesigninvalves applications for which only amall deformations are allowed. For pumple sltost all siuctres and machines appear tobe igi, and the deformations tht occur during use are hardly noticeable Furthermore, even ifthe defetion ofa member such a thin plate corslender rod may appear tobe larg, the materi fom which it is made may only be subjected to very smal deformations In this text, therefore we wll asume thatthe deformation that tke place within most infintesinal, so that the normal stains oscaring very all compared to I, that se <1. This a body a itn the material ssunpion based on the magutue ofthe strain has wide practical ‘plication in engineering andi is often refered toa a small rain analy: oo en Bernas “+ Mls ngotring mse lloras ano be ine €¢ This asinption of sallstrain als" allows cae Rea 0 aids er Ieee iona von tare sec22 STRAIN TL The ber big sper wd hi ace ie gr jt bh om a ‘har Tc a a ed eight nl Be eo eg a te ‘herr ney et men oe ike ae gone cage72 ou steam . EXAMPLE 2-1 ‘The slender col shown in Fig 2-4 is subjected to an increase of temperature log its as, which creates» normal stein nthe roof «= 40(107)}e"%, where zis given ian mete. Determine (o) the displacement ofthe end B ofthe re duct the temperature increase, and (6 the average normal strsin in the rod, me SOLUTION, art (a) Since the aormal stain reported at each point elong te tod, a diferent segment de, located at postion 2, ig. 2-4, has efomed lng that canbe determined fom Ea, 2-3 tha i, de’ = [1 + 40(10™}2"2| de ‘Tee sam otal ofthese epmets alba th atl the domed leghof the ic, ee [ps acoejae seran094 2) [ 0200 ‘The denen of th eof thers terre 4y=02039m-02m=000289m=239mm| Aas | Port). The average nonmal strain in the ro is determined from | Eq, 2-1, whic assumes that he rod or ine seamen his gal Jength of 200m and change in length of 239m, Hence,sec 22 STRAIN —_—_——— EXAMPLE 2: A fore aetiag onthe grip of he lver arm stown in Fi the arm to Toate clockwie through an angle of 8= ODI ra Delermin te average noma stan developed inthe wie BC, o q | Deas SOLUTION Since 6= 2 rad is small the tech in the wire CB, ig 2-Sb is BB = (05 m) = (00 rad(0.S m) = 000K m, The average normal sta inthe wit is therefore, BE M0 aan a oe oe7H ate stmatn EXAMPLE 2-3 ‘The lates deformed into the dashed shape shown in Fig 2a. tin this deformed shape horizontal ines onthe pat remain riot. and do not change tee length, determine (a) the average nol strain log the side AB and () the average shear strain ia he plat relative tothe x and yas. : fi 4 Th o SOLUTION Part (a). Line AB, coincident withthe axis becomes lie AB? ater deformation, as shown in Fig. 2-6. The length ofthis ine is AB = VGA OF = 248018 me ‘Te average normal strain for AB is therefore (eanlog= AE =AB _ ROIS nen = 250 om Cae a 750 ma = 1930-9) amine, ame | ‘Te native sign indicates the strain eases contacton of AB, Part (i). Asnoted in Fig 2-6, the once 0" angle BAC between te sides ofthe ple, referenced from the x,y axes changes to # de the dphcement of BoB. Sine y,, = 2 then isthe ange shown nthe figure, Ths, -( mn © I |pe EXAMPLE 2-4 “Te plate show in Fig, Ta i ei inthe sg orzo guides at is top ad bottom, AD and BC Fits sight side CD is given ifr borizontl dsplacement of 2mm, determine (2) the average noemal stain slong the diagonal AC nd (5) the sear tain at E relative to the sy ses fee SOLUTION Part (a Wher he lates deformed the diagonal AC becomes AC, Fig. 2-7 The length of digoals AC and AC ean be found from the Pylagorean toot. We have 4 AC= (OAS) + (0150) = 021213 m AC = VGA (CARP = 02155 m ‘Terefore the average pormalstain long the diagonal is (cog = AE ZAG 4 Unis 07125 nen 021083 m 006 ain Ans ‘Part (0). To ind the shea sai al elaive tothe x and y axes it 5s fist noosa to find the angle which species the angle teteen these axes alter deformation, Fi 2-7. We have ap C0757) = SHO ra Applying Eq. 24, th shear sain a Fis heefoe 1.580 rad = “00152 rad Ans Aszordig othe sin convention th negate lg nds tat the gre than Nove that if hex andy axes were hoon snd vert then doe tothe defomationy,, = Dat point E% v2 sta ‘2-4 Meigen sported ty aint Ant vies Prostens Sb al CE Iie bat Po the Seam dpe I er balloons ha a dow emis te nro ein eee 24. The center pation of como dlameterof d= in fhe air pesare wiki it nses tte bloc’ diameter io becomed = Sin deterin he average normal stain the ruber 2-8 Ther bea isp by aint Aan wes ‘BD and CEU the mstinu alate noma sea ch wits y= Oma, determine be anu ‘veal lst fhe ad Pro 2 2-2 Arie band is a untae ah of Ii itis steed aod a pol haven an outer ante of ‘in, dtraine the aeag normal in athe band, 2-4 Bac ABC isons boson pao adh ‘at he end Ato eda dovads = Oia 2-6 Deen te poise oral tia nities = 02 deterine the average neal th ee AB a onion fhe tion 60 el at staininthe ro AD, BE, and CE (Abas 8 sal Wht ith valet = 2s {The to wis ar coon toate at A. Ihe a face Peaecs pint tobe igh very 3m, : {erste normal inn developed in ec wt rt oy tosaport lad When aloud, Ai i lon, AC 8 ioe, an he Hg A as cordiantes(Q0) alo Pcvon nga, he noma sna in AB bosoms yy = O02 ina te ema stn in AC becomes ee = OS inf, Determine the coordi pston fhe nde the oad. Rows 2-9, Two burs 0 wef suppor a load PW unloaded Bis Sin long ACs i. ong and the ving at Aas vera (0,0). isa tothe ing at ‘A, tat it moe io the eprint peson (025. in) detemine the normal tin in ach br Prob. 2-10, The guy wie AB of bung ae rgially usted. De oan eau the wo clus of frame tit = Deternie the agprosinate noma tin inthe wte wie the ame ints posi, Ase he cok i nd ate sou te lover uppers Pro 2408 cua smmaw Fr oRie in is ah ther abt os normal 2-48. Terenas othe fon aa ar alin hat e= Az. whe hv byte del ne Deke te oc aa, ‘Acoma Deemine the disacnent oe Bsn y fh ne hen tis suspended sown Prob 21, Prob 243 "22 The recanubr meme his a8 usted Sent td with Lhe ds re incre ya mounts A 2d A, detente ie noma sting the diagonal 4, 2-14 "Te rectangla pte ssabjcted tothe deformation shove bythe ded ee Deeraie ie shasta th ple The uss este fon A though pic Pe 2 Prob\ 0 2S, Theretnl piste subject othe deformation sr ‘Bown by fe dase ine. Determine te somal stains, neers 16 The redangaar pte i subjeded wo the {oration stom byte dashed ine Deteriz the sear sas 70d developed at int A =e Pb 25 rosuens 79 2.1% Te piece of plastic i oiially reangl. Detesmine the her sin yy at comers and Bi the last dios s shown by te dashed ines 21K The piece of pase i oily reangl. Determine the shear sai at crnersD and Ci the last iors shown by the dished ines. 2B, The piece of pai i originally redangla Deserine the aveage somal sin that oars slong the diagonals AC and DB bm FS Prob 2172-18019, 2-2 A gure ee of mati is formed iat he ase paalllogam, Determine the avenge sea strain tha onus lng the goals AC nd BD. 22k A square ice of materials delomed iat he ‘ded psiion. Deserine the sear sin 3 ae ‘and D 2-22 A square pice of mls is deomed int the ‘kd positon, Determine he shea stn, cots and. Sea | robs 2-202-200-2 |‘80 cue sre 2.23, The suse deforms ints the posto oun by he Ase ies. Deen the average arma! stn along 2.28 The Hos is deformed ich dgonl AB and CD Side Fino the pti shows by the dished ines Determine te average normals slog ‘ remsinshovcal ine AK 10am Si es fem en shows by he 2-28 The ks dtr ine ptm som by tet Tees Determine the shar sain mach of thease a Dtrie teserteak ‘omer A.B;Cand Side D'B reminshorzonal an Pro 2-26 Poh 2-62-21, The bar s xg 30m ng when tis at pio toa hear area dectyy,~ 00s, where ‘Fpinnainsters tering he denen yt the end isbotomede is dscre into este shown where a elongation oh a occu in he direton PROBLEMS. 8 2, Ainszeiswappedalogasurachavngthe fem = OS tex andy anit. Orginal te end feats ibin fhe wie udergnsano sin songs eg of = 00S, termine te cane ag of he wire. Hin Forte, = fa, ae Pro 2-27 228 The uber bd AB asa anseched lag of 1 fut tigd at Banach othe sue at ot’, ete th average mena stan the bad Te sre is fined by he enon y= (fhe inf rh. Prob. 229 2.M, Te fke Aha enh Ls rotation. its ens A and B undergo very small spacements 2, rept determine the noma tai in the ier when itis psn 40 Prob. 2-30 2-3, Ite moma in dtndin efecto he final nah hat ic