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    MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Chapter Osjectives Having discussed the basic concepts of stress and stain, we wl in ths ‘shaper show how ses canbe related to sin by using experimental nehods to deteomine the ses-stain diagram fo a spect materi ‘Te behavior desebed by this diagram will then be dscused for ‘ters that ae commonly wed in engineering, Abo, mechanical roprties and other tests that are related to the development of ‘mechanics of materials wil be dscused. 3.1, Tie Tension ap Compression Test ‘The szengthof «material depends on its abit to susan a load wth fut undue deformation or faire. This propery is inherent in the ‘teri tel and must be determined by experiment. One ofthe mast portant tests to perfor in this regard isthe tension or compression {ct Although many inportan mechanical properties of a materia can be determined from this test, itis used primarily to determine the relationship between the average normal stress and average norm Stan in many engineering materials such as metals ceramis polymers, and comptes. 8 S84 cit atscuiasteaL reopeimis oF waTeniaLs 5 To perform the teaxon or compression testa specinen of the materi is made into a “stand” shape ad si. Before estig two sll punch marks are identified along the specimens length, These ‘mars are located away from both ends ofthe specinea bea the Stes sibution atthe eas is somewhat complex du to grin at ‘he connections where the load is applied. Measurements ate tke of bath the specimen eros ectional ate, Aq andthe game length tistance Le between the puich masks For example, when metal specimen is sed in tension test generally has an inital ameter of y= Sin (13 mm) adage ng of Ly = 2in- (0 mun), Jn ondes to apply an axial load wi no bean of the specie, the nds are usually seatedint balan scke ois A tsting machin lite a-0sin the ome shown in Fi 3-2 then wed to steteh he specimen a a ery ow contant rte unt it reaches the breaking point Te mace tsgnod to read the load required to mania hi norm sci, AL frequent intervals during the te, data is renrded of the ‘pli oad Ps read on the dal ofthe acne or taken from a Es sola 8M __Wao)N . ans 75559 ‘rom the stess-stan diagram, the material in region AB is strained elazl since y= 40MPa > 3.83 MP, Using Hook's, an = Sat = SAUD = 454 cia ca Be ype OST The material within regio BCis strained pasty, see oy= ‘40 MPa < 5659 MPa, Pom the rap, for ogc » $659 MPa, S50 OOS mminm ‘The approvinate elongation ofthe rod is heefre bs 4. = OO0OAS40 un) + 2045400 mi) 830m Ans ‘When the IDKN Jad is enoved, segment AB of th od wil be esored tis onal length Wiy? On te other hand, he materi in segment BC wil ener east longline FO, Fig 3-20, Sine te slope o Fis Esthe elastin covery is nc. SOSMIF) Po sium, Eq TIO) Ba” OSS save es ‘The remaining plat stain in segment BCs thea cog ~ 0048) ~0(00808 = 0.442 mim ‘Therefor, when the loa i emvedth rod remains clngated by an samouet 8 = coghac™ 0O42(40 mm} = 17.7 Ang {00 cs secant mores oF warEats Pronuens 344 Acanset cinder havig met of 60 an ue eg of 12m iseted in eomgreson Ther of the et repre nh bed versa, Draw testes stan dg sg a in = 05 1d 1 in. =€2(10") infin. Bom the dngr, detec ‘oprernatels he mals ofl ee os Prob ke om sts es for acer ate ‘veninthe table The curves tinea etch er and ‘he is po. Pot diagram, an determi te mals of last andthe mods of teins 33 Data taken fom asst it fora ceca ate ‘Genin the tbe The cue isn etwoen the igh a the fit pin. Plot the yr, and determine poroxinaely the mols of gla The pees bo, Shak “84. Dasa uke fom a essai st ae enn te tae Te caren betmenthe og athe is oa, Pcie gran, nd deine te mods fey and he mais oreiee. Fro 348 A tenon test ws psormed on a pcine ving 10 orginal ater of 125 mn ant a page gto 50mm, The data ae sei the ale Pot he sein dag, and derive appeosinaely the mods of clas he okimate ste nd he rte ste Use 2 scale of 29 m= 0 MPa 20 m= 008 mio, Reda th nearer, wing the ae sts ale uta sin seo = D001 mm, 346 A tendon tt was pesfrmed on 2 ste apes having nog ameter of 125 am ad pags got 50 am. Using the dat sted inthe abe pot the sessing, and determine appro the mods of ougnes Use ase of 2 min = 9 MPa nd 2m = 005 mm, Prt 56 4 Te sess agra oa tel ly king 22 ‘pl duvet of nnd eng of ins pe0 ie fe. Determise aproxiely tbe mals of ‘lit forthe materi elon be pine ta cases sing dhe inate od the geen wl pp. ‘544 Thestres-stin dg fora ste aly having an eg deter 05 inand open finger inthe igure Ihe pecinen oad un itis ses 0 ‘obi ermine te approxinate nyu este ezvery fod te pemaen nase nt ge eth tr role ow a adn) er 2 cis ils as ts + Probe 318 $9, The stesstrin gram for sted alloy bing sn tga dmc o0Sin-anda pug eagh fin sen in fe fue Determine approxiney the mole of rele andthe mouse tough forthe miter. tut) us as Toh roses 10L St The sessing fra br of el ly is ‘sho he gue Determine presintel e als of ls, to proporinl it the iat ste an the mol of resist bar sett its tee to 3 MPa, deeming the esc san reaver andthe Permanent str stint when tiene a SSSESENSEBES Fal aretemans tio ie dh Po. 3:10 SAIL ANAS deltas ang of in. ad cs ‘eco ares 007, Determine he gt tear is bjted toa vl esn of SDB The msl Bs Fncarlati bain, 31, ‘Theses stain gram or pele, chit sed tose coal cables is termined from esting 2 spesinen tat basa gauge length of in. aka Po specinenderelopsa san fe» O24, determine the spproxinat gh ofthe pecine, messed betwen the ‘ie points, ben the load is remved. Asume the Specimen coves else ew 5 cae oon ane oe? aw owe“ Prob, 12 WO cits secoiawcaL reorenrtes oF marERiats 3:18 The change in weight of sn siplae i deere fon reading he san re 4 mowed inte pine ‘Momus whl srt Before ele sede, he tn. pe eating in srt, = 010 nn, whee ae ‘ding = QOD Dette hang inthe re tw he sit i the cs sectonal so the stats 3S B= 100) Pro 313 3 By ong pls 19 payin eld is esl tree sits The sein dans fr thee pests ter swing tia regen on ‘Spethe ye tat snl win the matte a od hing egth of ina dete fn tt aie sop an xl df 20 ips aa be be tostets at ma i 0) aaa) ae Poo. 318 Abr iving hog of ins rss ag fais sabjeced toa i fre of SA Th th ap strethes (U , deterinethe mod of csi a ae mtr T matrilhs earls behavi. a ait iat rok 35 {3-16 A sutra! meer a2 nukar reactor is ade foam alloy. If a9 tio ef 4 Kip be Sapa by the mem, determine i equed Sectional ar, Usa fact of sey of eating Wit isthe ladon the menber iit 3 fang sn loon sin? = 1410) ki oy = 573 The atti as he bhai. SAR A secien is orgialy 1g as mete of 15, an issued a fore of Sh Wheat ce is increased fom 0 To 18 the specimen anaes (tin. Determine the models oly forthe mater iit emis Bnar elie 3418 These wires AB and ACsppot the 2004 mas, he mati ni aes forte wits an ~ 0, tern the required dante ech wit Ala a fhe mew Rog of wie AB arth lad applied Take ‘he usted eg of AB be 70am = 2000, rb 35 S19, ‘The bat DAs ig ands xigialy tdi he Fol postion. Whe he wih is soppeted fom Dit eas te ed D to dsp dovnvard O05 in Deron th sain in wires CD ad BE. As the wes de made ofA se tnd bate ¢ cos seonl a of (Gn ie, eerie he weigh Pro 349 3.20 The stress dlayam for many eh lays can be dsrbed analy mig the Ramber-Ossod thee parameter oan €= E+ ket wbere Fh and fr ae dctemined fom measrenets ken. om the ‘Garam, Us the sresesran diagram sown inthe figure, ake = 1110) stan deine the oder (vo parame 8 and, techy bin an ana tsps fo th are. « SE cca rt. Prone 105, LAL Dee! ein nator ae smi insend ‘of ose woes or htt a «ped fenoe when wed fr conection Uo he Bes UaMened so atthe x heads of he ator that were ginal 3am ih re cise 03 ving cont ‘nea on ch ea of 1S, deine he tsi i the bel hank The mater has th setae ram sh aon ana «| — Prob 3.2 3-22 Theo-edagan forcast thie phan ‘kina msc sown, Determine he dl olay fhe Bers and estimate the aso thes and cs of este, (9 Prot LDR The AdKutel wie AB asc secton ae of Onn? and sete hen =. Deteine the appl land Pneedod case @ = 5295. YO cia. MecuaNicaL raoresnis oF warERLs hen irk ceed gare i) ie exudes The "ao of he ice, 3.6 Powsson’s Rao ‘When a defonable body i sujet an axial tensile ce, nt oly oesitelngate butt als contracts eral, Fr example. uber band ‘ssetce, it canbe noted ha bot the thks and wh of he band ae derease, Likewise, a compressive fre acting ona bay cases ‘onrctin he dreton ofthe force and yet its sides expand tral These two cases ae illustrated in Fg 21 fra bar ving an gn rds ¢ and length ‘When the land Pisaplie tothe ba, hangs the b's leat by ‘amount ands rads by an amount. tins inh anginal or ‘ial diction an in the lateral or racial dieton ar, espetvely, g Inthecary 1s he French ens D, Pasco resid that within the lasicrnge the aio these stains connt, Se the deformations Sand ae proportions This constant referred toa Poison’ ratio, (ou) adit as «numerical value thts ug for april mater Thats bos homogeneous and sori. Stated mathematically tis, a m= and ay a Lime oy ‘The eave sin sd ee sn ogi gation (sve stn) causal common (pga sa nd ve versa Noe that ht lel sin the sme in a tal (radial) ets Futemore, ths in cased ony bythe anal or nga rei oe o ses dreconinrdertostan hematin tisdieton eisoos ati seen tobe denies, sd for as onpous obits vate tht is genera Retween nd} Typical vals of» forcommon sir ast nt ine Dc ver prt ideal muti having no lateral movemea when ii sttche! er compresed wil ive r= Farr it wl be sho in Se. I that the macinum pss vale for Pos aa 05 Teele == 08 Coase Oe 32 secs rorssowsRario 105 EXAMPLE 3-4 Aba made of A346 stel asthe dimension shown in Fig 3 xl force of P= 80 KN is apple tothe br, determin ‘nits length and the change inthe dimensions of its cross aftr applying the lod. The material behaves east 0 SOLUTION ‘The normal stress in he bar is P__ sN)N A> Gams * HOC) Frum the tble onthe inside back cove, fr A396 se, By = 200 GP, ang the sain inthe dco is 1000 Pa ES” al) M10") mm ‘The axial elongation ofthe bat therefore & Using Eg. 39, where n= 0:2 as found from the inside back over, the contraction strains in Sth the x andy dietions ae = [8010-905 m) = 120 en Ame « :2(8000°9)] = ~256 yam m6 Ths the changes inthe dimensins ofthe cross section are 5,= Ghee “(561004 m)=-256ym a 5, = gy = -PS6(U-9} (005 m) = 128 pm Avs rrr! | | O06 CHL MECHANICAL PROPERTES OF MATERIALS . le By So Fy 33 — #4 4 ¥ 1 Fp 37 Tae | Sec. Sit was shown that when an element of mae sbjcted to ‘ure shear, equim requires thet equal shear sts must be developed on four fae ofthe element. These tess mst Be deed citer toward or avay fom dxgnaly oppeste coro the clement, Fig 3-2 Furthermore ifthe aneialishamogeneouandisotopctheg this shear rss wil tort the element unilomly, ig 3-236 As ‘einen Sex. 22, the shear san, measars the igus tation ofthe element relative tthe ies rgaly along the x and y ace ‘The behavior ofa material subjected to pe shea ean be staid ina aboatry by using specimens in the shape of thin tala tes an sbjeting them oa toronal loan. Hf measurements re made ofthe ‘plied torque and the resin ange of tvs the by th ethos toe «splined in Chap the data can be sed to determi the sear ste 4nd shear stain, nd sea stes-tindiagram plated An example of sch iar fora duile materi i shownin Fig 324 Like the ‘eso ts hs material when subjected to shear wllexiitlinear ela ehavir andi will bae & deine proportional ny Also, rain "ordnig wil ocala wma sho ses isreace. And tally, he material wl bein ole its hear sength unl reaches a pit whee tractus, For most engitcring material like the one just descibed the tc beavis na, and so Hooke aw for shee can be rite ne an Siness-Stram DIAGRAM Gy ey) Here scaled the shar mods of let or the module of isd Ws ale canbe measured asthe ope ofthe ine onthe 1-7 logan, tt i, G = rg Typical values foc common engineering ‘teri ar sted the inside back cover, Notice that the unis of measurement for G wil be the sume as tos for E (Pa rp singe ‘smeasured in radians a dimensionless quatty. rl be shown in Se. 146 thatthe the materi constants, E ‘and Gare stall related bythe equation pe ea Provided and G ave known, the valve of » canbe determined fom this equation rather han through experimenal measure. For example, in the case of A6 ste), y= 24100) bs and Gi 1L.0(10") Ai 0 ta, fom Eg. 311 be ed As ied ad ihe pe ihe te 1, in A SEC.AT THE SHEAR STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM —— IXAMPLE 3-5 ‘A specimen of titanium alley is tesed in torsion and the shear siesstan dag is shown in Fg. 3250, Detemine the shear aos G, he proportional mit andthe uknate shear stes Also, termine the maximum distance d that he top of a block of his real, shown in Fig 325, could be displace horizontal if the terial behaves elastically when acted upon by a shea fre V, What isthe magnitude of V neces to cause this pacement? SOLUTION ‘Shear Moduls, This valve epresents he slope ofthe saightine potion OA ofthe + dara. The cordate of pont A are (0008 $2 Asi) Ts, Siksi = Fe 60 Ane ‘The equation ollie Oi therefore x» 6500, which Hooke’ la for shea. Proportional Limit. By inspton, the graph ceases tobe ina at int Ths, 5 y= sks Ans imate Sires, This valve represents the mania shea ses, it B. From the grap, Ts Ans Maximum Elastic Diplecexent and Shear Force, Since the maximum clastic shear strain & 4008 rad, very small angle the op of the block in Fg, 250 wil displaced horizontal nin ton = 2 = Ont6 in, Ans ‘The corresponding averge shear stress in the Block is y= 52 hi Thus the shear force V needed to case the dspacomedt is e n= S0si= 3in)idin) V=024ip Ans. 07 A108 CaL3 MECHANCAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS EXAMPLE 3-6 sw An akininum specinen shown in Fig 3-26 bas a ameter of dy 25 mam and a gauge length of Ly =250 mm. Ifa force of 168 KN longa th gage Ingth 120 mm deemine the mods of elas Also, determine by how much the fore caus the diameter ofthe Specimen o contract. Take Gy = 26 GPa and = 4 MPa soLuTion Modus of Basti. Te average norma sess inthe seinen sf 16S10)N A” egos nF andthe erage normal strains 120m LC” 2mm Since o composite materials inluing wood or conrete—emperature isnot ‘an portant facto, and ye erepcan occur stil from longterm food application. As 2 typed example consider theft hat a rubberband will oot return ois original shape after beng eeasd froma stotced poston in which it washed for ery long period oie. Inthe general sense therefore, both ses andor temperature pa 2 Sigifican oe in the rao exe. For practical purposes whet crep becomes important, mesial is usally designed to resi a spciiedcrep strain fo a given period of time. fn this regard an important mechanical property tat is sed for the design of members subjected to ccep is regp strength This value represents the highest inl srs the material an withstand daring & sposiied tne without causing ven amount of creeps. The erep strength will vty wth temperature, and for dein piven temperate, aration of loading, and allowable crep strain mst al be specie. For example, a creep strain of 11% per year kas bon suggested for steel in bats and piping, and 025% per yar for lead sheathing on cables. Several methods exit for determining a allowable rep strength foes paticalar material, One ofthe simplest involves testing several specsnenssmullaneousy ata const temperate but waheah sbjered tbadifremasial res. By measuring the gto ie needed produce cetera allowable stain othe ruptare stein foreach spcinen, carve of tess vers tne an be established, Normally thes testy ae run oa maximum of 100 ours. An example ofthe resus er stinks slel ata temperate of 120°F and peste rep stain of 16 i sown in Fi. 3-77 As note this material hs yield strength of 40 ks (276 MPa) at room teriperatue (02% off) and the creep strength at 1009 his found tobe appeotinatly¢,= 20 si (138 MP2} 109 ‘Deng ermaplinion fea ano (Me pl har ee frm oe. 7 ¥o eH dag ines sarees 1 rear TO C3. MECHANICAL ROPERTIES OF MALERIALS In general the rep tenth wll derteas fo higher temperatures or for higher appli sess, Fo longer period of time extrapolations ‘nom the curves must be made. To do this wally requires a certain amount of experience with creep behavior, abd some supplementary nowedge as tothe creep propio the mater to he used. Once ‘he material's creep strength as been determi, however, factor of sly is spied to obtain an appropiate allowable stress for design, Fatigue. Whena metalissubjecedto repeated cyesofstes ost, teases ts stucture o break dowo, uliately leading o facture. This behavior is called fatigue, and itis wully responsible fora large peeestage of faiues in connesting rads and eathsats of engines, seam o gas turine Bads; connections or support for bridges lear heels ard axes and other pat subjected to yl loading. In al hese aes ature wil ocur ata stress hats x than the mater’ ied sre, ‘The nature ofthis apparently ests from the fet hat bere ate mitroseoic eons usualy on tho sfae ofthe member, wher the localized ress becomes much greater than the average sires acting over the cross elon Asthishighe srs ised ead othe formation of minute racks Oosrence ofthese cracks causes further neeass ‘of ste at their tips or boundries, wich in turn causes a futher ‘extension ofthe eacs into the materia the sess continues to be ‘ele. Eventually the erassectonal area of the member is rede to the point wire the load can no longer be sustained, and a a result sue fracture oxcus The material eventhough knowa tobe det, behaves asf it were bride, In oder to specify a safe strength for a metalic material under repeated angi necessary to determine aft below which 0 eidenceof alr can be detected after applying 2 oad for a specifi umber ofc. Ths initing ses sealed the endane or faque “int, Using a esting macine for his purpose, a series of specimens are ‘ach sbjcted toa specited marimum ses and led to faire. The resls ae pote 35a graph representing the stress § (r a the ordinate and the numberof lettre W asthe abcis. This graph f is called an S-N diag or sres-cyce digran, snd most ote the I "ales oF are poted on a logic ele sce they are generaly uit larg. Examples of $-V dagrams for two common engineering metals ae shown in Fig 3-28 The enducance lit tht ste fr which the ‘SN graph beoomes horizontal or asymptote. AS noted, it his wel efned vale of (Say = 27 ki (185 MPa) fr ste. For aluminum, Jrowever the endurance mit snot well died and 0 is normally specified asthe stress having iit of 50 milon ees (= 19k (151 MPa) Typical values of endurance limi for Various engineering , SECS FAILURE OF MATERIALS DUETO CREEP AKD FATIGUE ULL sis thet Goat Sue mt ai S-Ni sted ina, (atic Tess ati ly ported anc One pn ae is | Ghani her ated ha ray esheets i isin ad ttc enero es lege brecoleatin strength whic se dduting a pete tne nia wha the ies or strain iscycled Itcauses sr Mees eds eft by th ses the mane dbes not exe iene nent Tis aloes deri fom an diagrams he ‘knit member canst when slag tense umber of oflcig YI2ca.3 wecuaNicaL meopexnis oF MATERIALS PRowtens 3-24 The bake pads fora big tee ate made of bbe. ial face of SN i apes t eae side te ties determine th average sear stn nthe er, Eich pod hs cession cient of 20 mo and Ome G, = 020 Pe, Pb. 3.28 The paso is mie of Ker 49 ands Gametr of 0 man axial ed of 0 EN apie ‘it determing the chang nis qth an the change in ane »_ o 2S eer Prob 55 3-26, A short indi Hoek of omy C10 vig ‘nrg met of Sin. and enh of in, placed in a compresion machine and suesed un its eth becomes 298. Determine the ew dame of the Hk, BM. A short indi! blck of 6061-6 aun, Ing an orga diameter of 2mm and length af ‘75m placed in campeon machine and queer ‘il the axilla apd is SEN: Determine) the kere in its eng and () is ew ameter, 342. The elt portion of the se stin diagram for ‘eel alloyisshown inte gure The specien omic it ms obaned ha an xg dite f 13 mm an 2 ‘ge eng of 50 rm. When the apd oo on the specimen SON the ame 129805 mm, Determine Poisson’ ato fo the teria oe) ee rok 7 BO Th lok ismadeof asa TROAL-AV ad ig sabjcted to compression of 016 lag they ato is shape i gies at of 9= 81.7, Deterine ty al econ of the ste ssn ing for shown inthe ie Te specie rm ch is biel dan ogi daetero 3 tm aod a poet of 3 Ia of P= 20 KN is aplicd o especime, detent meter a us leh. Take #04 os Prob 396 SAL The sear resin gam fora tele is shown inthe figure I bat having ameter 0 025i, iumade of his mtr nd wen tp jig determine _ the mous of estity andthe fre P reed to cause the material toyed. Tike w= D3 i) Pot. 331 PromteMs 113 RRA shar spring is mae by bonding the rbter anos a rgd fed ing ad a lg When xl od Pispaeon the pl show tithe sloe apo inthe rubber is dy = ~tany = ~tan(P(2eAG). Foe sal angles we cn wit ddr = ~P/niG) Inert tis ‘oresionand evaluat cont of into sig the ead fat y= O tr = From the ret compte he Aken y= 8 ofthe pup SARL A sear sring is mace as wo cso bbe, ach having height with and thickness The locks are boned to tee ps aso. Ihe plats at ight andthe hear mols of he abr is G, determine the lsplacement of plate Ai veil asd Pi appli o this pte, Assume Hat the spleens sal 8 hat B= atuny= oy Pro 3-83 YA Gis MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Review PROBLEMS BML The head His ome 10 the einer of 4 compres ngs ste ol I be camping ein each bolts 80h, determine the marmalstin the blx Each ott has a diameter of a It oy =40 I and By = 2900), wha he snc ol when he aut ‘sreed 0 hl the daping fone eee? Prob 33 3:36, Thon hs ms of OC and center of gravity GW restsom pad at Aad ole at The pd it fine to the pluad andbaraeompsed hight fm, width 0am an eng of 5 the oft fst tio between the pa and te stone = 03,

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