Cuaprer Opjecrives, In Chapter {we developed the method fr finding the normal srs in silly baded members In this chapter we wil discus how to determine the deformation ofthese members and we wil also develop & method for finding the support reactions when these reactions cannot be «etn strc rom the equations of equim, An analysis ofthe ffs of thermal stresses concentrations nels deformations, and residual stres wil also be dscused, 4.1 Saint-Venant's PRINCIPLE In the previous chapters we have developed the concept of set as 4 means of measuring the fre dition within a body and stair 28a means of measringa body's deformation. We have abo showe that ‘he mathematical elatonship between sess and sein depends on te ‘ype of material fom which the body is made. In panel, if te material betas ina iear ate manney, then Hooke aw appli, and ‘here i proprtonal relationship between stress and sti, |18 caLs axtaLtoap sing tis ee, consider the manner in whch rectangular ba wil deform clastially when the bari sobeced toa free P applied along its centroid ais Fig 4-La. Here te bars fined connected a ‘one end with the fore applied through a hole tits other end. Dog tothe loading, the bar deforms as ingiated by the distortions of the ‘once horizontal and vertical grid lines drawn on the ba. Notice the localized deformation tat oeeuts at each eed. This effect tends to decrease 2s measurements are taken farther and farther away fom the ends Furthermore, the deformations even out and become uniform throughout the midketion ofthe ba, Sins the deformation ot stain related to ste within the Ba, we can ate tht stress wl be distributed more uniformly throughout the cross-sectional area ifthe section taken farther and farther from the point where the external load i apple, For example, considera roi ofthe variation of theses distbution sting at sections a, eb, and e-<,eath of which i sown in Fg. 4-18. By comparison, the stress alnos) reaches a uniform value at section o-i, which is sufficiently removed frm the end. In other words ston c-i far enough away from the application of P so that the localized deformation caused by P vanishes. The minimum distance from the bar’ end where this occurs canbe determined using a mathematica analysis based on the theory of elasticity. ‘oowever, asa general ral which apples as well o many other ‘cases of loading and member geometry, we an consider ths distance tobeat least equa tothe ages! dimension ofthe loaded cross section, ‘Hence, forthe bar in Fig. 4-1 section c-e should be located a « stance atleast equal tothe width (oot the thiknes) ofthe bar This rule is based on experimental observation of material Behavior, and oaly in special cases, ike the one dscused here, has it been ‘ated mathematically. should be noted, however, that this rle oes no apply to every typeof meniberandloading ease For example, ‘members made from thin-walled elements, and subjected to loadings that caus lage deflections, may ceate localized steses and deformations that have an infuense a considerable distance away ftom the poat of application of loading “Ws ia aed he yeasty pre he sme a= ngSECU SAINEVENANTSPRINCILE, 119 r ? , PAP eae % @ Fy teat) At he support in ig 4-La atce how the ba is prevented from decreasing its with, which sbold oseur due to the bar's lateral elongation consequence ofthe "Poison effec” discussed in Set 36. By the same argument given above, however, we could demonstate thatthe ses disriuton atthe sappot wl abo even ou and become nom over he cos section at ashort stance fom the suppor; td furthermore, te magnitude ofthe esulant force crated by this stress } The pose sign nates that ong C moves tothe vg lave to end since the bar elongates. displacement of end B wi respect to the fed end A is FL, __[-€K00) Nid), AE” A UC) a TN 00018 m= O93 2 ere the negative sia indises it the ue shorten and so B moves tothe righ reat Since both displacements are to the righ, the resunt ssplacemeat of Creative to th fted end A ie theefore CB) 8 = 8p + Bow = 0401148 m + 0.008056 m O.H20m = 620 eum > As, 1126 cals ANAL LoD oat r =e aw yan we i conn at af 8, 1 eas nen ‘ten Bets EXAMPLE 4-3 A nig beam AB resis on the two short pass shown in Fig 4-80, AC ‘smade of steel and has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD it made of aluminum and has a diameter of 0 um. Determine the dipacement of point Fon AB ifa vertical loa of 0 KN is applied oer his point. | Take £,=200 GPa, Ey = 10GPa. SOLUTION Inveral Force. ‘Toe compres forces setng tthe op ofeach post are determined from the equim of member AB, Fg. +-8. These | foes ae equal to the internal forces in each pos, Fig 4, Ditplacement. ‘The displacement of the top ofeach pos is Past AC. 5, =Laksc -_|P€K10) NJ030 1) «Ack M10 m) 0017) Nae] = 0286 mm | Post BD: = Paola __1-30010") NO300.m) m Fak (0 mr} ey "ME = 0.102 mm | A diagram showing the centertine displacements t piss A,B, and on he beam shown in Fig 4-84 By peopoton of the shaded triangle the displacement of pint therefore 5-040 nm +0184 mm( SUE) 0225 mm AmELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER ——<— $$ EXAMPLE 4-4 ‘Armember i made from a material that has specie weighty and nioduhs of IF its formed into a cone having the . VY rs rrowueMs 129 +412 The like i made fom hep connect 306 sins steel members ac hing essai ae of (095. ta hr eof? 6kip pedo he xl Bat member AB, determine the hota plc opin B 4-18 The linkage is made om thee piconet 204 Sins sel member ach having cassia eo US Determine he age the oe need to gla: poi Bin. he rt robs $2008 414 The ols spore bythe four 204 sinks el ics ht ar mete tthe igi ember AB and DE Detrich vera dsaenet ofthe IO fd ithe embers weit a heed wis gly pi ach ni is crs eto of O05 4.18, Then is support by he fo 304 stiles tel ies tnt re comme 0 he id meme AB and DC Datine he ang oft ofeach member ser he 01 oad isapied The meters wer ral boriamtl ad exh ire bis zaeseionl reso ORS Pros 4s130 cet axtaL voAD 416 ‘The asembiy comits of thee stanium (TOAL-V) ras and & ig bar AC. The css seconl se feck rods piven inthe iu fae of 6p s pbiesothe ng F detainee horzontl dipscent in 4-17, The aseny ons fhe tisiun TSA) ohana rig bar AC Theos etn nea of exch ad is pein he ae ao ips ped woh etre the ange of titi wins fat AC or Pooks 4148-17 418 sping saponin comissftspigs hich ate orignal unseeded hive 2 ile = DEN tee Ofsted AB aC, ich havea ancter ofS mm and Ewch basa dtr of ‘2mm ana ii beam GH tig aed iitcaes ‘uvea ttl wight of AN determine the dicot ofthe ip whens atic to th port 4219 Aspigsupporedpipehagercoesssotwospings, ‘hich ae diginly unseeded and have a ine AN), te snes sk od Baad CD wih fave aimee of nm and £7 whch hs dante of "Bom. anda id beam GH Ie pipe dpe When its il with i, eerie We wight fhe Con Pro. 18609 MED, The cg beamissapted aise by 0 36 steel tie os the allowable ses for the sel Cae = 62h the lod w= Jkip aed a= 4g, sete the ameter ofeach oso ft the beam ening inthe bot poston whe it sla 4-24 Tei eam ssuppared a i end by 10 35 seal ie rods Te tos have diameter diy = DSin and eo=Q3in. the alowale ses forthe sel is ‘y= 162, determine the nest of the dite} ‘os nish onthe eam so tthe eam eng js the horn poston when itis eed 4-22 The spd fame is soporte with A se! wis ‘ABand DE Keach wes deter of 2, deeine ‘he bxeoaldphcement opin E when the SON an is ype w fame, 4-2. Thespian cosa with 26st wis Band DE icch wie asa deter of 2mm, deerine ‘he vertical dplcement of pi E when the SO4N o's appli othe ae,\ 494 Testis mide o Dog rand basa dane ‘Snes oe ead oL2XRN ad hes raves eases: tat unify hued isis tar 44N/m eee he foe Fishel xi. Aha! sthe elaemaf ie the pos “ih eet ti bso Nel we oe pe (£26 Teyost sae of Dongs and sa dame of on. sted te nd 0RN ad hes ries eal ene hasten lengh ass Tnaly fom w= 0 at y= 0 1 w= 3EN/m at p= 2m, tee oe Fat is stn edd equi A, atte poem oft 9p pat A esp isto BY Neg! the wight of he ps BE mesimsotpipe an eomings ued ring € cw 15 00 dpa mae of Ase wha 2000. 4 FE teytave nome dancer of 550 and anne dante of i exe poet busing say pipe ais wm eg pray speed is tp bth iawwosl hr his foes = 290k eine the foc he rand onthe piped te hac ie fo is mito, EM Thesgments piped couplings doling awe S00 doped fA. a wen 101, ‘oeyhave a outer damet of sand an ier damaer_ cf £5 Determine he for P peed to remove the ae, cexaing sionlng sien eieg F = Ab Slee clog of te pe tos oe ie ou” r reoauens BL 42% The tod fas a she tper and length 1s suspended ron the eng and suppor aad Pat sen Stow that he digloement of i eo due otis au is = Pll). Net be weigh of he materia. Te reals of elichy 429, Sole Poh 4-28 by inating te weight of the rater, comeing is specie weight (0 be 7 (wih dum) Prob 288-29 43, Detrine the relative dslacemet of ne en of the tapered pate with reso to th ater en wien ts subj tan ial ed Nel he weight of te plate |FR cas axiat toa 4-H ‘The bars made of 201676 alo lay and Ins! a vale daseta tht can be epresol ae = (2 + 02) Determine th reve plement of a A wih respect oe poled Poh 431 ‘432 Thebarhasa able raiasotr = (je + 1) m sé a vatnhie modus o° elstcly of B= 1HS(L-+) MPa Determine the dpxsent of end A ‘en issujosed othe al odo 44N. Prob 438, The opportis mde ty ating tf be no ope ses of pre ht has ais he rg height ofthe spp is? dete ho ari sats whet spor od P. The moda of sali 444. Teasing mde of ater that has ce eh ya das of lty Ii is fomed ito pyramid bvng he cineasions shown, ering Bow fr ‘send is dal due wo gravy when it pended the veri ostion P eo | Poo 36 436 Tebalstuncatedatitsnds and ised opt the beating load PF the modus of elastic forthe atria, determine he dase in it Bot wh ie oad is apie. r $ Prob 635, 43. Considr th ges poten of br made fom seen each having cosa ere sectional ate A, tnd leg tere a modo the a 8 bn, ite 3 comptes program tint ean be wed to determine Ihe dilcemeat ofthe brat any specie cation Show an splation ofthe program wing he values y= 92h HAO, A“ Si Ly" 28, = OR, 801, A= ti Prk.SECS PRINGLE OF SUPERPOSTTION 133, B “4,3. PRINCIPLE OF SuPERPOSITION he principe of superposition soften wsed to determin theses ot -dplcenent ata point ina menber when the member subjected 0 ‘compat loading, By siding the lang into component he eof sperosition sts the restart stesso spleen lth point cn be determined ty fist finding the ses or placement ase by each component la ating spray on the member. The relat sess or dplocemert is then determined by algebraically ding the contrbatioas caused by ech ofthe componeats ‘The follwing wo condions must be vad if the principle of -superposion ito be applied 4. The loading most Be incr elated othe ies or dplacemen thats tbe determine. To example the eutions = la snd = PLIAE ivevea liner eltonship between P and oor 8 : on 2. The loading mast not sigufcanty change the orginal geometry he ‘or configuration of the member 1 sigicat changes do oe, ne te direction and location ofthe applied fore and ther moment sums wil change, and conequenty. application ofthe equitum equations wll yield difeent ress. For example, consider the } Sender tod sown in Fig 4-10, which subjected to the lad P. In Fi. 4-108, P is rephoed by two ofits component, P= y+ Py IEP causes the rd to defect a large amount, a shown, the moment ofthe load ast its support, Pd, wll ot equal the sum of the moments of is component lads, Pd# Puy + Pad becanse ds # dy # ‘Most f the equation invving load, stress and ipanerent that = are developed in hs text const oflineatrelionsips between these “unites. Also, members or bas that are oho considered wil be such sax Ett the king wt pace rato tht ar os tht the i changin poston and dso ofthe ang wil be init and BP anbenegeced One xin‘ re onever ilte tisasd in se Chapter 181 coms of a cob that aes an ai ad tht i vw eat tothe or tking ad wile sown tht when is i FP letinzeases ony shy tics the clam to hea ge eral I 8. JP ete, ven if he miter mans nearest These detec, i ‘sociated wih te component oan sil oad amore superimpose,(B4 cue amma Loap 8 ret 4.4 Staricanty InpererMinare Axrauty Loapep Meier ‘When bar is ed-supported at only one end and is subjected to an axial fore the free equitium equation apie along the eas ofthe bar issue find the reaction ate fied support. problem such as thi, where the reactions canbe determined sty fom the equ ‘ios of equilibria called sical determinate he bai fied at both ends, however asin Fg 41a, then two unknown ail reactions ovr, Fig 4-116, and the force equilibrium equation becomes HBF =O, Fy the In this case the bars called stray Indeterminate sae the eq rium equitin() ae not suficetlo determin the reactions. In oder to establish an atonal equation needed fr solution it ss newesary to consider the geometry of the deformation, Special, ‘an cquation that species the ction for dpacement is refered to sa compautbiliyo kinematic condition. suitable compat on- dition would require the relative dspacement of one end ofthe bar with respect othe ote endo be equal ozera sine the end supports are ved. Hence, we can wie Sun =0 ‘This equation can be expressed in tem of the ped lads by wing a Toad-placement relationship which depends om the mata ‘behavior. For example, if linearelsti behavior occrs,8= PLIAB can bused, Realizing tha the internal force in sogment AC s+, ad in Segment CB the internal forces ~ Fy the compatibility equation canbe wen as False Falco AE AE Assuming that is constant, we ca solve the above two equations fr the eacton which gives, noi) me Bosh ofthese rests ae postive so the reactions ae shown comely ‘on the fe-body diagram.SECA STATEALEY NDETERNINATE ANDY LOxDEDMENBER 135 Th huportanr Ponts Fhe prince of pepo sometimes wed to sinh ses peel bles lava omic ngs Ths doe Esti th odie eo mone hn aberaaly ating Supe segues hae ling be cay elated tthe ros er pase ane alin des sigan change cipmlzenety ener ons sith dpunen casts tat hp eer ce Satsirg equilibrium, compas, and force quirement forthe member “4 To wtite the “ones ‘equations, consider drawing a becomes suc inexrinae, ee cau deat myostse [ellie et red eras + Egos the Sins rns in tems of he diac ‘ont casey the oes (se a load -splacement reston, sch as 8 PLIAE, to rlate ‘he unknown displacements te unknown ection + Soke the equlibrim and compatibility equations for the nova reactive foes Mam of the mgnides ass negatve 5 ntmetica vaginas tis force acs in the oposite sense | of eio to tat indated othe ebay diagram.436 cts axiactoan Pam tery — —— o po ah (eh My EXAMPLE 4-5 ‘The steel rod shown in Fig. 4-120 as a diameter of Sm. I is attached to the fied wall tA, and before it onde, hee i gap betwee the wll at andthe od of | mim. Determine the reaction A and B if the rod is subjected to an axial ore of P= 20 kN as, shown, Neglect the ie ofthe collar tC. Take B= 200 GPa, SOLUTION Equilibrium, Asshown onthe fee-ody gram Fig 4-12, we wil astme thatthe force Pis large enough to case thers end B to contact the wall t 8 The problem is tata indeterminate since ‘here ae two unknowns and only one equation of qui quilts ofthe rod requires 43h =0, ~Fa— Fg + 210) N= 0 a Company. The loti cases point B vo move 10 8, with no ‘futher eglacement Therefore the campaity cot forth ois ng = 0001 ‘This displacement canbe expresed in tems ofthe unknown reactions by wing the loxd-splcemeat reaiontin Eq. 42, applied to segments AC and CB, Fig 4-12, Working in units of newtons and meters we hae ton ©0001 m = £atse _Fabce a aE 2,040) 0 SF mI) Na ___ffts0) A wy NT Nie (040) = FOR) EDN 0 Shing 1 and ils Fy 1661N y= 3304 le ‘Since the answer or Fs pos, ined the end B conta the wll 81 Ba orginally assumed. On tho oer hand if Fy were a negative ‘quantity the problems woul be stataly determinate so tat Fy = and Fy =201NSECA STATICALLY INDETERMINATE AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER 137 EXAMPLE 4-6 ‘To aluminum post shown in Fg 4-13 is enforced witha bras core. tis assembly supports a reattant axial compress load of P= ip applied to the ii cap determine the average normal stress in ‘the aluminum and the brass Take Ey» 10") ksi and Ey = 10) SOLUTION Equilibrium. The tree-boly diagram of the post is shown in ‘Fig 4130. Here the resultant aul fore a the Bases represeted by the unnowt components cared by the aluminum, Ry, and bras ‘The problem s statically indoteminate, Why? ‘erica force equilbium requies HBA=0 “Pkip+Py+ Fy =0 o Comparibily. The ii cap athe top of the post causes both the 5 aluminum and brass to displace the same amouat, Therefore, hah, | Using the load-tsplacementratonsips, Sb Ba Auk Aabie Fann(fa pf e@in = int) Fae acy leo iy Solving Bas 1 and 2 simultaneous yields Fy=6hip Fs, 3kip Size the result re postive ned the te wll be eompresive ‘The average nozmal tress the aluminum nd bras istherefore 6p Qin Cin} SMP =0955ii Ans y= 687 ksi Ans ‘The ste disibutios are shown in Fig 4-1, i1S cata aKtAL Lon EXAMPLE 4-7 ‘The thre A.36 tee bars shown in Fig, $14 ae pin contested to a rigid member. the applied loud onthe member i SEN, deteine the force developed in each ba. Burs AB and EF each have a cross setonal area of 25m’ and bar CD has cross-sectional are of Sm SOLUTION Equilibrium, Toe fee-body digram ofthe sid mene is own in Fig 414. Ths problem sticlly indeterminate since there ae three unknowns and only two availale egiltrium equations These equations are 413, =0, y+ Fe+ Pe SKN=0 OF FIMe=0, F,(0Am) + 15KN(02m) + FeAm)=0 Q) Compatibliy, The applied load will cause th horizontal line ACE shown in Fg. 4-14 to move to the inclined line A'CE. The eplacements of points A, C, and E can be elated by proportional twiangles Thus the compatiblity equation for these displacements is By Be _ fe Be thm dm 1, f b= Fiat Fhe Using the load splacement relationship, Eq, 2, we have dl fly ab) ye i 4) Bs “2 Bowie |* 7] Boni “ cs Fo= O3Fq + 03F eo Solving Bs. 1- siulaneously ills y= 9SDKN Ans Fo= M6KN Aas | Fe = 2004N Ans © otE| igi and havea nell thickness nil the nut is and sightened E) Fo thal in the tube, Egil rogues Bao o ‘The problem is statically indeterinate sine there are two unknowns jn this equation Compaiiiy. When the nui tightened onthe bl, he tbe wil =| shorten 6, andthe bolt wil ele 8, Fg 415 Since the nut SECM STATICALLY INDETERMINATE AXIAL —— EXAMPLE 4-8 ‘The bl showa in Fig 15a sme of 201416 aluminum aly and is sihened 90 it compress cya tube made of Am 100.76 magnum alloy The tube has anute radius of in, andi assume tha on th ner rads ofthe be nd th radu ofthe ok are in Choos one ofthe suport susan’ and wit he equation of compa Todo this th knom dplceient atthe redundant spor wch i usualy xo, equated othe dsplcement a the | suport cased only bythe exter! lads acting on the member pl = (vetorialy) the dspicement atthe support cased only by the | telndan reaction ating onthe mem {soe cera le an eda! dpc in tems rte leans by us load spltenet fiat ach [b-Puae [> Onee ested, th ompatsiy equation can hen be sled | ort mast ofthe redundt fore, gull, + Drawate-boly diagram and wie the appropriate equations of ‘quitrium forthe member usng the caleuated result forthe £ cedundan Sole these equations forthe oer reactions, EXAMPLE 4-9 ‘The A36 see sod shown in Fig 17a asa diameter of Sam. Is tached th fired walt nelretslonded theres agan between te wala gad the rod of mm Determine he easton tA and SOLUTION Compa. Herewewllcoierthe suport at redundant Using the princi of superpostnn, Fg. 417, we have & O01 m= 5, @ The dftos fy and by are etmind from Eg, 2 ac 2000") 04m) “AOINS m) TAU) Nia] ___Full2tn) AE {0.005 m) OXF) Nine] Sutin into Bg Ive got (00 = ONES m~ 0308610 Fg= 340(10)N = 340 Equiriam, From the ebay digran, ig 1% SOR =O, ~Py + O01N— 2408 = 0000087 0356(10-51f2 cis axiaLcon PROBLEMS 4431, The coum comsuted fom bighsteagh ‘once apd i 38 stl eifoing rots itis jee toatl fore 03 kp tes the average normal stein te onerteaninenh te Eashrol hina mee 0 438 The cum is moses fom ighstrengh ‘omer ads Aste enforng 0 tists oa nl ce of 0 ip, deter he required ameter ‘of ach od 0 that on fourth the a ised by he concrete and we fours by he teak. \ pe. sn 4 4 Pro 38 49, The A36ste pp asa O6-TSaluninun cre ‘subjected 0a tele fre of 201 EN Deine the f ‘verge noma stein th slumsum nthe sel J to ‘slong The pp es an outer dame of 0m and t einer dace 017 + Prd. 4% Te concrete column ier wig ousted infra caving antec. Deen The nenge normal tein the ose othe lithe «slum sstjecedto anil of ONE, = 2006, 5 =250P. AL The cone is consuctet fom bighstengh onset and four Ase ifr rods it sujet ‘oan ar rs of BRN, deri require danser ff ah od ht oer ofthe ad iil by he ‘sed and he fos by thease. 42 The 304 sis ste post Aha a ameter of (4 Din and is surounded by al bass CHAD the Bot et nthe igi sara face of kip ped to ‘hesgalep determine te aerage oral ses eveopok inthe pot nd th the, 4-44 The 5 tales! pot ironed by 008 rs EXO abe Bot on tb ig sce ace of ks pid tothe id ap detrei ‘Gtr dc the el pes so ha te as sae eeay teewenthe post and tte. Skev elma as shown If tbe esta ao BCs ‘Avett ol CD i624, termine th estos at Bond D nen fre Pi apd athe uci 44, The eiform tar issnjced the lead Pat air 4 Determine the reactions 2 he ps and C Nelet the ofthe col. poe G ? Pro 4 44 ‘The bt AB tas deter 920 mn al pss rou a seve at has a8 ner dmeter of 0m nd rns f 5 mm. Te a levee mae ‘1A tel and ae seed he id ack sho. Uke otleagth 23mm andthe eve ent i200 nn, Stemi She tension in the bl when foe of $0 is epi oak rakes. on asin ase PROBLEMS 143 441, Thelont Smsiobe supported bythe over ‘Ase ies aig we AB 50 ga ee ‘ACs. in ng. eter te orev a ah we ‘ier belauisspended Ea wie as orn fami, "448 ThekadiSkipistobesupprdy te overt A el wie egy AB is ing a wie ACES ing, eerie he ose a kA ‘he nd is tbe shred ogy ween oh wis ie AC basa cos sconl re of ARin 2 sti, 0 Prob 46 48, Thesiger by apis. wie BC ‘ang use eagle 20 en snd rs, of 25 ma ad sh alin lock ig and ‘ght Stam anderson! se fk ‘abject othe wel lad sws, deme te serge somal ses in the wie andthe Meck B= 20002, y= 00%, 4-8. Tesglnkisappoeddy pint dase ie BC hvogan usted gh 20 dota ea (25 manda hort alisinun ok big bcd leg im ad xos-ein ae ma thik ‘ssbjedothevercaoalshor determine than the tn about the pia A. Repo he ane ns. B= 20GPa, Ey = 10GPs44 ats axtaLtonD 4-51, The thre Ast witeesch ve adaneterot 2 um and unonéed leaps of Lye 1AM and Lag Lay” 20m. Determine beac neat wear ‘He 150g mass speaed fom the ing at A MMS The AX ste wires AB and AD cach Inve 8 ameter of 2mm andthe nea ego ach wre Lye= Lib and Lyy= byo= 20m. Determine the ‘eured dams of ie ACs fat each wit i sujsted ‘othe sane fore ase by the Shey mas spend om theringat A. 4-52 The thre tas ae pinned ng and ajc to the foce Peach barks he salen cn sea A, and modules felsic, determi the foe in cach fa Pots! 454 Te sembly cans ofa ABs bot and (ae rasa tena dav up sng ei the tube so tut = 18mm, ten tured an alos ‘st oth it avans 102 aon he ol tie the erin th ol the tbe. Te bt sa dace (fin and he be hs 2 crosses area 10 a 4458. The asebly consis of a8 36st ol ad ‘C340 ras oe Te mds pop agai he ‘utesoat = 75. Determine the maxim ton mount of vance of the pt onthe ot tne fie trl wil yl Theol has a ameter of an th ube hs sen of 10 a Prob 450-55 74-86 The tee cra secinens of asia wel to sport the OM ck having elroy at poit Git oka the Dnrcan ews iid eterno: thofredvlopedineahoftho species and th potion -£ 9 the Bok does not it. Te rg length of ech Specimens dame, né modulus feast a sted inthe gue Assume the pls doesnot pel anism ea ner "509m 100mm 75am Diptnir Ravinia Sra arioee Resinao 4s. The thes spender bas ae made ofthe ae pi and have ual cession ares A Determine {he for: cack tri ther beam ACE i sujeced te the nem stir leaig bts} Ph. 4 The tri nal a A an speed by 90 Suna os ech ving: Ganegot ti anos testy Fy» 10) ters aan id ‘pli ei demic te dene fe nd Be te ceo ised. ASA The bar spinel at A aad spp by wo loan ro ac avinga amet nad mots felsic Ey» 1010) I thebars seme bei nd inialy tel determine he fe in each rd whe he 2p oad is app PROBLEMS 145 “4-04 The suport costs a gd ep atc 0 a sold eins lee of 201810 slam Saving an lode length of 10.1 mm. The ots tbe ado of magnesia aly Am 10076 ant 39 say back ifthe load is ened Determine he ad that ac metal saps i) P= 20RN and () P= SKN, 4461, Te spor const orig cap atachd toa sald ‘indica ic of 20476 luni having waded Tesi of 101 mm The gtr tab is ade of mages Alloy Ay ITs act ale back te od increased Determine he ce ht sould be apped to "hea so that be sinus magpie aya il erin ofthe oad ’ do tam: 150m 0mm Probe 44-61 4462, The asenly conse of to pots made fom trl having a modal of ela of a co sectional are Ay and amt? hig + mos of elaiiy ad coset ea A If etal oad P is appl tthe id cap, determine he foe each pas. ‘To ppt ilo gid146 caus axa toxn 4464 The sen consss of wo poss AB and CD mae (rome vag mas ey of aed aoe secinal ares Aan cen EF made fom tri 2 having ods of sity nd acoso are A IE pss AB ad CD are we ple by hte Bang & material. determin te egies scond ares of ese ne fs so tht oth semis deo the sme oa ‘en ded. The suppor is a ie "44 Theasenby coms lwo pss AB and CD mae fromm having mods felsic of and aces ‘econ area A anda cently EF mae om mati? ‘avig a tos of est nd acres Ay IC pst BP iso be ela y one aig 2 mater 1, determine th rete sect ee hi ne et 0 ‘ht th ase oem te ame amc wen ke The sopprt ia ig Pro. 4636-64 446, ‘The beak isl oth wall sng tre A396 el els B,C Fah it a ee of Sin. and ‘an ust length of i afore of 0s pd on the bracket a shown, deters te redevelop nich tol arte auton, asa ta th bse a0 ear, ‘ahs te vei fof 0B sport by theo a ‘Abo asume tht he wall and ce are gl A realy lenge dors of the bs show, 4-66 hebrew wing eA 6 se, fsa Band D.Eah ith meter fin ad used th of 2 a forse of 81 ple nthe bracket 2 sow, dtrine how the tp bracket at bat D moves away fro te wall or the ‘selina th the bal cya shear rahe vert feo 0 Ibis supa by thee AAAs, ‘sume tat the wall and bake ae agi A geal ‘aggre dermatosis sho. rt 6 4-67. The pss made o 61-6 alsinun a basa ameter of 9mm. ied stppared at A and and at its center G thee ied pig aac the pd cla ich sed to the po Ite sg i only uncompressed determine the rectons at A ad B when he fore P= KN is apple tcl 4. The pot me of 66-76 aluminum ad has 2 lamet of 3) mis fied supported at Aa and at IscemerG thei esl sing atc to the rid colar wich edt the ps the sing aly sncompresed, deter the compesion i the sping vente oad of P= SON i apd tthe col Prt, 6-66448, The sii bts supported by fe two hat white pce Honden posts asd 2 ig Hecho th pos is rankeded Lngh of 1 and sowecion are of = 2 te sing has siflsof k = 2 MN a nursed length of LID dere the fo neh os afr he ad is plied to the bar. 4% The ig brs supped by tec short we gre wooden poss nl pig I eh of Be os has 22 tlie length of I m and aeration! ates of 5 em, an the sein hs ifs k= 2MNi 8 an antetche Leng of 102m, determine the vera elcome ofA and Baer the ot apie oh bt ‘oui “ete | Poke banen 4.1L ‘The rig meer ed in the psina shown by tire Asli ros Each rhs anesthe gh {075m anda crsssesonl sea 15m. Dtemioe the ores inthe si tumble ond EF odes ‘one flu. The ead of he ee 15am. Nel he ‘ofthe unbuckled ase that iid Note The ed wold cause the od, when uote o shore Sam hehe unbuckled one revotion roses 147 47% The bot is made 36 sel and te sige thee srew mth baa fam Determine ‘te maxi trae normal sts inthe ithe at siren oeflltreaerit est fs seg again he rigid pit ‘Als se be wise, the ot head ad st ae kh ioe The eal repress the dtm the crew aaness logis aio ne oglt te th re AAT. The whee abject fre of 18 HN from he il Deteeioe the fro in each of he tive spots Assume the rmisigi and te spokes ae made fe ste neti and ac as the same eas seal aes.[48s ana tomo Now fic ig dg wit pasion jin comma be eral oe of ‘edt end th oe era en 4.6 THERMAL STRESS |A change in temperature can cause a material to change it imensions. I the temperatre inteses, generally a. material expands, whereas if the temperature decreases, tbe material wil coniract. Ordinarily his expansion or contraction is ier rlated fo the temperature increase or decrease that occurs. If thi i the «ase, andthe material is homogeneous and isotropic, it hasbeen found from experiment tat the deformation of a member having 2 length canbe calculated using the formula eal 4 where a a property ofthe material reesredto 2th lear eogfcent of thermal expansion The units measure ssa per depee of temperature. They are IF (Fahrenheit) inthe Foot Pound ‘Second or FPS sytem, and 1°C (Celsis) or 1K (Kelvin) in the I system. Typical vlvesare given onthe inde back cover AT-= the algebraic change in temperature ofthe member = the oviial length ofthe member {> the algebraic change in length ofthe member Ir the change in temperature vais throughout the length of the member, ie, AT'= AT(x), o if a vais alog the length hen Eg, 44 applies for each segment having length ds In this ae the hang in the member’ length is r= [foarar ws) ‘The change in eat of «stay deen member can seal be eompute wg Ey 44 uF 45, ans the member ee to expand or contact wien it undergoes «temperature change However, ia a snl indeeminate member, these thera dipacenets can be consnined by the sopprs, producing thermal sree that st be sosiderd indesign ‘Computations ofthese thermal stresses canbe made wig the ethos outned inthe previous section. The follwing examples ilusat some application,SECA THERWAL STRESS JAG sel bar sho in Fi. 18 scot to just it to fied spprs wien T, = OFF he tpt fase to T= 20, tein the average noma hema sess [veloped int kar OLUTION EF Fie 4-18. Since there is no external loa, he fore at Ais equal bat gps 10 the fore acting at Bhat i, 438, =0, Fyn F ‘The problem is statcaly determinate sine ths fore cannot FCompatbiliy. Since 3g =0,ne thermal placement aA that sould ocur, Fig 4-1 countacted bythe fore F tat would be i Sun Applying thermal and od-isplcemeatelatonshipg weave 1 be ca = ear, a f “Tus from te data othe aside back cover, Fo aATAB = [610-97 FRLAPE - 00S in) 2900) i > 287 kip fat] From the magnitude of Bj sould be apparent that changes in ‘emperatue can cause age reac ion fore ia staal indeterminate members ‘Since Faso represents the interna xia force within the ba, the average nota compressive (has) sess thus F_ 28tkip a Oia 1S ksi Ans, Fy das 49 a{90 cus axattonn EXAMPLE 4-11 ‘A 2014-16 aluminum ube having a crassetonl area of 0 un? ‘is used as lev fr aa A346 tel ol having a oross-setional area (of 0 mm, Fig 4-19a, When the temperature is T= 15°C the aut bok the aserbl ina snug postion suc that heal force inthe ‘otis negligible the temperature increases to, = 0° determine | ‘he average normal ses inthe bolt and seve @ » ye SOLUTION Equlibvium. A feed dagen of a sectioned sepment ofthe assembly i shown in Fg 4-19, The ores Fs and Fare produced Since the sleeve has higher enfcet of thermal expansion than the bolt, and therfore the sleeve wil expand. more when the ‘emyeraares increased. The problems staticaly indeterminate since these foes catno be determined from equim. Hower, tis required that 138, Company, The temperature increase causes the see nd bot to expand (8 and (5), Fig 4-e However, the redundant forces 5, ad, elongate the bolt and shorten the sleeve. Consequenty he cd ofthe sembly each a final poston, wich is ot the sae as ‘hein postion Hench ompatlty cndion becomes “ 8= (Br + Bde= Br Gr nek 0= wae © Appling Eqs 42 an 44, and using the mechanical properties fram ‘ho table onthe inside back cover, we have aan 9rojerc -iscya13 F(0150m) inn TFN) oo an boxe 9rcjeoc —1s°cy0150 m) £40150) © oon. Ni] Using Eq 1 and solving gives Fes f= 20261N ‘Te average nora ssi th bol and eee is therefore 2026 1N 0 min (10a) 2026 kN &* Gram afaay "SM Ans Sc linar-castic mateal behave was asumed in his anal the cated sess soul be coded o make tht they donot exceed the propria iis or the materia MPs An, SEC 5 THERMAL STRESS 151SaaS 1 cus axacions fsa fs ree EXAMPLE 4-12 ‘Teg bar shown in Fig 4-2 fie to the top ofthe thre pots made of A-36 sel and 2014-76 aluminum, The posts each have a length of 280 mm when no lod is applied to the bar, andthe temperatures T= 27°C Determine the force sepported by cach ost ifthe bar is subjected toa uniform distributed load of 150 Nm ad the temperature is used to T; = 80°C. SOLUTION uilisian, “Toe eb agra ofthe bar isso nF, 4-20. “Moment quiron bout te barscentr ques the fresnel rts be equal Summing forces onthe fe-body iar, we have HBF Ihe Fe MV )N=0 Compal. Due to lod, geometry, and material symmetey, the top ofeach pst is displaced by an equal amount, Hence, co) B= by @ “The fiat aston of the top of each post is equal to ts ispacement aused by le temperature increase plus diplcement ‘caused by he internal ail compresive force, ig 42, Thus for stel and sluminum post, we have eb = (drt de eb y= (adr + Ge Applying Bg gives ~Balr+ Bale “Cdr (de ‘Using Bas 4-2 and 4-4 and he material properties on the inside back cover, we get, 7 7 ' 40250 m) [L2{O-*WCKROC — 20°C)(0.250 mn) + “(Oi 00107 Na] 40250) == PRIOR = W°CKO20 m+ aS ACN 26851639410") ®) fe ‘Tobe consent all numerical data has been expressed in terms cof mewtons, meters, and depres Celis, Solving Ege 1 and 3 simultanecsly ils Fy=-164KN Fy= KN Ans ‘The negative val for F nites that this force acts opposite to hat shown in Fg 4200. In ther wor the sel pos ain fension and the slim pos isin compressionProsiems i, Te elects des she the Hiker {Dan AB hat op caning he ids BDE th trlt and roel enact ise a F. Cigna [ADEs veal the emperatre i 27C. 1 AB ade af tone CID and CD i made of ami 66-16, deci the ga seized ath the swch wil doe whe the lemperature bcos 100 oh. A Gtvong steam pipe is male ofA tel and is connected died ot ie A and a show, Fie as am ur arco id a wall sks {2 in The conection wes mae a T= NPE. I the tunes pois of tachment are sme gl desig Ibe tb pipe exes nthe eins when he ste thasth ie reach a temperature o = 215 476 A 624ong sem pg imate of A396 el nds consid ditt two tines Aah B sown The ‘pe has a outer danete of isd» mal his of (25 in. The eonneion was made at 7, = NF. I he ‘bie pois of atachnent are ssunedto he ase c= 8410 hpi. determine the re thie exer on the trbins when the seam and ths th pipe ash a temperate of PROBLEMS 4-71. Thedbtlonga- sel eon tek ee id vith asa ap between tem to alow fr heal ‘xgunon Determine he eid pS hath lest Toh ne anoter when he empresa fon T.= “20 07,» PE sing hig wat weld be the aval ce inte eal ifthe temperate weet so 1 = IPP) Te eesesetil aoe alls S10 Prob 477 4-78 The Vtin-ieter A-36 se it wed ol he id) ase together, Deter the ying oe Ut must be prove hy the tl when 7, = SF 0 at the camping freien when 7 = 175 01, 42. The Oin-aser A sel oi wed to Bld the ute (n i ree inthe bol wien 7» 9°, determin th cami fre emerson the asembly when T= 278 =e Pre 708-19 +490 Thesis winintbe woes tpn 11 become overented ach tht tempers rit P= IPC, decent average noses developed iti te shat Asus the tgp iin rig temperature Th: hl made fram a see Prob.(84 cs Anat conn 481, The 436s pp ving» csssetona ea of (5% iscomece fied soprsand casa ha cases the pipe fo be subjected oa tempest dep of T= (-0218), wheres ininkes Determine ge developed in te pp. 449, The A36 te pipe aig a osessiona sea of (is isconsecte fie saps and aie ith ‘ates the pipet be bjeted oa temperate dep of P= (-0209)-F, whee x it ise Determine the animus ad imum roma in, 4-83, The A6 sel pie hig rossetona eof {Si scoanecte fae supers td rig a xs the pipe tobe suet a temperate asin of AT = (~ a), where xi aces Dain the erage nema es veloped thee 48 The wo cial rodsegens oof unioun and he teat coey ae ed (othe al se te isspapo0t8in betwen hem when 7, ~ °F Wht apr temper eed inode to jst othe ap? ich so has a diameter of 125 in, a= BOC, y= lO) ki, 04 =SA00H/F, By = 80) Dereon the verge toma sesh 7 = 00, 4446 Theo ser 0 seen on loin beter Leper a fed whe iach te iss ap of008 in even them when = sched basadaneer 8a = B/E = 1010), 2, 4007, Ey = 110s Domi te ae fama sesineah i, =F ann eee tov lege aan een — Pr 81-86 i cee {Probe sues 484, Tw bas cack made ofa een marl ae connected and paced between tno wall when the temperate T= IPC. Determine the foros exerted the (Gigi) supports When the tempeatre becomes Ty HFC The meri proper ad ees set sek vfcach br ae given in he ue gsc gx ore Prk 4:57. The pie made ofA sel ands comeced ‘heals x Aud & When the temperate i FF, thee is oa in the pipe Mh ps reli thrugh he ip causes its emperatne to sie by T= (10+ ISR, were in fet, determine the average normal stestia fe pipe. The ier meter 2 in, th al hikes i isin. "4-8, "The bao 810 pipe has so oer i ofS nd a val hckes of 2 Ihe a ing hugh it changes the temperate of the pipe ufo fram 1,= AW'Pat Ato = OF at 8 determine te av fos itexers op the walk The pipe ws ited betwee th wal whan T= FE ad a) Prt 96-88« ? “449. The ig Hck has 2 wih 0 0 ip and io be Sy pass and B ica mae of Aa hep Ch mae of Ce eas a te poss fave the sme arg ag bere they ar laded, (ecm the arerage moma ses develope inch pst Sten pt Ci eat that epee inet by DoF. post asa casein rao it 49k The luis 201475 pipe OD i laced win th lamp ofthese on the cap a ight saug the sanblyexeinesa tempera insease of AT = 30°C, erin ts aes nara res kp Wii epi tee As he aon he la rigid a the sew ae made of 36 sel Tho ses ave a dame of mand he pipe hasan ote ameter of 35 mum and 3 ‘yl thins of 2m, (ois | Proto 491, These bt sant 7 mms toh 1m nun seve shown The sev hs anneal 56mm and on ete ate of 1) nm Toe mw aj so that press up epi te seve he sembly aga ta enpratve oT,= 20°C and then ineaedtoatenpersueaf, = 10, deine tease normal ses a the bolt sod the sev. B, = 200GP, Eg WGP a, IAC ay = DIOP PROBLEMS 155 +492. The wires AB and AC are made of el and wte AD made of cope Before the 100 foc is pled, ‘AB snd AC ue each in. oog nd AD is 4 a the temperate i ieee by 20°F, determin the fre in cache necded tsp he oT, = 290k, E,= THOS, ay" 8U0%YF, ag 98K, Etch wire has rset ae of 00123 a. 4-98. The rod ismate oA 6 stel and basa ameter of (25 in I he springs are eompeesed 0 in wen the temperate of he os T= A, deine te fre a tho tod whens enpertue 87 = 10°F. 494 To tar bas 9 crosses ar A, length L, modulus of ace and neice of erm exusog a The temperature ofthe bar changs uniformly log is Jeng tom nog tenpetue fT oT, Bo tia at ny pit aoa the bar T = T+ Ty~ TV Deterniethe forethearexerts nh wal ia sosnal fre sate br