Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Desde El Estudio de Los Elementos de Simetrc3ada E280a6
Desde El Estudio de Los Elementos de Simetrc3ada E280a6
6,0(75Ë$'(/26026$,&26'(/$$/+$0%5$
+$67$/$&5($&,Ï1'(18(926',6(f26
)HUQDQGR+HUQiQGH]5RMR8QLYHUVLGDGGH*UDQDGD
(O DUWH KD IRUPDGR SDUWH GH WRGDV ODV FXOWXUDV \ VX DQiOLVLV FUtWLFR
KD GHSHQGLGR GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV LGHROyJLFDV VRFLDOHV UHOLJLRVDV
KLVWyULFDV JHRJUi¿FDV HWF RULJLQiQGRVH ODV GLIHUHQWHV WUDGLFLRQHV
DUWtVWLFDVTXHKDQVXUJLGRDORODUJRGHORVWLHPSRV\GHODVGLVWLQWDV
FLYLOL]DFLRQHV/D3HQtQVXOD,EpULFDSHUPDQHFLyEDMRHO,VODPGXUDQ
WHFDVLRFKRVLJORVGHVGHKDVWD\GXUDQWHODPD\RUSDUWH
GHHVWHODUJRSHUtRGR$O$QGDOXVIXHHOSDtVPiVDYDQ]DGRGH(XURSD
\SXHQWHFXOWXUDOHQWUH$VLD\ÈIULFD
(O5HLQR1D]DULWDFRQWLQXDFLyQGHODHWDSDDOPRKDGH
VHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQHO~OWLPRHVWDGRLVOiPLFRGHOD3HQtQVXOD,EpUL
FD\IXHHO~QLFRHVWDGRTXHVREUHYLYLyDODFRQTXLVWDFULVWLDQD6X
IXQGDGRUSXGRFUHDUXQUHLQRHQHOH[WUHPRVXUGH$O$QGDOXVTXH
DEDUFDEDXQDHVWUHFKDIUDQMDDORODUJRGHODFRVWDGHVGH7DULID2HV
WHKDVWDPiVDOOiGH$OPHUtD(VWH\GHVGHHO0HGLWHUUiQHR6XU
KDVWDXQSRFRPiVDUULEDGH*UDQDGDSRUHO1RUWH
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
(OUHLQRGH*UDQDGDVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQDJUDQPHWUySROLEDMRHOJR
ELHUQRGH,EQ1DVUTXLHQODGRWyGHQXHYDVPH]TXLWDVHGL¿FLRV\
EDxRV S~EOLFRV \ GHVGH PHGLDGRV GHO VLJOR ;,,, *UDQDGD VH FRQ
YLHUWHHQXQDFLXGDGSULQFLSHVFDDGTXLULHQGRXQDJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDD
QLYHOHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRV\FXOWXUDOHVGHVWDFDQGRSUHIHUHQWHPHQWHSRU
VXDUTXLWHFWXUD&XDUWR5HDOGH6DQWR'RPLQJROD$OPXQLDGHO*H
QHUDOLIHHO3DODFLRGHORV$EHQFHUUDMHVHO*HQHUDOLIHHO3DODFLRGH
&RPDUHVHO1XHYR0H[XDUODV6DODVGHOD%DUFD$EHQFHUUDMHV'RV
+HUPDQDVHO3DWLRGHORV$UUD\DQHV\GHORV/HRQHVHO6DOyQGHO
7URQRGHOD6DODGHORV(PEDMDGRUHVOD7RUUHGHODV,QIDQWDVFRQ
DSRUWDFLRQHVQRYHGRVDVHQHOGLVHxR\RUQDPHQWDFLyQGHVXVSODQWDV
\DO]DGRV
/D$OKDPEUD HV XQR GH ORV FRQMXQWRV PRQXPHQWDOHV PXVXOPDQHV
PHGLHYDOHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHV\GHPD\RUDWUDFFLyQTXHD~QH[LVWH\
SXHGHVHUYLVLWDGRIUXWRGHODLQÀXHQFLDFXOWXUDOTXHHMHUFLyODFLYL
OL]DFLyQiUDEHHQOD(VSDxDPHGLHYDO
/D$OKDPEUD QD]DULWD FRQWDED FRQ XQD FXOWXUD VRFLDO \ FLHQWt¿FD
PHQWHDYDQ]DGD$SDUWLUGHOVLJOR;WDQWRODWHRUtDHVWpWLFDFRPRHO
HVWXGLR\DSOLFDFLyQGHODJHRPHWUtDFXHQWDQFRQXQGHVDUUROORVLJQL
¿FDWLYR\GHWHUPLQDQPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVDUWtVWLFDVHQDTXHOORVFDPSRV
GRQGHVHSURGXFHQFRQWDFWRVHQWUHSHQVDPLHQWR\DUWHLVOiPLFR(VWR
LQÀX\HSRVWHULRUPHQWHHQODVDUWHVGHFRUDWLYDVTXHVHPDQL¿HVWDQHQ
XQDFRPSOHMDRUQDPHQWDFLyQJHRPpWULFDDSOLFDGDDODDUTXLWHFWXUD
1RH[LVWHQSUiFWLFDPHQWHGRFXPHQWRVGHOOHJDGRFXOWXUDOGHDTXHOORV
JUDQDGLQRVDXQTXHVDEHPRVTXHHQPDWHPiWLFDVHVWXGLDURQD(XFOL
GHVDVtOD*HRPHWUtDIXHDQDOL]DGDGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDWHyULFR
HQULTXHFLpQGRVHFRQGLVWLQWDVJHQHUDOL]DFLRQHV\HVWXGLRVFUtWLFRV\
WDPELpQD3WRORPHRSDUDDYDQ]DUHQDVWURQRPtD\TXHVXDULWPpWLFD
EDVDGDHQXQSULQFLSLRSRVLFLRQDOHVWDEDLPSRUWDGDGHOD,QGLD
/DVDUWHVGHOD(VSDxDPXVXOPDQDVHKDQFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUDEVRUEHU
\DVLPLODUODVWUDGLFLRQHVDUWtVWLFDVGHORVWHUULWRULRVFRQTXLVWDGRV\
H[SUHVDUGHXQPRGRSDUWLFXODUHOHVStULWXGHO,VODPGRQGHODPDQL
IHVWDFLyQDUWtVWLFDVHKDFRQVLGHUDGRXQDVtQWHVLVGHHOHPHQWRVGHGLV
WLQWDVSURFHGHQFLDVTXHGHMyVXLPSURQWDSRUWRGD$VLDRFFLGHQWDO
QRUWHGHÈIULFD\VXUGH(XURSD
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
(OFDVRTXHQRVLQWHUHVDHVHOHVWXGLRGHORVPRVDLFRVTXHIRUPDQ
SDUWHGHODGHFRUDFLyQJHRPpWULFDGHOD$OKDPEUDODXWLOL]DFLyQGH
ORVSROtJRQRVTXHUDUDPHQWHVRQORVUHJXODUHVPiVIiFLOHVGHFRQV
WUXLUFXDGUDGRVKH[iJRQRVUHJXODUHVHWFFUHDGRVSDUDFDGDFDVR
HQIRUPDGHDOLFDWDGRGHWUDPDVJHRPpWULFDVGHJUDQFRPSOLFDFLyQ
SDUDORVOD]RV\GHDSOLFDFLyQGHFiQRQHVSDUDODFUHDFLyQGHHVSDFLRV
DUPRQLRVRV&XDQGRGHFLPRVPRVDLFRQRVUHIHULPRVDODFRPSRVL
FLyQJHRPpWULFDGHFRUDWLYDKHFKDFRQSLH]DVGHFHUiPLFDWDPELpQ
YHUHPRVPiVDGHODQWHTXHHOFRQFHSWRGHPRVDLFRVHH[WLHQGHDOD
GHFRUDFLyQJHRPpWULFDGHXQDVXSHU¿FLHHQODTXHH[LVWHXQPyGX
ORTXHVHUHSLWHHQGLVWLQWDVGLUHFFLRQHV'HQRPLQDPRVD]XOHMRDOD
SLH]DGHFHUiPLFDGHFRUDGDFX\DIRUPDHVUHFWDQJXODURFXDGUDGD\
TXHXWLOL]DPRVSDUDKDFHUORVPRVDLFRV
8QDOLFDWDGRHVXQDSLH]DGHULYDGDGHXQD]XOHMRTXHJHQHUDOPHQWH
HVXQSROtJRQRFyQFDYRFX\RVODGRVSXHGHQVHUUHFWRVRFXUYRVRE
WHQLGRVPHGLDQWHHOSULQFLSLRGHFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODVXSHU¿FLHSHUR
QRGHODIRUPDSRUPRYLPLHQWRVGHURWDFLyQGHOD]XOHMREDVHRFRPR
UHOOHQRHQODRUQDPHQWDFLyQGHODFHUtDV3RGHPRVDSUHFLDUDOJXQRV
GHORVPiVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVTXHHQFRQWUDPRVHQOD$OKDPEUD)LJ
)LJ3ROtJRQRVQD]DULWDV$OLFDWDGRVVHULH9LYROD$OKDPEUDSJ
(OUHYHVWLPLHQWRSROLFURPRFRQSLHGUDVPiUPROHVHWFSDUDIULVRV
SDYLPHQWRV\PRVDLFRVIXHURQPX\SRSXODUHVHQODFXOWXUDJULHJD\
URPDQDSHURORVRPH\DV\ORVQD]DULWDVFHUFDQRVDQRVRWURVRVXV
DQWHFHVRUHVORVDEDVtHVDGRSWDQVREUHQ~FOHRVGHODGULOORORVUHYHV
WLPLHQWRVFXDGUDGRVUHFWDQJXODUHVSROLJRQDOHV\FLUFXODUHVGHD]X
OHMRVFRQUHVXOWDGRVIRUPDOHVDSDUHQWHPHQWHPiVFRPSOLFDGRVSHUR
H[LVWLHQGRVLHPSUHXQ~OWLPRVHQWLGRGHVREULHGDG
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
/DVIRUPDVGHFRUDWLYDVGHODDUTXLWHFWXUDLVOiPLFDHQJHQHUDOGHVWD
FDQSRUODXELFXLGDGHQHOWLHPSR\HQHOHVSDFLRSRUODSRVLELOLGDG
GHLQWHUFDPELRGHOGLVHxRGHXQPHGLRDRWUR\SRUODUHSHWLFLyQ\
FDPELRGHHVFDOD&DVLQRKD\HVSDFLRVGHOD$OKDPEUDTXHQRHVWpQ
GHFRUDGRVFRQXQDDPSOLDYDULHGDGGHPDWHULDOHVDSOLFDGRVDVXHORV
PXURVWHFKRVIDFKDGDVRELHQDREMHWRVGHXVRFRWLGLDQR$XQTXH
HQODDUTXLWHFWXUDLVOiPLFDODGHFRUDFLyQFRQWULEX\HDWUDQVIRUPDUHO
HVSDFLRHVHQODGHFRUDFLyQGHODVVXSHU¿FLHVGRQGHGHVWDFDODRUQD
PHQWDFLyQTXHVHPDWHULDOL]DHQWHPDVÀRUDOHVHSLJUi¿FRVRJHRPp
WULFRV/RVVXHORVVRQJHQHUDOPHQWHGHFHUiPLFDODVSDUWHVLQIHULRUHV
GHODVSDUHGHVHVWiQFXELHUWDVFRQD]XOHMRVEODQFRVYHUGHVD]XOHV
PHODGRVQHJURVPLHQWUDVODVSDUWHVVXSHULRUHVHVWiQGHFRUDGDV
HQHVWXFR\ORVDUWHVRQDGRVGHORVWHFKRVVRQGHPDGHUD(OHVSDFLR
TXHGDGH¿QLGRPHGLDQWHODVVXSHU¿FLHVDUWLFXODGDVSRUODGHFRUDFLyQ
TXHFDUDFWHUL]DDOHGL¿FLR\PiVSRUHVWDYDULHGDG\ULTXH]DGHFRUD
WLYDTXHSRUVXVHOHPHQWRVHVWUXFWXUDOHV
(QOD$OKDPEUD\HQODRUQDPHQWDFLyQLVOiPLFDHQJHQHUDOH[LVWHXQD
SURIXVDSUHVHQFLDGHODGHFRUDFLyQJHRPpWULFDFRQD]XOHMRVSROLFUR
PRVHQODVVXSHU¿FLHVWDOFRPRORKDQYHQLGRUHFRQRFLHQGRGLVWLQ
WRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVFRPR2ZHQV-RQHV)ULVHG$YHQQHV%RXUJRLQ
*LUDXOWGH3UDQJH\2OHJ*UDEDU'DOX-RQHVHWF(QODDUTXLWHFWXUD
LVOiPLFDODVVXSHU¿FLHVGHFRUDGDVGHELGRDVXLPSDFWRySWLFRDG
TXLHUHQXQDLPSRUWDQFLDWDQJUDQGHFRPRODVSURSLDVIRUPDVDUTXL
WHFWyQLFDV
/RV QD]DUtHV GHVWDFDQ SRU OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD IXQGDPHQWDO GHO XVR GH
XQ VROR GLVHxR XQLGDG GH FXDOTXLHU FRPSRVLFLyQ GHFRUDWLYD TXH
SRUODPXOWLSOLFDFLyQGHVtPLVPRFXEUHFRPSOHWDPHQWHXQDVXSHU
¿FLH (VWD IRUPD GH SURFHGHU SHUPLWH GHFRUDU VREUH XQD VXSHU¿FLH
LQGH¿QLGDPHQWHVLJXLHQGRXQDVUHJODV¿MDVDSDUHFHQHQHVFHQDORV
HOHPHQWRVTXHQRVYDQDSHUPLWLUHVDGHFRUDFLyQURViFHDVIULVRV\
PRVDLFRVDOLFDWDGRVODFHUtDV
(ODOLFDWDGRDVtFRPRORDSUHFLDPRVHQOD$OKDPEUDLPSOLFDXQDWpF
QLFDGHWUDEDMRPX\ULJXURVDKHFKDGHSLH]DVGHFHUiPLFDVGHXQVyOR
FRORUUHFRUWDGDVHQODIRUPDFRQYHQLHQWHSDUDVXHQFDMHPXWXRVHWUD
EDMDQFRQXQDD]XHOD\HODFDEDGRVHKDFHFRQXQDOLPDVHJ~QGLEXMRV
JHRPpWULFRVGHOD]RFRQSROtJRQRVHVWUHOODGRV\RWURVHVSHFLDOHV
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
(Q2OHJ*UDEDUHVFULEtDDFHUFDGHODVIRUPDV\YDORUHVDUTXL
WHFWXUD\GHFRUDFLyQGHOD$OKDPEUD
³4XHODGHFRUDFLyQGHVXSHU¿FLHVHVODFDUDFWHUtVWLFDPiV
HYLGHQWH\PiVIUHFXHQWHPHQWHPHQFLRQDGDGHOD$OKDP
EUDSHURD¿UPDTXHFXULRVDPHQWHQXQFDKDVLGRDQDOL]DGD
GHPDQHUDVLVWHPiWLFD>«@'HORVWUHVPRWLYRVEiVLFRVTXH
LQWHUYLHQHQHQODGHFRUDFLyQHOJHRPpWULFRDSDUHFHSRUVt
VROR\FRPRSULQFLSLRUHFWRUGHODPD\RUtDGHORVGLVHxRV
FRQHOHPHQWRVYHJHWDOHV>«@/RVSULQFLSLRVJHRPpWULFRV
FODYHTXHLQWHUYLHQHQSDUHFHQVHUORVVLJXLHQWHVODVLPH
WUtDTXHIDFLOLWDODUHSHWLFLyQHQXQDFRPSRVLFLyQXQDVROD
XQLGDGGHFRPSRVLFLyQHQJHQHUDOXQFXDGUDGRRXQSROt
JRQROREDVWDQWHSHTXHxDFRPRSDUDUHVXOWDUGLVFUHWD\OR
EDVWDQWHVLPSOHFRPRSDUDSUHVWDUVHDWRGRWLSRGHPRGL¿
FDFLRQHVHOFUHFLPLHQWROLQHDOFRQHOTXHFXDOTXLHUXQLGDG
JHRPpWULFDFHUUDGDFRPRXQFXDGUDGRRXQFtUFXORSXHGH
WUDQVIRUPDUVH R VHU UHHPSOD]DGD SRU OtQHDV UHFWDV R TXH
EUDGDVGHFUHFLPLHQWRLQ¿QLWRODURWDFLyQUHVSHFWRGHGRV
RPiVHMHVORTXHSURSRUFLRQDODVGLUHFFLRQHVPiVLPSRU
WDQWHVGHODRUQDPHQWDFLyQ´>*UDE@
&RQVLGHUDQGRTXHDSHQDVKD\WUDWDGRVGHGHFRUDFLyQJHRPpWULFDHQ
$UWH,VOiPLFRKHFKRVGLUHFWDPHQWHSRUVXVFUHDGRUHVSUROLIHUDQREUDV
GHDUWHGHHVWDHVSHFLH([LVWHQHVWXGLRVSDUFLDOHVGHPRWLYRVGHFRUD
WLYRVFRPRORVGH0DUoDLV*LUDXOWGH3UDQJH\*RXU\-RQHV\YDULDV
FRQVLGHUDFLRQHVPiVDPSOLDVVREUHJHRPHWUtDHQODRUQDPHQWDFLyQ
LQFOX\HQGRXQDWHVLVGRFWRUDOHQPDWHPiWLFDV\DOJXQDVSRFDVFRQ
VLGHUDFLRQHV JHQHUDOHV VREUH RUQDPHQWDFLyQ (UD SUHFLVR UHXQLUODV
FRPSXOVDUODVVLVWHPDWL]DUODV\GDUODVDHVWXGLRFRPRFRQMXQWR(VWD
WDUHDODUHDOL]DURQHVWXGLRVRVFRPR(QULTXH1XHUH*yPH]0RUHQR
3DYyQ0DOGRQDGR3ULHWR9LYHV2OHJ*UDEDU&UHVZHOO%RXUJRLQ
$QGUp3DFFDUG.HLWK&ULWFKORZ(YD:LOVRQ(GLWK0OOHU\RWURV
%DVLOLR3DYyQ0DOGRQDGRHQVXVGLYHUVDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVKLVWyULFDV
DFODUD DOJXQDV VLWXDFLRQHV DO UHVSHFWR GH OD 'HFRUDFLyQ *HRPpWUL
FD%RXUJRLQDQDOL]DHVTXHPDV\FRPSRVLFLRQHVJHRPpWULFDVHQVX
PD\RUtDH[WUDtGDVGHHGL¿FLRVLVOiPLFRVRULHQWDOHV0DQXHO*yPH]
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
0RUHQRLQLFLDHVWHWLSRGHHVWXGLRVHQ(VSDxDeO\3ULHWR9LYHVFRQ
FLEHQ XQ SUR\HFWR GH HVWXGLR GH OD JHRPHWUtD GHFRUDWLYD -XQWR DO
PpWRGRPDWHPiWLFRGH3ULHWR9LYHVHVWDEDODWHVLVGH*yPH]0RUHQR
TXHLPSOLFDODKDELOLGDGPDQXDOGHODUWLVWDLVOiPLFR\ORVWUDEDMRVGH
3DYyQ0DOGRQDGR
'H ORV WUHV PRWLYRV EiVLFRV HSLJUi¿FR YHJHWDO \ JHRPpWULFR TXH
FRQVWLWX\HQODRUQDPHQWDFLyQQD]DULWDHVHVWH~OWLPRHOTXHTXLVLHUD
UHVDOWDU¢4Xp$OKDPEUDQRVHQFRQWUDUtDPRVFRQXQDRUQDPHQWDFLyQ
UHDOL]DGDFRQSURFHGLPLHQWRVHOHFWUyQLFRVGHDSOLFDFLyQGHOFRORU"
¢&yPRUHFUHDUtDPRVODGHFRUDFLyQJHRPpWULFDSODQDGHOD$OKDPEUD
VLSDUDVXGLVHxRXWLOL]iUDPRVODVWHFQRORJtDVDFWXDOHV"¢4XpRWURV
UHVXOWDGRV VH GDUtDQ HQ OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HOHPHQWRV JHRPpWULFRV \
QXHYDV SRVLELOLGDGHV FRQ ORV PLVPRV VLVWHPDV JHQHUDGRUHV" 3RGH
PRVDGYHUWLUTXHHODGYHQLPLHQWRHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHODVDFWXDOHV
WpFQLFDVDQXHVWURDOFDQFHQRVOOHYDDODDSHUWXUDGHXQDySWLFDQXHYD
GHVGHODTXHKDFHUXQDUHÀH[LyQGHODQDWXUDOH]DGHOWUDEDMRDUWtVWLFR
\FLHQWt¿FR
(O DUWtFXOR ³8Q VLJOR SDUD UHVROYHU SUREOHPDV´ ¿UPDGR SRU ,J
QDFLR)%D\yQ(O3DtVGHQRYLHPEUHGHWUDWDGHOD$O
KDPEUD\WRPDHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQODVIRUPDVGHUHOOHQDUXQSODQR
FRPR XQR GH ORV SUREOHPDV FOiVLFRV GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV (QWUH ORV
SUREOHPDVSODQWHDGRVSRU+LOEHUWHOQ~PHURGLHFLRFKRVHGHGLFDED
DHVWDFXHVWLyQDPSOLDGDDODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHOOHQDUXQHVSDFLRFRQ
SROLHGURV FRQJUXHQWHV R ¿JXUDV WULGLPHQVLRQDOHV LGpQWLFDV HQWUH Vt
(Q/XGZLJ%LHEHUEDFKGHPRVWUyTXHHOQ~PHURGHSRVLELOLGD
GHVHUD¿QLWR\SRVWHULRUPHQWHVHFRQFOX\yTXHVRORKDEtDGLHFLVLH
WHIRUPDVVLPSOHVFX\DFRPELQDFLyQSXHGHGDUOXJDUDPiV¿JXUDV
FRPSOHMDVFDSDFHVGHFXEULUXQSODQR
6LPHWUtDV
/DVLPHWUtDFRQVWLWX\HXQRGHORVSULQFLSLRVJHRPpWULFRVEiVLFRVTXH
IDFLOLWDQODVFRPSRVLFLRQHVFURPiWLFDVGHVXRUQDPHQWDFLyQ'HVGH
ODySWLFDDFWXDOGHODPRGHUQD7HRUtDGH*UXSRVGH7UDQVIRUPDFLRQHV
*HRPpWULFDVVHGH¿QHHOFRQFHSWRGH*UXSR&ULVWDORJUi¿FR\VHGH
PXHVWUDTXHHQHOSODQRVyORVRQSRVLEOHVWLSRV5HFLHQWHPHQWHVH
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
KDGHPRVWUDGRTXHHQOD$OKDPEUDKD\DOPHQRVXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
JHRPpWULFDGHFDGDXQRGHORVJUXSRVFULVWDORJUi¿FRVSODQRV
(Q VXPD VH DEUH XQ DPSOLR FDPSR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GRQGH HO EL
QRPLR$UWH&LHQFLD HVWi SUHVHQWH GH PDQHUD HVSHFt¿FD HQ HO$UWH
1D]DULWD\FX\RVDQiOLVLVSXHGHQFRQFUHWDUVHHQHVWXGLRVSURSLRVGH
VXVFRPSRVLFLRQHVFURPiWLFDV/D&LHQFLD\HO$UWHVRQGRVPDQHUDV
FRPSOHPHQWDULDVGHH[SHULPHQWDUHOPXQGRGHOD1DWXUDOH]DXQDGH
HOODVDQDOtWLFD\ODRWUDLQWXLWLYD/RVPDWHPiWLFRV\HVSHFLDOPHQWH
ORVItVLFRVSLHQVDQDWUDYpVGHLPiJHQHV\XWLOL]DQFULWHULRVHVWpWLFRV
SDUDGHWHUPLQDUODFRKHUHQFLD\ODYHUGDGGHORTXHLQYHVWLJDQ
+HUPDQQ:H\OXQRGHORVPDWHPiWLFRVDOHPDQHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHV
GHOVLJOR;;KDFHUHIHUHQFLDDORYHUGDGHUR\OREHOORUHODFLRQDQGR
GLUHFWDPHQWHODEHOOH]DFRQODVLPHWUtD8QSURIXQGRVHQWLPLHQWRGH
TXH$UWH\&LHQFLDGHEHQXQLUVHVXUJHGHD¿UPDFLRQHVFRPRHVWD
:H\O XVD HQ /D 6LPHWUtD PpWRGRV PDWHPiWLFRV SDUD VX DQiOLVLV \
GHVFULSFLyQSDUDpOVLPHWUtDHTXLYDOHDFRQFRUGLDHTXLOLEULREXHQD
SURSRUFLyQ 3RU RWUD SDUWH HQ FXDQWR D FRQQRWDFLyQ JHRPpWULFD VH
HQWHQGHUiTXHODWHRUtDGHODVLPHWUtDHVXQDSDUWHGHODJHRPHWUtDTXH
RSHUDQGRVREUHHOHVSDFLRHXFOtGHRHQJOREDFRPRWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV
DWRGDVODVLVRPHWUtDVVLHQGRVXLQWHUpVHVSHFt¿FRHOHVWXGLRGHORV
JUXSRVGHLVRPHWUtDVTXHGHMDQLQYDULDQWHVDOD¿JXUDV
(Q WDO WHRUtD VH HQFXDGUDQ ORV JUXSRV GH VLPHWUtDV SXQWXDOHV R GH
/HRQDUGRGD9LQFLORVJUXSRVGHIULVRVORVJUXSRVGHVLPHWUtDVGHO
SODQRODWHRUtDGHPRVDLFRV\ODVLPHWUtDHVSDFLDO>:H\@
.DUO *HUVWQHU 5LFKDUG 3D~O /RKVH \ 6KL]XNR <RVKLNDZD WDPELpQ
XVDQSDUDVXVSLQWXUDVHOHPHQWRVFRQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPDWHPiWLFDVQR
WDEOHV/DWHRUtDGHORVQ~PHURVGH5XQH0LHOGV$QWyQ6WDQNRZV
NLRODWHRUtDDOHDWRULDGH*HUG9RQ*UDHYHQLW]+HUPDQQGH9ULHV
\RWURVVXUJHDOUHGHGRUGHGLVWLQWDVSURIXQGL]DFLRQHVEDMRHOSXQWR
GHYLVWDGHODVUHODFLRQHVWHyULFDVJHQHUDOHV0XFKRVDUWLVWDVVHKDQ
RSXHVWR D HVWDV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV WHyULFDV 2WURV FRPR HO DUWLVWD \
FLHQWt¿FRDOHPiQ+HUEHUW:)UDQNH>)UDQ@D¿UPDQTXHQRHVQDGD
VLPSOHODSURGXFFLyQGHEHOODVFUHDFLRQHVHQUHODFLyQDODVWHRUtDVFL
WDGDV(QHVWHFRQWH[WRODFXHVWLyQTXHVHSODQWHDHVVLODJHQHUDFLyQ
PDWHPiWLFDGHODVIRUPDVDEUHQXHYDVSRVLELOLGDGHVDODH[SUHVLyQ\
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
(OXVRGHLQVWUXPHQWRV\RWUDVD\XGDVFRQGXFHDQXHYDVWpFQLFDV\
HVWRGDOXJDUDQXHYDVIRUPDVGHSHQVDPLHQWR
(OLQVWUXPHQWDOGHOD(GDG0HGLD
3DUDFRQRFHU³HOFyPR´GHOSURFHVRFUHDWLYRODSDUWHLQVWUXPHQWDOHQ
ODFUHDFLyQGHORVGLVHxRVGHODGHFRUDFLyQJHRPpWULFDQD]DULWDWHQH
PRVTXHUHPRQWDPRVDPDQXVFULWRV\UHSURGXFFLRQHVGHPLQLDWXUDV
GHODVWpFQLFDVFRQVWUXFWLYDVGHOVLJOR;,9RDOHVWXGLRTXHKDFH(Q
ULTXH1XHUH>1XH@GHOSULPHUPDQXVFULWRGH'LHJR/ySH]GH$UHQDV
VREUHODIiFLOUHDOL]DFLyQGHODVFRPSOHMDVDUPDGXUDVGHOD]R
3URFHVRPX\SDUHFLGRHQVXGLVHxRDORVDOLFDWDGRVGHGLEXMRJHRPp
WULFRFRQODSDUWLFXODULGDGTXHDGHPiVGHVXFDUiFWHUGHFRUDWLYRHO
WUD]DGRGHOD]RVVLUYHFRPRHOHPHQWRHVWUXFWXUDO\SDUDD¿DQ]DUODV
HVTXLQDVGHODVFXELHUWDV
/DGHFRUDFLyQGHODFHUtDHQFRPSOHMRVFRQMXQWRVJHRPpWULFRVGHHV
WUHOODVHQWUHOD]DGDVHVODSHFXOLDULGDGGHXQDFDUSLQWHUtDFDUDFWHUtVWL
FDGHODFXOWXUDGHODpSRFD\VRUSUHQGHHOFRQWUROHQVXFRQVWUXFFLyQ
SRUODJHRPHWUtDGHVXVWUD]DGRVD\XGDGRVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSRUXQRV
VLPSOHVMXHJRVGHFDUWDERQHVDQWHODLQH[LVWHQFLDGHOFRPSiVDUWLFX
ODGRTXHKR\FRQRFHPRV)LJ
)LJ3iJLQDV\GHO%UHYH&RPSHQGLRGHOD&DUSLQWHULDGHOR%ODQFRGH
'LHJR/ySH]GH$UHQDV
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
3ULHWR9LYHV>39@\*yPH]0RUHQR>*0@FRQRFHGRUHV\GHIHQVRUHV
GHODH[DFWLWXGGHODVOH\HVPDWHPiWLFDVTXHULJHQORVOD]RVHQORV
HVWXGLRVTXHKDFHQGHHOORVQRVDFODUDQWRGRORQHFHVDULRSDUDHQWHQ
GHUVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWR/ySH]GH$UHQDVUHFRSLODHQVXVPDQXVFULWRV
ODVUHJODVFRQRFLGDVGHDQWHVRHQXVRGHVXpSRFD\WDPELpQH[SOLFD
ODIRUPDSUiFWLFDGHUHDOL]DUODVFXELHUWDVDUPDGXUDVGHFXELHUWDGH
OLPDERUGyQDWUDYpVGHSODQRVFRPRHOHPHQWRDX[LOLDUXVRGHORV
FDUWDERQHVGHOD]RFDUWDERQHVGHDUPDGXUDWUD]DGRGHORVOD]RVHQ
ODPDGHUDFRQVWUXFFLyQGHDOPL]DWHVHWF/RVDUWHVDQRVGHODpSRFD
FRQVXGRPLQLRHQHOPDQHMRGHORVFDUWDERQHVSRVLELOLWDEDQHOWUD]D
GRGHORVLQJOHWHVHQODVSLH]DVGHPDGHUDTXHKDQGHXQLUVHIRUPDQ
GRGHWHUPLQDGRViQJXORVSUREOHPDFX\DVROXFLyQQRSRGtDQHOXGLU
&RQVyORXQDUHJOD\XQFRPSiVVHSXHGHGLEXMDUFXDOTXLHUWLSRGH
HVWUHOOD GH ODV TXH FRPSRQHQ ORV OD]RV (VWH WLSR GH WUD]DGRV FRQ
FDUWDERQHVVRQUHFRQRFLEOHVSRUVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHQWURGHODYD
ULHGDGGHWUD]DGRVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQHQHO$UWHPXVXOPiQ)LJ
)LJ'LEXMRVGH(QULTXH1XHUH
(OFDUSLQWHURSDUWHGHXQDUHWtFXODTXHHQSULQFLSLRHVWiFRQVWLWXLGD
SRUODVPDGHUDVGHODDUPDGXUDORTXH\DOHLPSRQHLPSRUWDQWHVOL
PLWDFLRQHV8QDYH]HVFRJLGDODWUD]DFRQFUHWDpVWDVHKDGHPDWHULD
OL]DUFRQPDGHURVTXHDGHPiVGHVHUVLHPSUHUHFWRVVDOYRUDUDVH[
FHSFLRQHVSHUWHQHFHQDXQFRQMXQWRGHHOHPHQWRVSDUDOHORVSDUHV\
QXGLOORVTXHHQRFDVLRQHVVHSRGUiKDFHUFRLQFLGLUFRQHOHPHQWRVGHO
WUD]DGRVLQSODQWHDUQLQJXQDGL¿FXOWDGSHURTXHIUHFXHQWHPHQWHVHUi
LPSRVLEOH KDFHU FRPSDWLEOHV FRQ DTXHO /RV WUD]DGRV WRPDQ FRPR
SXQWRGHSDUWLGDXQDVHULHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHSROtJRQRVHVWUHOODGRV/D
HVWUHOODTXHRULJLQDFDGDXQRGHHVWRVPRWLYRVVHURGHDGHXQDVHULH
GHHOHPHQWRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQODVOODPDGDV³UXHGDVGHOD]RV´
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
)LJ3iJLQD/D&DUSLQWHUtDGHOR%ODQFR/HFWXUDGLEXMDGD
GHOSULPHUPDQXVFULWRGH'/ySH]GH$UHQDVGH(QULTXH1XHUH
(O MXHJR EiVLFR OR FRQVWLWX\HQ HVWUHOODV GH RFKR SXQWDV GH QXHYH
RGHGLH]$SDUWLUGHHVWDVHVWUHOODVVHSXHGHQJHQHUDURWUDVVHULHV
GHHVWUHOODVGHSHQGLHQWHVGHOMXHJREiVLFRDVtGHODHVWUHOODGHRFKR
VXUJHODGHGLHFLVpLVGHODGHVHLVQDFHODGHGRFH\GHODGHGLH]VH
JHQHUDODGHYHLQWH)LJ
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
(OLQVWUXPHQWDOGHOD$FWXDOLGDG
1D]DULWDV¢LQLFLRVGHOVLJOR;9,,RGHO;;,"/DVRFLHGDGRFFLGHQWDO
UHVXOWDHQHOIRQGRODPLVPDUHVSHFWRDODLPDJHQVHJXLPRVGDQGR
YXHOWDVDXQDVPLVPDVFXHVWLRQHVVHJ~QXQRVSDUiPHWURVVLPLODUHV
7HQHPRVTXHDFHUFDPRVDODVKHUUDPLHQWDV\WpFQLFDVFRQFHSWXDOHV
HLQVWUXPHQWDOHVGHODDFWXDOLGDG\YHUTXHODUHJOD\FRPSiVVHKDQ
FDPELDGRSRURWURVLQVWUXPHQWRVTXHVHOODPDQRUGHQDGRUHV\XQDV
QXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVSDUDODSURGXFFLyQGHLPiJHQHVLQIRUPiWLFDV
$QWLJXDPHQWHODVSURSLDVKHUUDPLHQWDVPDUFDEDQORVUHVXOWDGRVGH
ORVWUDEDMRVVHJ~QODPDQLSXODFLyQItVLFDGHORVPLVPRVODVQXHYDV
WHFQRORJtDVSRVLELOLWDQODSRWHQFLDFLyQGHORFRQFHSWXDOPRGL¿FDQGR
\UHLQWHUSUHWDQGRODUHDOLGDGGHODLGHD(OXVRGHRUGHQDGRUHV\RWUDV
D\XGDV GH FDUiFWHU FRQFHSWXDO WHRUtD GH JUXSRV GDQ FRPR UHVXO
WDGRVQXHYRVSURFHGLPLHQWRV\WpFQLFDVSRVLELOLWDQGRDOGLVHxDGRU
DUWLVWDSOiVWLFRQXHYDVIRUPDVGHSHQVDPLHQWR)LJ
)LJ'LVHxRGHDOJXQRVHOHPHQWRVJUi¿FRVGHORVJUXSRVFURPiWLFRV
7HRUtDGHJUXSRV
'HVGHHORULJHQGHODVFLYLOL]DFLRQHVVHXWLOL]DODJHRPHWUtDSDUDGH
FRUDUFRQGLVHxRVJHRPpWULFRVUHJXODUHV/DVLPHWUtDKDVLGRFRQVL
GHUDGDFRPRXQRGHORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVPiVOyJLFRV\PiVVHJXURV
GHRUGHQDUHOHVSDFLRYLVXDO$OFRPSDUDUGRVIRUPDVRUD]RQHVVXUJH
ODSURSRUFLyQGiQGRVHQRVyORHQWUHGLPHQVLRQHVVLPSOHVROLQHDOHV
VLQRHQWUHWRGRDTXHOORTXHQRVURGHD&XDQGRQRVVLWXDPRVIUHQWH
DXQSODQRJHRPpWULFR\ORUHODFLRQDPRVFRQODVDUWHVQRSRGHPRV
HVFDSDUDODIDVFLQDFLyQGHOXVRGHODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVJHRPpWULFDV
GRQGHVHFUHDQHLQWHUUHODFLRQDQLPSRUWDQWHVLGHDVHQWUHOD0DWHPi
WLFD\HO$UWH
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
(VWXGLRVUHDOL]DGRVSRUDQWURSyORJRVPXHVWUDQFyPRORVDVSHFWRVHV
WUXFWXUDOHVGHXQGLVHxRVRQXWLOL]DGRVHQXQDFXOWXUDSDUDGHWHUPLQDU
ORTXHHVFRUUHFWRRFXOWXUDOPHQWHDSURSLDGRSHUR¢4XpWLSRGHyUGHQ
GHWHUPLQDQHVWDVUHVSXHVWD"/DVLPHWUtDHVXQWLSRGHyUGHQTXHVHVL
W~DHQXQDVXSHU¿FLHOLVDELGLPHQVLRQDO\SXHGHVHUUHÀHMDGRGHXQD
IRUPDFRQFHSWXDOVREUHGLFKRSODQRGiQGRVHHQHVWHWLSRGHIHQyPH
QRWUHVFDWHJRUtDV¿QLWRXQLGLPHQVLRQDO\ELGLPHQVLRQDO>:DVKE@
6RODPHQWHXQQ~PHUROLPLWDGRGHVLPHWUtDVVRQODVDSURSLDGDVDXQ
WLSRGHFXOWXUDGDGDORTXHQRVREOLJDSDUDVXFRQRFLPLHQWR\XVR
SRVWHULRUDODQiOLVLV\HVWXGLRGHVXVHVWUXFWXUDV6LHODQiOLVLVGHOD
HVWUXFWXUDGHXQGLVHxRQRVGHPXHVWUDHOXVRFDVXDOGHODVLWXDFLyQ\
FRORFDFLyQGHHVWDVHVWUXFWXUDVHODQiOLVLVGHODVLPHWUtDQRVSUXHED
TXHHVXQDKHUUDPLHQWDGHFODVL¿FDFLyQEDVWDQWHVDWLVIDFWRULD
6LFODVL¿FDPRVORVGLVHxRVSRUVXVVLPHWUtDVDOLJXDOTXHORVREMHWRV
SRU VX FRORU QRV FHQWUDPRV VRODPHQWH HQ XQ DWULEXWR 6L HVWXGLD
PRVODSHUVLVWHQFLDRFDPELRGHHVWHDWULEXWRSRGHPRVGHWHUPLQDU
GHXQDIRUPDPiVVLVWHPiWLFDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRKDELWXDOFRQHOTXH
VHUHODFLRQDQHVRVPRGHORV/DVFODVL¿FDFLRQHVJHRPpWULFDVQRHVWiQ
GLULJLGDVD SUREOHPDVGH FRPSOHMLGDGFXOWXUDO R GH GHVDUUROOR VLQR
TXH GHVFULEHQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH XQ PRGHOR /RV HVWXGLRVRV GH OD
JHRPHWUtDQRFRQVLGHUDQWLSRVGHVLPHWUtDVPiVRPHQRVFRPSOHMDV
HVWDEOHFLHQGRXQDHVFDODMHUiUTXLFDHQWUHHOODVVLQRTXHFODVL¿FDQD
ODVVLPHWUtDVGHXQDPDQHUDGLIHUHQWHV\SDUDHOORXWLOL]DPRVKHUUD
PLHQWDVPDWHPiWLFDVFRPRVRQODWHRUtDGHJUXSRV
*UXSRV&ULVWDORJUi¿FRV3ODQRV
(OHVWXGLRGHODVIRUPDVJHRPpWULFDVEiVLFDVGHODVHTXLSDUWLFLRQHV
GHOSODQRDJUXSDFLRQHVGHFLUFXQIHUHQFLDVWDQJHQWHV\GHODVUHGHV
\SXQWRVHWFFRQVWLWX\HODDUPDGXUDGHODWHRUtDGHORVVLVWHPDVGH
VLPHWUtD\HQORVTXHVHEDVDODFULVWDORJUDItD
(Q WpUPLQRV HVSHFt¿FRV VH FRQVLGHUD OD VLPHWUtD FRPR FRQMXQWR GH
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVLVRPpWULFDVTXHGHMDQLQYDULDQWHJOREDOPHQWHDXQ
REMHWRJHRPpWULFR(OXVRGHORVSULQFLSLRVJHRPpWULFRVGHVLPHWUtD
SDUDODGHVFULSFLyQ\FRPSUHQVLyQGHODVIRUPDVHQODRUQDPHQWDFLyQ
GHFRUDFLyQJHRPpWULFDUHSUHVHQWDODLQWHJUDFLyQGHODVGRVGLVFLSOL
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
QDV\DFLWDGDVFRQDQWHULRULGDGODPDWHPiWLFD\HOGLVHxR/D~QLFD
OLPLWDFLyQGHORVWLSRVGHGLVHxRTXHSXHGHQVHUGHVFULWRVSRUHVWRV
SULQFLSLRVHVTXHGHEHQEDVDUVHHQODUHSHWLFLyQUHJXODUGHPyGXORV
SDWURQHVRPRWLYRVRVHDWLHQHQTXHVHUGLVHxRVTXHVHVLW~DQHQXQD
VXSHU¿FLHHQIXQFLyQGHXQRVPRYLPLHQWRVJHRPpWULFRVUtJLGRV3HUR
WLHQHQODJUDQYHQWDMDGHVHUPDQHMDEOHVSRURUGHQDGRU
7DOFRPRORVHQVD\RVTXtPLFRVHVSHFt¿FRVSHUPLWHQHODQiOLVLVRE
MHWLYR\ODFRPSDUDFLyQGHREMHWRVODGHVFULSFLyQGHORVGLVHxRVSRU
VXVVLPHWUtDVJHRPpWULFDVKDFHQSRVLEOHHOHVWXGLRVLVWHPiWLFRGHVX
IXQFLyQ \ VLJQL¿FDGR GHQWUR GH VX FRQWH[WR FXOWXUDO /DV VLPHWUtDV
JHRPpWULFDVSXHGHQVHUFRQVLGHUDGDVFRPRSDUWHVXQLYHUVDOHV\DTXH
HVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQWRGRVORVGLVHxRVUHSHWLGRVGHXQDIRUPDUHJXODU
/RVPRVDLFRVSODQRVSHULyGLFRVWLHQHQDVRFLDGRVJUXSRVGHVLPH
WUtDV³/RVJUXSRVFULVWDORJUi¿FRVSODQRV´
1RUPDOPHQWHWDOHVHMHPSORVGHVLPHWUtD¿QLWDDEDUFDQVRODPHQWHXQD
SHTXHxDSDUWHGHOPXQGRVLPpWULFRFRQRFLGR\GH¿QLGRSRUORVJHy
PHWUDV\FULVWDOyJUDIRV/DVLPHWUtDHVWXGLDXQRGHORVDVSHFWRVPiV
VXJHUHQWHVHLQWHUHVDQWHVGHOPXQGRGHODJHRPHWUtDODVWUDQVIRUPD
FLRQHVJpQHVLVGHSURFHVRVFUHDWLYRVGLQiPLFRV$VtSXHVHOHVWXGLR
GH ORV FDVRV GH VLPHWUtD QRV SRVLELOLWD FRPSUHQGHU PHMRU HO KHFKR
FRPSRVLWLYR GH OD RUQDPHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLRV \ WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV TXH
DFW~DQVREUHODVFRPSRVLFLRQHV
/DVYDULDGDVFRPELQDFLRQHVGHVLPHWUtDVKDQVLGRFODVL¿FDGDVGHXQD
IRUPDVLVWHPiWLFD\REMHWLYD$WUDYpVGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVTXHGHMDQ
LQYDULDQWH XQD ¿JXUD SRGHPRV FODVL¿FDU WLSRV \ PRGHORV$ OD YH]
TXH ORV PLVPRV PRYLPLHQWRV QRV LQGLFDQ OD JpQHVLV GH ODV ¿JXUDV
YHPRVFRPRVHWUDVODGDQJLUDQURWDQRVHH[SDQGHQ\FRPRDSDUHFHQ
FRQFHSWRVGHHMHVYHFWRUHVFHQWURViQJXORVHWF
&XDQGRFRQWHPSODPRVOD$OKDPEUD\WUDWDPRVGHDSURSLDUQRVGHVX
HVHQFLD VXUJH HO FRQFHSWR GH OD VLPHWUtD \ GH ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV
GHQWURGHXQPXQGRJHRPpWULFRTXHFUHDFRPSRVLFLRQHVFX\RVHOH
PHQWRVVHWUDVODGDQJLUDQHYROXFLRQDQRVHPRGL¿FDQYLVXDOL]iQGRVH
HQVXVWHFKRVSDUHGHVVXHORVHWF(VWHWLSRSDUWLFXODUGHDQiOLVLVFOD
VL¿FDODHVWUXFWXUDVXE\DFHQWHGHODVGHFRUDFLRQHVHVWRHVHOPRGRHQ
TXHODVSDUWHVHOHPHQWRVPRWLYRVXQLGDGHVGHGLVHxRHVWiQRUJDQL
]DGDVGHPDQHUDJOREDOSRUODVVLPHWUtDVJHRPpWULFDVTXHODVUHSLWHQ
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
/D FODVL¿FDFLyQ KDFH KLQFDSLp HQ OD PDQHUD HQ TXH VH UHJXODQ ORV
HOHPHQWRVGHGLVHxRODVFODVHVGHVLPHWUtDTXHHVWHPpWRGRUHYHOD
SXHGHQXVDUVHSDUDGHVFULELURWURVGLVHxRVFX\DVSDUWHVVHUHSLWDQGH
XQPRGRUHJXODU(QODPD\RUtDGHODVIRUPDVGHFRUDGDVHVWHGLVHxR
UHSHWLGROODPDGRPyGXORRSDWUyQHVSODQRRSXHGHVHUDSODQDGR
HQUROODGRGHPRGRTXHHVRVGLVHxRVUHSHWLGRVSXHGDQVHUGHVFULWRV
FRPREDQGDVRWLUDVIULVRVGHGLPHQVLyQLQ¿QLWDRFRPRGLVHxRV
VXSHU¿FLDOHVHQXQSODQRLQ¿QLWRPRVDLFRV)LJ
)LJ)ULVR\0RVDLFRGHDOLFDWDGR$UWH1D]DULWDVLJOR;,9
3DWLRGHORV$UUD\DQHV3DODFLRGH&RPDUHV/D$OKDPEUD*UDQDGD
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
(V QHFHVDULR PRVWUDU XQD YLVLyQ GH ORV PyGXORV R SDWURQHV TXH VH
GDQHQHVWHWLSRGHGHFRUDFLRQHV\ODFODVL¿FDFLyQGHGLVHxRV¿QLWRV
XQLGLPHQVLRQDOHV\ELGLPHQVLRQDOHVFRQHOXVRGHORVGLDJUDPDVGH
ÀXMR\RWUDVGHVFULSFLRQHVGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHVLPHWUtDV\FRORUHV
\DTXHHODQiOLVLVGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHOGLVHxRVHJ~QODVVLPHWUtDVTXH
SURGXFHQORVPRGHORVWLHQHXQYDORUTXHQRVSHUPLWLUiGHVFULELURE
MHWLYDPHQWHODFRORFDFLyQGHGLFKRVPRGHORV6LORVELyORJRVXWLOL]DQ
HOFRQFHSWRGHHYROXFLyQSDUDH[SOLFDUORVFDPELRVVXFHVLYRVHQOD
IRUPDGHYLGDDWUDYpVGHOWLHPSR\ORVItVLFRVXVDQHOFRQFHSWRGH
JUDYHGDGSDUDH[SOLFDUORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHPDVDVORVDQWURSyORJRV
HKLVWRULDGRUHVGHODUWHKDQLQWHQWDGRXVDUHOFRQFHSWRGHHVWLORSDUD
H[SOLFDUORVDVSHFWRVIRUPDOHV(OHVWLORSXHGHVHUXQFRQFHSWRYiOLGR
DQLYHOGHVFULSWLYRGHDQiOLVLVHQHOSDVDGRPXFKRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV
EDVDURQVXVGHVFULSFLRQHVHVWLOtVWLFDVHQODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHIRUPD\
IXQFLyQFRPR.URHEHU>.UR@\6FKDSLUR>6FKDS@0XFKRVDQWURSy
ORJRVWUDWDQDFWXDOPHQWHGHFODVL¿FDUGHXQDPDQHUDPiVVLVWHPiWLFD
ORVFRQFHSWRVGHHVWUXFWXUDSDUDGH¿QLUHOHVWLORWRPDQGRSUHVWDGRORV
SULQFLSLRVOLQJtVWLFRV:REVW>:RE@6DOYDGRU>6D@+RGGHU>+RG@
+HPRVYLVWRTXHOD&LHQFLDGHSHQGHGHFODVL¿FDFLRQHVGHXQLGDGHV
TXHSXHGDQVHUHVWXGLDGDVGHPDQHUDGH¿QLGD\H[SOtFLWDHVWDVXQL
GDGHVQRVSHUPLWHQREVHUYDUGHXQDIRUPDVLVWHPiWLFDORVIHQyPHQRV
\GHVFULSFLRQHVGHUHJXODULGDG
(Q'XUHURHVFULELyXQOLEURVREUHJHRPHWUtDWLWXODGR8QWHUZHL
VXQJGHU0HVVXQJPLWGHU=LUFNHOXQG5LFKWVKHLWLQ/LQLHQ(EHQHQ
XQGJDQ]HQ.|USHQ,QVWUXFFLyQSDUDODPHGLGDFRQHOFRPSiV\OD
UHJODGHOtQHDVSODQRV\WRGRWLSRGHFXHUSRVUHXQLGDSRU$OEHU
WR'XUHURHQSURYHFKRGHWRGRVORVD¿FLRQDGRVDODUWHFRQODVFR
UUHVSRQGLHQWHV¿JXUDVGRQGHGHVDUUROODHVWDV\RWUDVLQIRUPDFLRQHV
DFHUFDGHORVSROtJRQRVUHJXODUHVXVDGRVSRUORVDUWLVWDVGHVXpSRFD
HQ$OHPDQLD
&LHQDxRVPiVWDUGH.HSOHUGHVDUUROODXQRVHVWXGLRVPiVFRQFLHQ]X
GRVVREUHORVSROLHGURVUHJXODUHV\HQHVFULEHXQDPRQRJUDItD
VREUHHOFRSRGHQLHYHTXHFRQVLGHUDEDHOHQVDPEODMHGHORVFtUFXORV
HQXQSODQR\ODVHVIHUDVHQHOHVSDFLR(OWUDEDMRGH.HSOHUVHSXHGH
FRQVLGHUDUFRPRHOSUHFXUVRUGHODFULVWDORJUDItDHVWXGLRGHOTXHHQ
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
HOVLJOR;,;VHUHFRJLyWRGDODLQIRUPDFLyQPDWHPiWLFD\TXHQRVR
WURVDFWXDOPHQWHWHQHPRVHQGLVHxRVUHSHWLGRV$OSULQFLSLRGHOVLJOR
;,;+HVVHOHQFRQWUyORVWLSRVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVGHFULVWDOHVGL
VHxRVUHSHWLGRVWULGLPHQVLRQDOHVTXHDFWXDOPHQWHD~QVHXWLOL]DQ
/RV QRPEUHV DQWHV FLWDGRV GH %UDYtDV -RUGDQ 6RKQFNH %DUORZ \
6FKRHQÀLHV¿JXUDQGHXQDIRUPDPX\GHVWDFDGDHQHOHVIXHU]RFRQ
VLGHUDEOHTXHFXOPLQyFRQODOLVWDFRPSOHWDGHORVGLVHxRVUHSH
WLGRV WULGLPHQVLRQDOHV SXEOLFDGRV SRU )HGRURY HQ (VWRV
JUXSRVHVSDFLDOHVVHUHGXFHQDFXDQGRQRVUHIHULPRVDOSODQR
/DHQXPHUDFLyQGHORVJUXSRVFULVWDORJUi¿FRVSODQRVIXHSXEOL
FDGDSRU)HGRURY\VXWUDEDMRDSDUHFLyVRODPHQWHHQ5XVLD&XULRVD
PHQWHHQVXPRPHQWRIXHFRQVLGHUDGRGHSRFRLQWHUpVSDUDODFULVWD
ORJUDItD(Q*3RO\D\31LJJOLGHPXHVWUDQODH[LVWHQFLDGH
ORVJUXSRVFULVWDORJUi¿FRVSODQRV'HVGHHQWRQFHVVHKDFRPHQ
]DGRODE~VTXHGDGHGHFRUDFLRQHVSHULyGLFDVGHOSODQRHQREUDVGH
DUWHGHGHWHUPLQDGDVFXOWXUDVTXHKDQGHVWDFDGRHQHVWDVUHDOL]DFLR
QHVFRQVWLWX\HQGROD3UHKLVWRULDGHOD7HRUtDGH*UXSRV/DVHJXQGD
HGLFLyQGHODWHRUtDGHJUXSRVGH6SHLVHUIXHODSULPHUDTXH
KL]RPHQFLyQ\SXVRDWHQFLyQVREUHODVPDWHPiWLFDVEDViQGRVHHQ
HVWRVUHVXOWDGRV/DSXEOLFDFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVSRUXQRV
\RWURVKDQGDGRRULJHQDFRQWURYHUVLDV
3RUHMHPSORHOFLWDGR+:H\ODVHJXUDTXHODVSRVLELOLGDGHVHUDQ
FRQRFLGDVSRUORVDUWHVDQRVGHO³YLHMR´(JLSWR)HMHV7yWKHQ5HJX
ODU)LJXUHV>)H7R@D¿UPDTXHHQOD$OKDPEUDGH*UDQDGDKD\XQD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQJHRPpWULFDGHFDGDXQRGHORVPRGHORVSRVLEOHV
SRUHOFRQWUDULR%*UQEDXP>*U6K@VRVWLHQHTXHORVHJLSFLRV
VyORXWLOL]DURQSRVLELOLGDGHV\TXHORVFRQVWUXFWRUHVGHOD$OKDP
EUDOOHJDURQDREWHQHUYDULDQWHV
8QDYH]TXHIXHURQGHVFXELHUWDV>3*@ODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVJHRPp
WULFDVGHORVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVJUXSRVHQOD$OKDPEUDIXHHGLWDGDHQ
SRUOD$VRFLDFLyQGH3URIHVRUHVGH0DWHPiWLFDVGH$QGDOXFtD
XQDPRQRJUDItDVREUHODJHRPHWUtDGHOD$OKDPEUDHQGRQGHDSDUH
FHQHVWXGLDGRVSRUSULPHUDYH]>0R$@ORVPRGHORVDOOtSUHVHQWHV
'6'\H>'\@SXEOLFD&KLQHVH/DWWLFH'HVLJQVHQGRQGHDSDUHFHQ
HVWXGLDGRVPRGHORVUHFRJLGRVGHODFXOWXUDFKLQD
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
'HHVWHPRGRVHGHVFXEUHODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDWHRUtDLQJHQXDGHJUX
SRV HQ HO GLVHxR GH GHFRUDFLRQHV FRPR ODV PHQFLRQDGDV DQWHULRU
PHQWH\DTXHVLQFRQRFHUVHHOFRQFHSWRPDWHPiWLFRGHJUXSRVHXWL
OL]DURQODVHVWUXFWXUDVEiVLFDVSRVLEOHVSDUDODFUHDFLyQGHFLHUWRV
GLVHxRVVLPpWULFRVSODQRVKR\HQGtDLQWHUSUHWDGRVFRPRPRVDLFRV
SHULyGLFRV$HVWDHWDSDODGHQRPLQDPRV3UHKLVWRULDGHOD7HRUtDGH
*UXSRV
9LVLyQPDWHPiWLFDDFWXDOGHODGHFRUDFLyQ,VOiPLFD
(OXVRGHORVSULQFLSLRVJHRPpWULFRVGHVLPHWUtDSDUDODGHVFULSFLyQ\
FRPSUHQVLyQGHODVIRUPDVHQODRUQDPHQWDFLyQGHFRUDFLyQJHRPp
WULFDUHSUHVHQWDODLQWHJUDFLyQGHODV\DDQWHULRUPHQWHFLWDGDVGLVFL
SOLQDVGHODPDWHPiWLFD\HOGLVHxR/D~QLFDOLPLWDFLyQGHORVWLSRV
GHGLVHxRTXHSXHGHQVHUGHVFULWRVSRUHVWRVSULQFLSLRVGHEHEDVDUVH
HQODUHSHWLFLyQUHJXODUGHPyGXORVSDWURQHVRPRWLYRV7LHQHQTXH
VHUGLVHxRVTXHVHVLW~DQHQXQDVXSHU¿FLHHQIXQFLyQGHXQRVPRYL
PLHQWRVJHRPpWULFRVUtJLGRVSHURFRQODJUDQYHQWDMDGHVHUPDQH
MDEOHVSRURUGHQDGRU
¢4XpWLSRVGHyUGHQHVGLIHUHQWHVSXHGHQH[LVWLUHQXQPLVPRVLVWHPD
GHGLVHxR"/DVLPHWUtDHVXQDFODVHGHRUGHQSHURVHJXUDPHQWHQR
HVHO~QLFRVLVWHPDRUGHQDGRTXHFRQWULEX\HDODHVWUXFWXUDWRWDOGH
XQVLVWHPDGHGLVHxRGDGReVWH~OWLPRSXHGHFDUDFWHUL]DUVHSRUXQD
HVWUXFWXUD VLPpWULFD SRU XQD HVWUXFWXUD UtWPLFD SRU XQD HVWUXFWXUD
UHSHWLWLYDHWF&DGDXQRGHHOORVHVXQWLSRGLIHUHQWHGHRUGHQTXH
FRGL¿FDORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
&XDQGRODHVWUXFWXUDVHRUJDQL]DHQXQDFODVHGHVXEGLYLVLRQHVHV
WUXFWXUDOHVUHSLWLpQGRVHHQIRUPD\WDPDxRSHURQRHQWRQRQLFR
ORU OD HVWUXFWXUD JHQHUDGD SXHGH GHFLUVH TXH HV GH P~OWLSOH UHSH
WLFLyQ7RGRHVRKDFHTXHRUJDQLFHPRVODVLGHDVHVWDEOHFLHQGRXQD
FODVL¿FDFLyQGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
5RViFHDVWLSRV
)ULVRVWLSRV\
0RVDLFRVSHULyGLFRVWLSRV
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
6LODUHGHVWiIRUPDGDSRUSROtJRQRVUHJXODUHVLGpQWLFRVVHJ~Q
GRVGLUHFFLRQHVVHOODPDUiPRVDLFRUHJXODU
6LODUHGODIRUPDQGRVRPiVSROtJRQRVUHJXODUHVFRQGLPHQ
VLRQHVDSURSLDGDVSDUDTXHDFRSOHQELHQVHWUDWDGHPRVDLFRV
VHPLUHJXODUHV
6LODUHGHVWiIRUPDGDSRUSROtJRQRVFRQJUXHQWHVWHQGUHPRV
PRVDLFRVSHULyGLFRVRQR
(QORVGLVHxRVGHPRVDLFRVXQDYH]TXHVHKDHVWXGLDGRXQGLVHxR
PRGXODUVHSXHGHSURFHGHUDWUDYpVGHGHVDUUROORVFRPELQDWRULRV\
GHVLPHWUtDGHWUDVODFLyQ\RGHURWDFLyQDODIRUPDFLyQGHXQQ~PH
URQRWDEOHGHYDULDFLRQHVTXHWLHQHQHOPLVPRPRWLYR
'HVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWD¿ORVy¿FRORVPRVDLFRVSXHGHQFRQVLGHUDUVH
FRPRFRPELQDFLRQHVHOHPHQWDOHVGHXQQ~PHURGHSDXWDVDUTXHWtSL
FDV&DGDSROtJRQRWLHQHVXSURSLRDUTXHWLSR\SHUVRQDOLGDGSRUOR
WDQWRFDGDXQDGHODVSRVLEOHVFRPELQDFLRQHVGHHVWRVHOHPHQWRVTXH
UHOOHQDQXQHVSDFLRUHSUHVHQWDQUHODFLRQHVGHOH\HVGHRFXSDFLyQHQ
WUHHVWRVDUTXHWLSRV&DGDXQRVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDOHFFLyQDUTXHWLSR
VHJ~QODPDQHUDGHFRORFDUVH\VXGLVSRVLFLyQ)LJ
)LJ0RVDLFRGH$OLFDWDGR
$OFREDVODWHUDOHVGHO6DOyQGH&RPDUHV/D$OKDPEUD*UDQDGD
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
6REUHHOGLVHxRGHODVWHVHODV
/DVIRUPDVTXHRFXSDQXQDVXSHU¿FLHGHOSODQRSRVHHQGLVWLQWDVGH
QRPLQDFLRQHV WHVHODV D]XOHMRV UHMLOODV HVWUXFWXUDV UHWtFXODV PR
VDLFRVHWF&RPRUHODFLRQHVVHWRPDQYpUWLFHVUHODFLRQHVGHSXQWRV
OtQHDV\ODGRVGHODVXSHU¿FLH2FRPR¿JXUDVVHDSOLFDQDUWLFXODFLR
QHVGHSROtJRQRVUHJXODUHVSDUDRFXSDUXQDVXSHU¿FLHGHGLPHQVLR
QHVH[DFWDV,QWHQWHPRVKDFHUXQVXHOROyJLFDPHQWHOODQRUHFXELHUWR
FRPSOHWDPHQWHFRQEDOGRVDVSRUORWDQWRQRKDEUiDJXMHURVQLVR
ODSDPLHQWRV¢4XpIRUPDWHQGUtDQODVEDOGRVDVTXHXWLOLFHPRV"8Q
SUREOHPD DQiORJR VH SODQWHD FXDQGR TXHUHPRV UHFXEULU XQ ]yFDOR
FRQD]XOHMRV<HQJHQHUDOFXDQGRVHGHVHHUHFXEULUXQDVXSHU¿FLH
FRQWHVHODVGHFXDOTXLHUWLSR6HSXHGHLQWHQWDUKDFHUPRVDLFRVFRQ
FRPELQDFLRQHVGHSROtJRQRVUHJXODUHVGHGLYHUVDVHVSHFLHVTXHWHQ
JDQVXVODGRVGHODPLVPDORQJLWXGHQFX\RFDVRODVVROXFLRQHVVRQ
PX\QXPHURVDV
/RV UHVXOWDGRV TXH VLJXHQ VRQ ELHQ FRQRFLGRV HQ HO FDPSR PDWH
PiWLFRYpDQVHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGH>&R[@\>$&3*5*@\FRQ
HOORV VH SUHWHQGH XQL¿FDU FULWHULRV \ HYLWDU GLYDJDFLRQHV \D TXH VL
REYLDPRVHVWRVFULWHULRVGHFODVL¿FDFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWHDFHSWD
GRVFDGDSHUVRQDSRGUtDRIUHFHUODVVX\DVSURSLDVHQWUDQGRHQXQD
GLQiPLFDSRFRFLHQWt¿FD\VREUHWRGRDEVXUGD
$FWXDOPHQWH ODV )DFXOWDGHV GH %HOODV $UWHV YDQ LQFRUSRUDQGR OD
FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO SRWHQFLDO GH FUHDWLYLGDG HQ OD SUiFWLFD GHO DUWH \
GHOGLVHxRTXHVHxDODQODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV8QRGHORVDVSHFWRV
GHLQWHUpVVHFHQWUDHQODLQWHUDFFLyQGHHVWDViUHDVTXHVHFRQYLHUWH
FDGDYH]PiVHQXQSURFHVRGHFRODERUDFLyQ\GLVWULEXFLyQFRPRHUD
HOGHQXHVWURVDQWHSDVDGRV\DTXHDFWXDOPHQWHQRSXHGHKDEHUXQ
DSUHQGL]DMHFUHDWLYRVLQKDFHUXQDUHIHUHQFLDDORVQXHYRVPRGHORV
FLHQWt¿FRV
/RVPRVDLFRVUHJXODUHV
/RVWULiQJXORVHTXLOiWHURVORVFXDGUDGRV\ORVKH[iJRQRVUHJXODUHV
VRQORV~QLFRVSROtJRQRVUHJXODUHVTXHSRUVtVRORVWHVHODQHOSODQR
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
HXFOtGHR (Q HO FDVR GH TXH ODV WHVHODV SRVHDQ FHQWUR GH VLPHWUtD
OODPDUHPRVSROtJRQRVHQORVFHQWURVDORVTXHVHREWLHQHQXQLHQGR
PHGLDQWHVHJPHQWRVUHFWLOtQHRVORVFHQWURVGHDTXHOODVWHVHODVTXH
URGHDQFRQVHFXWLYDPHQWHDXQYpUWLFH
8QLHQGRLJXDOTXHDQWHVORVSXQWRVPHGLRVGHORVODGRVGHORVSROt
JRQRVTXHURGHDQDXQYpUWLFH\TXHDFW~DQFRPRWHVHODVVHREWLHQHQ
ORVSROtJRQRVHQORVSXQWRVPHGLRV&XDQGRODWHVHODFLyQGHOSODQR
HXFOtGHR VH KDFH FRQ FRSLDV GH XQ VyOR SROtJRQR UHJXODU URGHDQGR
YpUWLFHVGHWDOIRUPDTXHODGLVWULEXFLyQGHWHVHODVHQFDGDYpUWLFHHV
VLHPSUHODPLVPD\ORVSROtJRQRVHQORVFHQWURV\HQORVSXQWRVPH
GLRVVRQUHJXODUHVGLUHPRVTXHKHPRVFRQVWUXLGRXQPRVDLFRUHJXODU
)LJ
)LJ0RVDLFRVUHJXODUHV
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
/RVPRVDLFRVVHPLUUHJXODUHV
/ODPDUHPRVPRVDLFRVHPLUUHJXODUDODVWHVHODFLRQHVKHFKDVFRQGRV
RPiVWLSRVGHSROtJRQRVUHJXODUHV\HQODVFXDOHVH[LVWDXQVyORWLSR
GH SROtJRQR HQ ORV SXQWRV PHGLRV (O PHQRU Q~PHUR GH SROtJRQRV
UHJXODUHVQHFHVDULRVSDUDURGHDUXQYpUWLFHHVWUHV\HOPi[LPRVHLV
([LVWHQVRODPHQWHWLSRVGHPRVDLFRVVHPLUUHJXODUHV)LJ
)LJ0RVDLFRVVHPLUUHJXODUHV
/DFRQGLFLyQGHTXHH[LVWDXQVyORWLSRGHSROtJRQRVHQORVSXQWRV
PHGLRVHVHTXLYDOHQWHDGHFLUTXHODGLVWULEXFLyQGHSROtJRQRVUHJX
ODUHVDOUHGHGRUGHFXDOTXLHUYpUWLFHHVVLHPSUHODPLVPD\DTXHHQ
FXDOTXLHURWURFDVRYDULDUtDHOWLSRGHSROtJRQRHQORVSXQWRVPHGLRV
(Q>*U6K@SVHGHPXHVWUDTXHQRSXHGHQIRUPDUVHPRVDLFRV
XWLOL]DQGRXQVyORWLSRGHSROtJRQRFRQYH[RFRQPiVGHVHLVODGRV
7RGRVORVFXDGULOiWHURVUHOOHQDQSODQR7RGRVORVWULiQJXORVWHVHODQ
HOSODQR(VUHODWLYDPHQWHIiFLOSURGXFLUGLVHxRVGHPRVDLFRVXWLOL
]DQGR SROtJRQRV FyQFDYRV 6L LQWHQWDPRV UHDOL]DUORV FRQ HVWUHOODV
RSROtJRQRVUHJXODUHVHVWUHOODGRVSXHGHFRPSUREDUVHTXHQRSRGH
PRV KDFHUOR 8WLOL]DQGR VRODPHQWH SROtJRQRV UHJXODUHV HVWUHOODGRV
QRSXHGHIRUPDUVHXQPRVDLFR
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
$QiOLVLVGHDOJXQRVPRVDLFRVGHOD$OKDPEUD
6LSDUWLPRVGHHVWRVPRVDLFRVODVWHVHODVHVWDUiQIRUPDGDVSRU³ORV
SROtJRQRVQD]DULWDV´)LJ
(QHVWHDQiOLVLVVHWLHQHQTXHPRVWUDUHQFDGDFDVRXQD³WHVHODEiVL
FD´\XQDUHJLyQJHQHUDWUL]TXHQRVRQPiVTXHORVWUR]RVPtQLPRV
DORVTXHVHDSOLFDHOJUXSRGHWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV\
SDUD ORV TXH XWLOL]DUHPRV OD QRWDFLyQ FULVWDORJUi¿FD LQWHUQDFLRQDO
FRPRUHVXOWDGRVHJHQHUDHOPRVDLFRFRPSOHWR
)LJ3ROtJRQRVQD]DULWDV5HYLVWDPRQRJUi¿FD(SVLORQSiJ
)LJ$OLFDWDGR$UWH1D]DUtVLJOR;,9;9/D$OKDPEUD*UDQDGD
0XVHR1DFLRQDOGH$UWH+LVSDQR0XVXOPiQQ
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
$VtPLVPRSDUDODFUHDFLyQGHRWURVGLVHxRVVHWLHQHTXHGDUWDPELpQ
VHJ~QORVFDVRVXQDWHVHODEiVLFDSDUDHOGLVHxR³GHVFRORULGR´HV
GHFLUVXSULPLpQGROHFRORULQVFULSFLRQHVGHFRUDFLyQYHJHWDOHWF
\DTXHDSDUWLUGHHOOD\XWLOL]DQGRHOORVPpWRGRVGHFRORUDFLyQ
SRGHPRV JHQHUDU QXHYDV VLWXDFLRQHV TXH WDPELpQ HVWiQ WRWDOPHQWH
WDEXODGDVHQFXDQWRDVXQ~PHURVHUH¿HUH)LJ
)LJ7DEODGHHTXLYDOHQFLDVGHODQRWDFLyQFULVWDORJUi¿FD
5HYLVWDPRQRJUi¿FD(SVLORQSiJ
)LJ&XDGURGHORVJHQHUDGRUHVVREUHODUHJLyQXQLGDG
GHORVJUXSRVFULVWDORJUi¿FRVSODQRV
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
(QVtQWHVLVORVSDVRVDVHJXLUHQFDGDFDVRVHUtDQKDFHUXQHVWXGLR
H[KDXVWLYRHQHOTXH6HDQDOL]DODIRUPDGHODVWHVHODV6HHVWX
GLDODVLPHWUtDGHOPRVDLFR6HFODVL¿FDVHJ~QHO*UXSRFULVWDORJUi
¿FRSODQRTXHOHFRUUHVSRQGD6HPXHVWUDXQFRQMXQWRJHQHUDGRU6H
GLVHxDQGRVWHVHODVEiVLFDV\XQDUHJLyQJHQHUDWUL]
$FRQWLQXDFLyQKDFLHQGRXVRGHORUGHQDGRUVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUORV
GLVHxRVTXHVHGLVHxDQHQEODQFR\QHJURDSDUWLUGHODVIRUPDVEi
VLFDVGHORVDQWHVGLFKR/DWHVHODEiVLFDQRHV~QLFD3RUWDQWR
VL FDPELDPRV OD IRUPD GH OD WHVHOD EiVLFD VH FRQVHJXLUtDQ QXHYRV
PRGHORVLVRPRUIRVDORVTXHREWXYLpVHPRVSDUDRWUDIRUPDGHWHVHOD
EiVLFDGHOPLVPRGLVHxREiVLFR
)LJ$OJRULWPRGHFODVL¿FDFLyQGHORVJUXSRV
)LJ*UXSRFURPiWLFRS
)LJ'HVFRORULGRJUXSRS
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
$ODQDOL]DUVXVVLPHWUtDVVHHOLJHXQDGHODVLQ¿QLWDVWHVHODVEiVLFDV
SDUDFDGDFDVR(QFDVRVDQWHULRUHVVHSUHVHQWDQDPRGRGHHMHPSOR
FyPRYDUtDQORVGLVHxRVVLQPiVTXHWRPDURWUDWHVHODEiVLFDDXQTXH
PDWHPiWLFDPHQWHKDEODQGRORVGLVHxRVVRQLVRPRUIRVSRUWHQHUDVR
FLDGRLJXDOJUXSRELFRORU
)LJ(VTXHPDGHVLPHWUtDV
6LVWHPiWLFDPHQWHVHWLHQHTXH
(VWXGLDU ORV VXEJUXSRV GH tQGLFH GHO JUXSR DVRFLDGR DO PRVDLFR
GHVFRORULGR ORV HOHPHQWRV GH VLPHWUtD GHO VXEJUXSR GHMDUDQ LQ
YDULDQWH ORV FRORUHV GHO PRVDLFR /RV GHO JUXSR TXH QR HVWiQ HQ HO
VXEJUXSRORVSHUPXWDQ
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
)LJ5HJLyQXQLGDG\WHVHODVEiVLFDVUHVXOWDQWHV
&RORUHDUGHEODQFR\QHJURHQLJXDOSURSRUFLyQODWHVHODEiVLFDVH
H[WLHQGHHOFRORUSRUDSOLFDFLyQGHODOJRULWPRGHVFULWRDQWHULRUPHQWH
6HDQDOL]DQODVVLPHWUtDVGHOPRVDLFRUHVXOWDQWH\SRU~OWLPRVHFOD
VL¿FDQXHYDPHQWHLQGLFDQGRHOJUXSRFRFLHQWHTXHORKDJHQHUDGR
ORVJHQHUDGRUHV\GHPiVHOHPHQWRVGHVLPHWUtDGHOJUXSRDVRFLDGR
DOQXHYRGLVHxR
)LJ*UXSRVELFRORU
2EVHUYDPRVHOPRVDLFRDDQDOL]DU\HOSULPHUSUREOHPDTXHVHQRV
SODQWHDHVVXFODVL¿FDFLyQDWUDYpVGHXQDOJRULWPRTXHQRVD\XGH
GHXQDPDQHUDVLVWHPiWLFD(VLPSRUWDQWH\FRQYHQLHQWHFRQRFHUXQ
VLVWHPDGHJHQHUDGRUHVSDUDFDGDJUXSR\DVtD\XGDUQRVHQVXFODVL
¿FDFLyQ
)LJ0RVDLFRELFRORUUHVXOWDQWHSS
)LJ$OJRULWPRGHFODVL¿FDFLyQGHOJUXSRSS
&RQODWpFQLFDXWLOL]DGDHOQ~PHURGHFUHDFLRQHVDUWtVWLFDVHVLQ¿QL
WRSXGLHQGRVHUGHXWLOLGDGHQHOiUHDGHODSOiVWLFD\GHDSOLFDFLyQ
\ GHVDUUROORHQORV FDPSRVGHOGLVHxRJUi¿FR LQGXVWULDO D]XOHMRV
WHODVHWF
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
%,%/,2*5$)Ë$
>'\@'<('6
&KLQHVH/DWWLFH'HVLJQV'RYHU1HZ<RUN>)UDQ@)5$1.(
+ : 0DWKHPDWLFV$V DQ$UWLVWLF*HQHUDWLYH 3ULQFLSOH /HRQDUGR
SS
>)H7R@)(-(6727+/
5HJXODU)LJXUHV3HUJDPRQ3UHVV1HZ<RUN
>*UDE@*5$%$52
/D$OKDPEUDLFRQRJUDItDIRUPDV\YDORUHV$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO6$
0DGULGSS
>*0@*20(=025(120
3ULPHUD\6HJXQGD3DUWHGHOD5HJODGHOD&DUSLQWHUtDKHFKRSRU'
/ySH]GH$UHQDV(GLFIDFVtPLOFRQLQWURGXFFLyQ\JORVDULRSRU0D
QXHO*yPH]0RUHQR,QVWLWXWR9DOHQFLDGH'RQ-XDQ0DGULG
SS
>*U6K@*5h1%$80%6+(3$5'*&
7H(LJWK\RQH7\SHVRI,VRKHGUDO7LOLQJVLQWKH3ODQH0DWK3URF
&DPEULGJH3KLO6RFSS
>+RG@+2''(5,
6\PEROVLQ$FWLRQ(WKQRDUFKDHRORJLFDO6WXGLHVRI0DWHULDO&XOWXUH
&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
>.UR@.52(%(5$/
6W\OHDQG&LYLOL]DWLRQ,WKDFD&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
'(6'((/(678',2'(/26(/(0(1726'(6,0(75Ë$'(/26
>0R$@0217(6,126$0,/,%,$-0
&DOHLGRVFRSLRV\*UXSRV&ULVWDORJUi¿FRVHQOD$OKDPEUD(SVLORQ
SS
>1XH@18(5((
/DFDUSLQWHUtDGHOR%ODQFR/HFWXUDGLEXMDGDGHOSULPHUPDQXVFULWR
GH'LHJR/ySH]GH$UHQDVSS,QVWLWXWRGHOD-XYHQWXG3URPR
FLyQ&RPXQLWDULD0DGULG
>3*@3e5(=*20(=5
$OLFDWDGRV&ROHFFLyQ©9,92/$$/+$0%5$ª3UR\HFWR6XUGH
(GLFLRQHV*UDQDGDSS
>39@35,(729,9(6$
(O$UWHGHOD/DFHUtD&ROHJLRGH,QJHQLHURVGH&DPLQRV&DQDOHV\
3XHUWRV0DGULGSS
>39*0@35,(729,9(6<*20(=025(12
(OOD]R'HFRUDFLyQ*HRPpWULFD0XVXOPDQD0DGULG
>6D@6$/9$'250/
<HUUD'DLOHJH.XQD:RPHQ¶V$UW
$OEXTXHUTXH0D[ZHOO0XVHXPRI$QWKURSRORJ\
>6FKDS@6&+$3,520%
7KH 5RWDWLRQ RI 'UDZLQJV E\ ,OOLWHUDWH$IULFDQV -RXUQDO RI 6RFLDO
3V\FRORJ\SS
>6SH@63(,6(5$
7KHRULHGHU*UXSSHQYRQ(QGOLFKHU2UGQXQJHG%HUOLQ6SULQJHU
>7UXF@758&+(76
7KH7LOLQJV3DWWHUQRI6HEDVWLDHQ7UXFKHWDQGWKH7RSRORJ\RI6WUXF
WXUDO+LHUDUFK\SRU&66PLWK\3%RXFKHU/HRQDUGR9RO
QSS
)(51$1'2+(51È1'(=52-2
>:DVKE@:$6+%851'.
7KH8VHIXOQHVVRI7\SRORJLFDO$QDO\VLVIRU8QGHUVWDQGLQJ$VSHFWV
RI6RXWKZHVWHUQ3UHKLVWRULF6RPH&RQÀLFWLQJ5HWXUQVIURP'HVLJQ
$QDO\VLV HQ ©5HJLRQDO$QDO\VLV RI 3UHKLVWRULF &HUDPLF 9DULDWLRQ
&RQWHPSRUDU\6WXGLHVRIWKH&LEROD:KLWHZDUHVªHGLWDGRSRU$6X
OOLYDQDQG-+DQWPDQSS
$QWKURSRORJLFDO5HVHDUFK3DSHUVQ7HPSH$UL]RQD6WDWH8QL
YHUVLW\
>:DVKE&URR@'.:$6+%851':&52:(
6\PPHWULHVRI&XOWXUH7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFHRI3ODQH3DWWHUQ$QDO\VLV
8QLYHUVLW\RI:DVKLQJWRQ3UHVV6HDWWOHDQG/RQGRQ
>:H\@:(</+
/D6LPHWUtD3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
(GLFLRQHVGH3URPRFLyQ&XOWXUDO6$%DUFHORQD
>:RE@:2%670
6W\OLVWLF%HKDYLRUDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ([FKDQJH,Q©)RUWKH'LUHFWRU
5HVHDUFK(VVD\VLQ+RQRURI-DPHV%*ULI¿QªHGLWDGRSRU&&OH
ODQG$QWURSRORJLFDOSDSHUVQ$QQ$UERU8QLYHUVLW\
RI0LFKLJDQ