Name: All is Well

Section: BSA-2B

AG: 3

Lesson 6. Review of Related Literature

ACTIVITY 6.

1. Write your research problem/question and look for published literature from the web. Extract
relevant information and collate them in a Review of Related Literature. Review at least 50
published articles from trusted sites as mentioned in the Lesson.

Research problem/question: What’s in the Onion, Why does Anthracnose twister develop
and how it can be prevented.
Context:

Objectives:
General: to develop the Integrated management strategies against of Anthracnose of Allium cepa
and

Specific: to determine for safety for using Remote sensing for tracking anthracnose disease
to evaluate the effective frequency of application of commercially available fungicide against
anthracnose of onion

Hypotheses
1. Anthracnose of Allium cepa can be effectively managed by cultural process, and that
2. Applying the Integrated Pest Management in field of Allium cepa
3. Anthracnose twister on Allium cepa can be prevent avoid overhead water and over watering.
Write your literature reviews in the following format:

1. TITLE: Pathological response and biochemical changes in Allium cepa L.(bulb onions)
infected with anthracnose-twister disease

Subject: Development of novel ways to address the losses and decreased production of onion in
the Philippines due to diseases, has been of great interest since 1996.

Purpose: to achieve this, basic knowledge on the pathogenesis and host response are crucial in
developing resistant varieties.

Key points/findings: Results generated from the pathogenicity test confirmed Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides and Gibberella moniliformis are both pathogenic to the three onion cultivars
tested (Yellow Granex, Red Creole and Shallot).

Citation (in APA format): RT Alberto Plant Pathology & Quarantine 4 (1), 23-31, 2014

2. TITLE: Disease risk map of anthracnose-twister of onion based on previous disease locations
as a future predictors

Subject: Understanding the disease epidemiology of anthracnose-twister disease provide us with

information about the spread of disease in different areas with different climates which
necessitates site specific disease predictions, management and spread of infection to other areas.

Purpose: The disease had spread in Nueva Ecija and neighboring onion growing provinces in
Luzon. To prevent the same situation in the future, disease risk maps could be of great value
among decision makers and farmers to minimize damage and losses due to the disease.

Key points/findings: To mitigate the situation in these areas it is recommended to avoid using
white onion varieties which is very susceptible to anthracnose-twister, and spray potential
fungicides 1 week after transplanting.

Citation (in APA format): RT Alberto, MF Isip, AR Biagtan, RC Tagaca Spatial Information
Research 27 (3), 259-265, 2019
3. TITLE: Extraction of onion fields infected by anthracnose-twister disease in selected
municipalities of Nueva Ecija using UAV imageries

Subject: This technology can give an updated information on the geoinformation and plant health
status of the areas by conducting image analysis and classification processes using imageries
captured by satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).

Purpose: The manifestations of this disease in onion areas are very visible in aerial imageries
captured by UAV’s, thus, these imageries were utilized in extracting infected onion areas in the
fields.

Key points/findings: These, maps were turned over to the decision makers and extension workers
to raise the level of awareness on the infestation and used as monitoring tool in disease spread
prevention as well as in planning for disease and pesticide management and environmental
protection.

Citation (in APA format): RT Alberto, JCE Rivera, AR Biagtan, MF Isip Spatial Information
Research 28 (3), 383-389, 2020

4. TITLE: First Report on Association of Meloidogyne graminicola in Twister Disease of

Onion:An Emerging Problem in Coastal Tract of India

Subject: Onion crop grown in west coast of sothern India has been seriously affected by the
problem of onion twister disease charetorized by the symptoms viz., twisting of leaf and neck,
slight to prominent galls in roots with root proliferation and scanty discolouration of root system.

Purpose: Survey carried out during rabi/summer of 2011-12 and 2012-13 revealed the
prevalence of such disease in all the major onion cultivating areas of Karnataka (India).

Key points/findings: The highest disease index of 29.37 and 24.05 per cent was noticed Uttar
Kannada district during 2011-12 and 2012-13 respectively. Aetiological investigations revealed
the association of a nematode with symptomatic onion plants having root galls.

Citation (in APA format): PATIL, S., Nargund, V. B., HEGDE, G., Lingaraju, S., &
Srinivasaraghavan, A. (2017). First report on association of Meloidogyne graminicola in twister
disease of onion: An emerging problem in coastal tract of India.  Indian Phytopathology, 70(1),
104-108.
5. TITLE: Forecasting anthracnose-twister disease using weather based parameters:
geographically weighted regression focus

Subject: The aim of this study is to identify the environmental factors that may influence the
onion anthracnose-twister disease incidence and severity.

Purpose: Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) analysis was used to identify the
dominant environmental factors that might influence the occurrence of Anthracnose-twister
disease of onion using Geographic Information System approach.

Key points/findings: The predictive surface map generated from GWR model was able to predict
the occurrence of the disease in onion field by as much as 86% in the study area. The results of
the study can be used to forecast the occurrence of anthracnose-twister disease in the onion fields
the future.

Citation (in APA format): Miguelito Isip, Ronaldo Alberto, Ariel Biagtan Spatial Information
Research, 1-10, 2021

6. TITLE: Characterization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penzig) Penzig & Sacc.

(anthracnose) and Gibberella moniliformis Wineland (twister) infecting onions in the
Philippines.

Subject: The causal organisms of the anthracnose/twister disease of onion were characterized and
identified using morphological characters and molecular markers to assess the diversity of the
pathogens.

Purpose: Two fungal isolates, gray-white (GW) and pink (P) isolates were recovered from leaves
and bulbs of onions showing severe anthracnose symptoms. Based on morphological and cultural
characteristics, the GW isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the P
isolates as Colletotrichum acutatum.

Key points/findings: Test for pathogenicity demonstrated that the two species isolated from
onions were the causal agents of the anthracnose/twister disease complex whereby the G.
monililiformis responsible for abnormal neck elongation and twisting of leaves of infected
onions.

Citation (in APA format): Ronaldo T Alberto, Vermando M Aquino Asia Life Sciences-The
Asian International Journal of Life Sciences 19 (1), 23-58, 2010
7. TITLE: Anthracnose, onion twister disease and their control

Subject: Anthracnose and onion twister are serious diseases of raining season. Yield losses are
estimated at 50-100% in several fields. Onion twister disease is characterized by curling,
twisting, and chlorosis of the onion leaves, abnormal elongation of the necks, and formation of
slender bulbs.

Purpose: Inoculation test satisfied Koch's postulates and demonstrated for the first time that this
fungus is the causal agent of onion twister disease. It is possible to explain that onion twister and
leaf anthracnose are two phases of the same disease.

Key points/findings: Field experiment on disease controlling showed both carbendazim and
captafol were the most effective. Captafol is now banded due to its carcinogen. Carbendazim
gave best result at spraying rates of 10 or 15 gm/20 litres with 5 or 10 days intervals.

Citation (in APA format): Nittaya Kanlong, Phan Inchan, Laksana Wannaphi Warasan Rok Phut,
1988

8. TITLE: Exploring vegetation indices adequate in detecting twister disease of onion using
Sentinel-2 imagery.

Subject: Traditional plant disease detection is time consuming and costly, thus an inexpensive
and faster alternative method of detection is needed to send early warning to farmers to prevent
pests and disease infestation and for proper intervention.

Purpose: To provide timely and accurate detection in twister disease of onion, remote sensing
was exploited using Sentinel 2 imageries.

Key points/findings: VI’s generated from Sentinel 2 imagery has the potential in detection,
monitoring and management of twister disease of onion in the field.

Citation (in APA format): Isip, M.F., Alberto, R.T. & Biagtan, A.R. Exploring vegetation indices
adequate in detecting twister disease of onion using Sentinel-2 imagery. Spat. Inf. Res. 28, 369–
375 (2020).
9. TITLE: Disease risk map of anthracnose-twister of onion based on previous disease locations
as a future predictors.

Subject: Understanding the disease epidemiology of anthracnose-twister disease provide us with

information about the spread of disease in different areas with different climates which
necessitates site specific disease predictions, management and spread of infection to other areas.

Purpose: To prevent the same situation in the future, disease risk maps could be of great value
among decision makers and farmers to minimize damage and losses due to the disease.

Key points/findings: A geographic information system is an essential tool in analyzing disease

data associated with geographic locations which can generate spatial distribution, spread and
occurrence of plant diseases in the form of maps.

Citation (in APA format): Alberto, R.T., Isip, M.F. & Biagtan, A.R. Tagaca, RC. Disease risk
map of anthracnose-twister of onion based on previous disease locations as a future predictors.
Spatial Information Research 27 (3) 259-265 2019.

10. TITLE: Dispersal of the conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by rain and the
development of anthracnose on onion.

Subject: The initiation and development of onion anthracnose was found to depend on the
frequency of rainfall and the movement of conidial inoculum during rainfall.

Purpose: Experiments conducted under controlled conditions in the laboratory employing splash
and wash-off assemblies showed that impacting incident water drops (splash) and flowing water
(wash-off) liberated the conidia from the anthracnose lesions of the onion leaf/peduncle.

Key points/findings: A possibility of the dispersal of conidia of C. gloeosporioides from soil to

lower leaf by splash mechanisms and then from the leaves to the neck of the onion bulb and to
the bulb by wash-off mechanisms is indicated.

Citation (in APA format): A. H. Rajasab & H. T. Chawda (1994) Dispersal of the conidia of
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by rain and the development of anthracnose on onion, Grana,
33:3, 162-165, (1994).
11. TITLE: Screening for resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) in
Allium cepa and its wild relatives

Subject: Breeding for resistance to this disease in shallots has been scarcely carried out and has
been primarily focussed on Allium cepa material.

Purpose: Wild species related to shallot might provide sources of resistance and therefore a
screening of this material was carried out

Key points/findings: A genetic analysis of the resistance present in A. roylei to the Brazilian
isolated revealed that it is dominantly inherited and most probably determined by more than one
gene

Citation (in APA format): Guillermo A Galván, WA Wietsma, S Putrasemedja, AH Permadi, C

Kik, Screening for resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) in Allium
cepa and its wild relatives, Euphytica 95 (2), 173-178, 1997

12. TITLE: Importance of the onion leaf twister disease in Ghana and the effect of Trichoderma
Asperellium on the Mycelial Growth and Sporulation of the causalagent

Subject: Studies were carried out to determine the disease incidence and severity of the onion
leaf twister disease in the Eastern Region of Ghana to confirm the aetiology of the disease in the
country.

Purpose: The causal agent was isolated on media and identified using morphological
characteristics, and polymerase chain reaction with the species specific primer CgInt combined
with ITS4 primer.

Key points/findings: The effect of Trichoderma asperellium on the mycelial growth and
sporulation of the causal agent of the disease were determined. The results showed that the
disease incidence was 43.6 per cent and 62.5 per cent in the Kwahu South and Fanteakwa
districts, respectively, with severity of 0.8 and 2.7 respectively, on a scale of 1 – 5

Citation (in APA format): Abbey, L., Danquah, O. A., Kanton, R.A.L. & Olympio, N.S. (2000)
Characteristics and storage performance of eight onion varieties. Ghana Journal of Agricultural
Science 40, 9 – 13.
13. TITLE: Molecular and Pathogenic Diversity of the Causal Agents of Onion Leaf Twister
Disease in Batticaloa District of Sri Lanka

Subject: The present study was aimed to determine molecular and pathogenic variations among
the causal agents of onion leaf twister disease

Purpose: Pathogenic variations of the fungal isolates, in terms of pathogenicity and virulence
were determined in vivo by inoculation assays using red onion (variety Vethalan).

Key points/findings: LTD-infected plants were collected from farmer fields of four locations of
Batticaloa district, Sri Lanka. Possible causal organism/s of LTD were isolated from three
different parts of the infected plants, namely leaves, pseudostem and bulb.

Citation (in APA format): Abang, M. M., Green, K. R., Wanyera, N. W. and Iloba, C. (2001).
Characterization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. from yam (Dioscorea spp.) in Nigeria.
In: Akoroda AO, Ngeve JM. (Eds), Root Crops in the 21st Century. Proceedings of the 7th
Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops–Africa Branch,
Cotonou, Be´nin, 613–615

14. TITLE: Development of integrated disease management program against Anthracnose-

Twister (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides-Gibberella moniliformis) disease of onion (Allium
cepa)

Subject: Anthracnose-Twister disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Gibberella

moniliformis has always been the major problem of onion growers every onion season due to
absence of efficient and cost effective management system, thus, this study was conceptualized
by integrating all the available management approaches to put the disease at bay.

Purpose: The results showed that management program T3 (Benomyl-Propineb-

Difenoconazole~Propiconazole (DP)-Difenoconazole-Carbendazim-Mancozeb-Trichoderma sp.)
had the lowest % disease incidence and severity, where ideal size of the marketable bulbs,
highest number and heaviest weight of the marketable bulbs were also obtained.

Key points/findings: The weather factors prevailing in the area were found to have an influence
in the occurrence and progress of the disease in all the treated plots as well as in the control plots
(T9) as it shows strong relationship between low temperature and small amount of rainfall which
promotes low levels of incidence and severity

Citation (in APA format): Alberto RT. 2014 – Pathological response and biochemical changes
in Allium cepa L. (bulb onions) infected with anthracnose-twister disease. Plant Pathology &
Quarantine, 4(1), 23–31. Doi: 10.5943/ppq/4/1/4
15. TITLE: Remote sensing of diseases

Subject: Detection, identification, and quantification of plant diseases by sensor techniques are
expected to enable a more precise disease control, as sensors are sensitive, objective, and highly
available for disease assessment

Purpose: The information from spectral [e.g., RGB (red, green, blue)], multispectral, and
hyperspectral sensors that measure reflectance, fluorescence, and emission of radiation or from
electronic noses that detect volatile organic compounds released from plants or pathogens, as
well as the potential of sensors to characterize the health status of crops, is evaluated based on
the recent literature.

Key points/findings: Phytopathological aspects of remote sensing of plant diseases across

different scales and for various purposes are discussed, including spatial disease patterns,
epidemic spread of pathogens, crop characteristics, and links to disease control. Future
challenges in sensor use are identified.

Citation (in APA format): Erich-Christian Oerke, Remote sensing of diseases, Annual Review of
Phytopathology 58, 225-252, 2020

16. TITLE: Preliminary Study of Four Isolates of Antagonist Bacteria Against the
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Subject: Anthracnose disease on some important crops is caused by the Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides. Because of this disease, many farmers were suffer a financial loss

Purpose: The conventional way to solve this problem that taken by the farmers is synthetic
fungicides application which has a negative impact on consumers and the environment.

Key points/findings: Antagonistic microorganisms can be used to replace it then and to develop a
biofungicide which is more safety for the consumers and the environment.

Citation (in APA format): Ademe A, Ayalew A, and Woldetsadik K. 2013. Evaluation of
antifungal activity of plant extracts against papaya anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).
Plant Pathology and Microbiology, 4(10):1-14.
17. TITLE: Etiology of Twister Disease Complex in Onion

Subject: In recent years, twister disease of onion has become epidemic in coastal tract and other
onion growing districts of Karnataka which caused heavy loss.

Purpose: Survey carried out during kharif and rabi/summer 2011-12 and 2012-13 revealed
typical symptoms of the disease twisting of leaf, neck with blight as well as dieback
(anthracnose), scanty root system with galls and showing fungal growth was noticed.

Key points/findings: Artificial inoculations of onion seedlings with Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Meloidogyne spp. alone and in combinations expressed
twister disease symptoms. Metabolomic changes like increased total sugars and growth
hormones (IAA and GA) were seen.

Citation (in APA format): Abawi, G. S., Widmer, T. L., Ludwig, J. W., and Mitkowski, N. A.
1999. Biology and management of Meloidogyne hapla on carrots, onions and lettuce in New
York. J. Nematol., 31: 521.

18. TITLE: Field efficacy of chemicals for the management of twister disease of onion

Subject: Twister disease of onion has become epidemic in coastal tract and other onion growing
districts of Karnataka which caused heavy loss, Therefore efforts were made to manage the
disease by chemicals.

Purpose: Field trial was conducted on onion variety Arka kalyna to test the efficacy of fungicides
and insecticides against twister disease of onion under field condition during kharif 2011 and
2012 at MARS Dharwad.

Key points/findings: The study revealed that combined sprays of fungicides and insecticides
effectively managed the disease as well as increased yield of onion.

Citation (in APA format): SURESH Patil, VB Nargund, Field efficacy of chemicals for the
management of twister disease of onion, International Journal of Agricultural Science and
Research 7 (1), 343-346, 2017
19. TITLE: Survey and Surveillance of Twister Disease of Onion In Karnataka

Subject: A roving survey was carried out to know the incidence and severity of twister disease of
onion during 2011-12 and 2012-13 in major onion growing areas of Karnataka.

Purpose: The study revealed that severity of this disease varied from locality to locality. The
severity of disease was also dependent on cropping pattern, environmental conditions prevailing
in different localities and genotype grown.

Key points/findings: Among the districts surveyed the highest per cent disease index(PDI) of
twister disease of 24.05 and 29.37 per cent was observed in Uttar Kannada district, 2012 and
2013 respectively. There was no/negligible amount of disease was observed in Bellary and
Raichur district.

Citation (in APA format): Anonymous, 2005, Investigations on bulb rot and twisting of onion
leaves and it management. Report submitted by Dr. S. T. Yenjerappa, Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Hagari, Bellary to Dept. of Horticulture, GOK, Bangalore.

20. TITLE: Bioefficacy of botanicals against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of onion

Subject: Onion (Allium cepa) (Latin 'cepa' = onion), also known as the bulb onion or common
onion, is used as a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium.) crop
is affected by number of pathogenic fungi, causing significant qualitative and quantitative losses.

Purpose: In this study was conducted to asses bioefficacy of nine botanicals against pathogen
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, by applying Poisoned Food Technique. Experiments were
planned and conducted with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and all the treatments
replicated thrice

Key points/findings: The results revealed that all of the nine botanicals significantly inhibited
mycelial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, over untreated control.

Citation (in APA format): Bajad, A. R., Patil, A. C., Jadhav, R. R., & Shendge, V. S. (2018).
Bioefficacy of botanicals against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of onion. Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5), 1086-1088.
21. TITLE: Biological Control: A Promising Tool for Bulb-Rot and Leaf Twisting Fungal
Diseases in Red Onion (Allium Cepa L.) In Jaffna District

Subject: The queen of kitchen Allium cepa L. cultivation is catastrophic by devastating fungal
pathogens in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. A field investigation was carried out to diagnose the fungal
diseases of red onion and to provide possible alternative for hazardous fungicides.

Purpose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides produced greyish white to dark gray, circular cottony
appearance and produce irregular concentric rings on PDA medium. Disease symptoms of leaf
twister are identified as appearance of leaf curling, twisting, chlorosis and abnormal elongation
of the pseudo stem. In the field experiment, Trichoderma viride, Neem leaf extract, Distillery
spent wash were tested with untreated control.

Key points/findings: The results obtained in this study helps to manage the fungal diseases of red
onion and best promising alternative to commercial sustainable agriculture

Citation (in APA format): Naguleswaran, V., Pakeerathan, K., & Mikunthan, G. (2014).
Biological control: a promising tool for bulb-rot and leaf twisting fungal diseases in red onion
(Allium cepa L.) in Jaffna district. World Applied Sciences Journal, 31(6), 1090-1095.

22. TITLE Chemical Management of Anthracnose-Twister (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and

Fusarium fujikuroi) Disease of Onion (Allium cepa)

Subject: Among all other diseases of onion, anthracnose-twister caused by Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides and Fusarium fujikuroi (formerly known as Gibberella moniliformis) remained
the most destructive every cropping season. It destroys onion production, especially when left
unmanaged.

Purpose: Results showed that onion plants treated with Captan and Paclobutrazol had the least
incidence of disease under protective spray application.

Key points/findings: Protective spray application obviously showed lower disease incidence and
severity, shorter neck and higher yield compared to curative spray application.

Citation (in APA format): PM Perez, RT Alberto Plant Pathology & Quarantine 10 (1), 198-216,
2020