7c. Energy-level'Diagrams of Atoms OO ‘A number of energy-level diagrams are represented in Figs. 7e-1 through Te-15. ‘An attempt has been made to ssloct typical eases which show characteristic features derived from optical spectra. The following comments may be helpful. In alinost all eases the energy levels have been arranged according to the Russell- Seundere echame, also called L. S coupling. This means that each level is character 4d by the total orbital angular momentum Z, the resultant spin S or rather the it olivity 2S + 1 [1 for singlets (S = 0), 2 for doublets ($ = }), 3 for triplets y= 1), ete], and its total angular momentum quantum number J. The scale of the Bgures usually does not permit showing the individual multiplet components. However, the total width is indicated unless it is no greater than the thickness of the line. ‘Even levels are shown by entire lines oF blocks, odd levels by bivheu vies. When an entire column has the same perity as in the simple spectra, the odd parity is indicated by the term symbol at the bottom of the column in the usual way, e.g., °. ‘The-horizontal line across the whole width of the diagram is at the frst jonir potential. This is indicated by the term symbol for the ground state of the jon. In Some cases higher ionization potentials are also indicated. Thee clectron conGguration ie given by cymbals explained with each individual diagram. Transitions which correspond to spectrum lines are left out in order to avoid con- fusion excopt for the important lowest transitions which often give rise to the strongest lines. The resonance line Ris the lowest transition to the ground state allowed by the selection rules of ZL, $ coupling, which are change of parity, no change in mul plicity (aS = 0), and 3 = 0+ 1. The subresonance line r is a line from a lower Tevel than that responsible for the resonance line; it obeys the same selection rules |». except 4S = 0. It is usually very weak for the lighter atoms but may be quite strong for the heavier elements (e.g., 2,537 of Hg) "The spectra represented in the figures are given in Table Te-1.ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAMS OF ATOMS. 7-13 ‘Tamir To-l. Spectra Reereseren py Fras. 7e-1 THROUGH Zz Element | Figure 2 Hel Tet 6 cr Tod 7 NI e3 8 on Tet u Nal Te 1B AIL 16 7 cr ToT 18 AL Tes 20 Cal 9 25 Mat 7010 26 Fell Tell “Fel Tol2 29 cut eR 80 Hel Torld 57-70 |CeIV-YbIV | 7e-15 Further diagrams of simple spectra ere found in Grotrian.t ow. Grow zwei, und drei Berlin, 1928. Grapnisene Darstellung der Spextren von Atomen ung 1onen mit ein, ‘slenzelektronen,” vol. 1, 245 pp. vol. 2, 268 pp.; Springer-Verlag OHG,mi ATOMIC A en! 0° 200] ND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 190] 170) 10) is 1 10 tO 35 30 3p BO Fro: Te-1. Energy-level diagram of He I—simplest atom with two valence electrons. The ‘wavelengths of the principal lines are indicated. cmt 10% ——— rr 100 90 2 80 10 60 50 40 Ln 21283 30 | | “CO > $9727, 29642967 10 BE i ‘sabe geeo | > se 30 tS Fio, Te-2. Energy-level diagram of C I—four valence electrons, lowest state 2e32p*, Most excited sates are 2-12p- nz. The orbit nz of the last electron only it Gaure except where one of the 2s electrons is excited, as, for instance, 242 feUiaden fines are incieutec. aENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAMS OF ATOMS 715 10° 40 180 129] Tr) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40) 20 10) Osiesraapstsracd ay Fio. 7e-3. Energy-level diagram of N I—fve valence electrons, normal state 2e% Excited states are 2s%2p*- nz, nz being indicated in the figure. When the 2e electron excited, the full configuration is given. eg. 2e?nt Phevimportant forbidden Lines imaieated7-16 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 10 40} 180] Wa] Tr) - a ast 109] = 90) 80 70 69) 50] 40 1302-1500 soft] | it “tame . oa ANY Fic. Te. Eneray-level diagram of O I—six valence electrons. Normal state is 24'2pt; frted states are 20°20 nz, nz being indicated in the gure. The important forbidden lines are indicate10% 49] 30) 20} = o! ag tp) tte 8g aS Fis. 7-5. Energy-level diagram of Na I. Simple diagram typical for elements with one valence electron. The other alkalies have essentially the same scheme, we Fs PD ram of A: I—three valence electrons, Normal state is 34*3p, excited states 3s% nz (nz is indicated) or 3eBpnz" (nz’ is indicated with primed letters, ‘The primed levels converge to a higher ionization Limit, TirTAS ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS em?! tos i} 3 too} 90 80) 10] 11375-1396: ol ed tt 3) % “s “PDF Fito, Te-7. Energy-level diagram of Cl I—seven valence electrons. Ground state is 3043p!, excited states Se43p'nz, nz being indicated in the figure.ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAMS OF ATOMS 7-19 em! 10° 130 20} 8s. ug} 100} al o mone mp apt nd ad ata Fro. 7e-8. Energy-level diagram of A I—-typical for the rare gases except helium. Levels Se'3p!- nz with nz indicated. L.S coupling is not appropriate here and therefore events "ner, eve., nave no meaning. ihe primed levels converge to the higher lonvsation poten, tial. “See siso Table 7e-3.7-20 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS les72| 4 a a ce ee Characteristic for the elements in the second ‘nd romular excited states 42 nz are ‘Levels with both electrons ol Fig, 7e-9, Energy-level diagram of Ca I. Eduimm of the prsivdis ayetem- Ground state fndicated only: by the value of n in the appropriate column, excited are given at the right.70) ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAMS OF ATOMS: 7-21 60 50 40 30) 20 fas Te | Pee 4030-34 9 3 3432 ) Bh Re SP De Os DF 7 D Fio. Te-10. Energy-level diagram of Mn I. A typical element of the transition group. Seven valence electrons, Ground state 3444s". This produces 16 multiplet levels of which only four ('S, ‘P, *D, 4G) are known, ‘are marked by an 2. The other low states fare Bd'da (3), Sd%4p (p). 3d°4e4p (ep), 34°47 (p'), 3d? (@).. The symbol between paren~ theses indicates how the level is marked in the figure. If higher than 3d. 4s, 4p, electrons fre involved, the value of m is marked, e.g., 3d'4a5p (a5p) or 3dMstd (s4d). In general, the number of 3d electrons fs left out in the figure (except for 3d"). Compare Mn I with Fe I, which has the same number of electrons (Fig. 7e-11).7-22 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS oe 130 0 Ho Fer it ent Le so ee ie Lies Ls | pases-z63+ Re “LL ro a st % & % % H 4S 4 4D MF 4G tH SS fp MD OS OP Fic, Teel, Energy-level di Fe IT has the same number of electrons as Mn I Eig: atalare ihe same twee of levels. The relative position of the levels is, however, Shean’ changed bythe inerence in the nuclear charge. "in general, there sa tendency fo, Braids Shtcining ad electrons to be lower than those with 4s or 4p electrons. | The ground Mute is Ud'4e,“Theve are 24 multiplet levels of this configuration, of which 28 are know. (natked with 2). The excited levels are marked as for Mn I. a00 ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAMS OF ATOMS 60 50 40 30 booo bocce 20 10 ose Dre S % Mts % FS % 1 Fic. eo12, Energy-level diagram of Fe I. ‘The spectrum of Fe I is one of the best studied and is of particular importance because of the use of iron lines for wavelength standards fand other applications (see Table 7e-6). "Eight valence electrons, ground-state configura: tion 3at4s?, which gives 16 multiplet levels, of which 9 are known (marked z in the figure). Other configurations leading to low-lying levels are 3d"4s (2), 3d'4s4p (ep), 8d! (d¥), Sd? (p), 3d4s%4p (s?p). If n values higher than for 3d, 4, 4p are involved, they are indicated a, eg, Sattade (abs).1-24 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 103 90 80 Te 60] 50} 40] 30 20) ol lee as POF GS PDF GS POFG Fig, 7e-13. Energy-level diagram of Cu I. ‘The arrangement of the outer electrons is 3d'84s25 in the ground state, If the 4x electron is excited, the levels are very those of an alkali as shown, eg.,1n fig. fe-9.'1heee regular levels are indieaced Tr one of the 3d electrons is excited, levels of more complicated structure arise as indicated at the Fight. emt o>_SINGLETS TRIPLETS, 80} To} 13870 z 790 : 36 sol het nk atot te 4 so lad 404 2967 25 1 2, 36553650 1g 1p 1) FO 35 30 3p 340 Fio, Te-14. Energy-level diagram of Hg I. This is the diagram of a typioal two-lectron apectrum with singiete and triplets, Because of the wide use of the mereury spectrum in fhany. applications, the wavelengths of many transitions are indicated. Single triplet transitions are relatively strong. - See also Table 7e-7 and Figs. 7e-5 and 7e6,“img Ho Er Tm Ce Pr Fie, Te, Lowen ne indicates the amu gncthe bottom: the rye ground states indicated 1B. Gy tee oF By the equivalent Staves ar given at the ngen. The data for Pm are tntatives Se About #8.2oS'emnf afacmicn under «evel abowe that ite the Uppet The ch