T–S Fuzzy Algorithm for Photovoltaic

Panel

Hafedh Abid, Ines Zaidi, Ahmed Toumi

& Mohamed Chaabane

International Journal of Fuzzy

Systems

ISSN 1562-2479
Volume 17
Number 2

Int. J. Fuzzy Syst. (2015) 17:215-223

DOI 10.1007/s40815-015-0025-4

1 23
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 Author's personal copy
Int. J. Fuzzy Syst. (2015) 17(2):215–223
DOI 10.1007/s40815-015-0025-4
T–S Fuzzy Algorithm for Photovoltaic Panel
Hafedh Abid1 • Ines Zaidi1 • Ahmed Toumi1 • Mohamed Chaabane1
Received: 2 August 2014 / Revised: 21 November 2014 / Accepted: 2 March 2015 / Published online: 28 March 2015
 Taiwan Fuzzy Systems Association and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015
Abstract In this paper, we propose a new Maximum
Power Point Tracking algorithm for a photovoltaic con-
version chain. The system energy conversion, which in-
cludes photovoltaic array panel, DC/DC converter, and
load, is described by some nonlinear equations. The oper-
ating point depends mainly on climatic parameters and
load. For each temperature and irradiation pair, there exists
only one operating point for maximum energy. The Tak-
agi–Sugeno fuzzy system has been used to model energy
conversion system. The proposed algorithm which consti-
tutes the controller is based on modified parallel distributed
compensation. The controller has two terms, the first in-
cludes the errors and the second includes the integrators of
the errors. The controller parameters have been computed
based on linear matrices inequalities. Some simulations
have been done to check the performance of the proposed
algorithm.
Keywords Photovoltaic panel  MPPT  Boost converter 
Fuzzy systems  T–S fuzzy model  Linear matrices
inequalities
& Hafedh Abid
abidhafedh@gmail.com
Ines Zaidi
ineszaidi@gmail.com
Ahmed Toumi
toumi.a@gmail.com
Mohamed Chaabane
chaabane_uca@yahoo.fr
1
Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control
& Computer Engineering (Lab-STA), National School of
Engineering of Sfax, University of Sfax, Postal Box 1173,
3038 Sfax, Tunisia
1 Introduction
Industrial development has caused the increase in the
consumption of electrical energy. This increasing of re-
quired energy has prompted several studies to search new
kinds of source of energy. However, several kinds of clean
energies have been discovered such as photovoltaic energy.
It is well known that the operating point depends on the
load characteristic and some climatic parameters such as
temperature and irradiation. To increase the efficiency of
the PV array panel system, it is crucial to operate the PV
panel energy conversion system at the most near to the
maximum power point.
Therefore, the tracking control of the maximum power
point is a very difficult problem because the PV panel
energy conversion system has a nonlinear behavior. To
overcome these difficulties, many tracking control strate-
gies have been proposed such as perturb and observe [1–4],
incremental conductance [1–3, 5, 6], neural network [7],
neural fuzzy techniques [8], and Mamdani-type fuzzy logic
controller [9–13]. Other researchers have combined clas-
sical with new theories such as: Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) with
fractional algorithms [14], augmented system with T–S
fuzzy system [15].
The main contribution of this work, which deals with
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic
panel, consists of developing a new algorithm based on T–
S-type fuzzy system, whereas most of papers using Mam-
dani-type fuzzy system. In this paper, the PV array panel
energy conversion system has been modeled by T–S-type
fuzzy system. A reference model has been computed every
time based on the measurement of climatic variables such
as temperature and irradiation. Also, the MPPT algorithm
has been developed based on a new parallel distributed
compensation (PDC) method which was designed for T–S
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216 International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 17, No. 2, June 2015

fuzzy systems. This paper is organized as follows. In Ipv Ipv

Sect. 2, we recall in the first part the model of photovoltaic +
(G, T) Iph Ij Ish Rs
cell, then we show the influence of climatic parameters
Vpv
such as temperature and irradiation on the electrical char- Rsh Vpv
acteristic of the PV array panel. In the second part, we _

describe the photovoltaic energy system by a state model.

In the third section, we recall the T–S fuzzy-type sys-
tem, and then we present the average T–S fuzzy model for Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit for PV cell
photovoltaic energy system. In Sect. 4, we describe the
control strategy, which includes three blocks. The first part The PV cell model is described by the following equa-
is reserved for computing the reference model, whereas the tions [16]:
second part is reserved for the T–S fuzzy controller and       
Vpv þ Rs I Vpv þ Rs I
stability analysis. The fuzzy controller which represents the Ipv ¼ I ph  Is exp q 1  :
ns kT Rsh
MPPT algorithm is based on a modified PDC, it includes
two terms. The controller parameters are computed based ð1Þ
on linear matrices inequalities (LMI). In Sect. 5, simulation The expression of current which is generated by the
results of photovoltaic energy system show performances photovoltaic panel varies with temperature and irradiation.
of the proposed MPPT algorithm tracker. Conclusions are It is expressed by the following equation:
drawn in the final section.
 G
Iph ¼ Iph;n þ KI DT ; ð2Þ
Gn
2 Photovoltaic Energy System Iph,n is the rated current generated by the PV panel under
standard condition of temperature and irradiation
The photovoltaic energy system is given by Fig. 1, it (T = 25 C and Gn = 1000 w/m2).
consists of a photovoltaic array panel connected to a DC–  
KT Isc þ Is
DC converter which provides the power to the load. Also, Voc ¼ ns Log ð3Þ
the converter controls indirectly the operating point of the q Is
 
PV array panel and consequently its power generation by KT Isc þ Is  Ipv
Vpv ¼ ns Log ; ð4Þ
adjusting the duty cycle of the DC/DC converter. However, q Is
we can regulate the panel voltage Vpv to the VMPP which,
therefore, affects the output power of the PV array module. where Voc is the open-circuit voltage, Is is a reverse
In the first stage, we recall the most popular model of saturation current, and Isc is the short-circuit current.
photovoltaic cells which is proposed by Singer [16], it is It is straightforward to verify that the above equations,
given by the following Fig. 2. which describe relations between electrical variables of
The equivalent circuit of PV cell includes a current photovoltaic panel, are nonlinear. They depend on tem-
generator which depends essentially on temperature perature and irradiation. The following Figs. 3 and 4 show
(T) and irradiation (G). It has also a diode, connected to an respectively, the evolution of the power–voltage charac-
internal parallel and series resistor namely respectively, Rsh teristics of a photovoltaic panel, at a given fixed tem-
and Rs. perature for variable irradiations and at given fixed
irradiation for variable temperatures.
140
G=1000

I pv Inductor Io
120
IL Diode
( T,G) T=15°C
L 100
Ic1 Ic2
T=30°C
Vs 80
PV RL
VPV
C1 T C2 T=45°C
60
T=60°C
40

20

Boost converter
0
Ipv 0 5 10 15 20 25
VPV Load
T Fuzzy MPPT Vs
G Algorithm VMPPmin VMPPmax time (s)

Fig. 1 Photovoltaic energy conversion system Fig. 3 PV power curves with different T

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H. Abid et al.: T–S Fuzzy Algorithm for Photovoltaic Panel 217

140
T=25°C
3 T–S Fuzzy Model of Photovoltaic Energy
120 G=1000
Conversion System
100
Power (w)

G=800

80
G=600
Several studies have shown that the continuous nonlinear
60
G=400
system (6) can be presented by a T–S fuzzy-type dynamic
40
G=200
model. It is expressed by a combination of linear local models
20
or sub models. Each one of them is described by a fuzzy rule,
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 characterizing local input–output relations of sub models [17,
VMPPmin VMPPmax time (s) 18]. The ith rule of the fuzzy model has the following form:
ith Plant rule:
Fig. 4 PV power curves with different G
IF z1 is Mi1 and z2 is Mi2 and. . .and zn is Min
; ð7Þ
THEN xðtÞ_ ¼ Ai xðtÞ þ Bi uðtÞ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .c;
From the curves of Figs. 3 and 4 we can affirm that for

where Mij are the fuzzy sets, xðtÞ 2 Rn is the state vec-
each PV curve, there exists only one MPP. In order to
extract the maximum power from the PV array panel, the tor, u(t) is the input vector, Ai 2 Rnn is the state matrix,
MPP must be reached using a specific algorithm tracker. Bi 2 Rnm is the input matrix, fz1 ðtÞ; . . .; zn ðtÞg are the
In the second stage, we present the modeling of the premise variables. yðtÞ 2 Rm is the output vector; c is the
photovoltaic conversion system which can be presented by number of fuzzy rules. The global fuzzy model of the
Fig. 1. system has the following form:
Pc
The average dynamic model of the photovoltaic system j¼1 wi ðzðtÞÞ½Ai xðtÞ þ Bi uðtÞ
can be expressed in continuous conduction by the follow- _ ¼
xðtÞ Pc : ð8Þ
i¼1 wi ðzðtÞÞ
ing equations:
8 For each rule Ri is attributed a weight wi(z(t)) which
>
> dVpv 1   depends on the grade of membership function of premise
>
> ¼ Ipv  IL
>
> dt C1 variables zj(t) in fuzzy sets Mij:
< dI 1
L
¼ Vpv  ð1  lÞVc2 ð5Þ Yn  
>
> dt L   wi ðzðtÞÞ ¼ Mij zj ðtÞ ;
>
> dVc2 1 Vc2
>
> j¼1
: ¼ ð1  lÞIL 
dt C2 RL
where Mij(zj(t)) is the grade of membership of zj(t) to the
where l represents the duty cycle. fuzzy set Mij.
It is clear that the system described by Eq. (5) can be w ðzðtÞÞ
Let hj ðzðtÞÞ ¼ Pc j ; with wi(z(t)) [ 0;
wi ðzðtÞÞ
presented in the following form: i¼1

for i = 1, …, c.
_ ¼ AðxÞxðtÞ þ BðxÞuðtÞ;
xðtÞ ð6Þ X
c

T
wi ðzðtÞÞ [ 0; 0\hi ðzðtÞÞ\1; i ¼ 1; . . .; c;
where xðtÞ ¼ ½ Vpv IL Vc2  is the state vector, A is the i¼1
state matrix, and B is the input vector. They are given as Xc

follows: hi ðzðtÞÞ ¼ 1:
i¼1
2 3
Ipv 1 2 3 The T–S fuzzy state model is given by the following
6 Vpv C1  0 7 0
6 C1 7 equation:
6 1 6 Vc2 7
1 7 6 7
A¼6
6 L 0  7 ; B ¼ 6 L 7; Xc
6 L 77 4 IL 5 _ ¼
xðtÞ hi ðzðtÞÞ½Ai xðtÞ þ Bi uðtÞ: ð9Þ
4 1 1 5  i¼1
0 C2
C2 RL C2
The fuzzy premise variables are chosen as:
and u = l represents the duty cycle. z1 ¼ Vpv ; z2 ¼ Ipv ; z3 ¼ IL ; z4 ¼ Vs ;
We note that the state matrix A and the input vector
B include a nonlinear term. However, many approaches can where Vpv represents the PV voltage, Ipv the PV current, IL
be used to study this system such as neural networks or the inductor current, and Vs the output voltage.
fuzzy systems. In this work we use T–S-type fuzzy system Each premise variable belongs to a bounded interval

for modeling the later system and to develop the MPPT such as: zk ðtÞ 2 zmin;k zmax;k ; where zmin,k and zmax,k are
algorithm. the lower and upper bounds of the variable zk.

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218 International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 17, No. 2, June 2015

However, each nonlinear term can be transformed under In this case, the membership functions are defined as
the following shape: follows:
zk ðtÞ ¼ Mmin;k ðzk ðtÞÞ  zmax;k þ Mmax;k ðzk ðtÞÞ  zmin;k ; ð10Þ zmax;1  z1 ðtÞ
M11 ðz1 ðtÞÞ ¼ M31 ðz1 ðtÞÞ ¼ ;
where the membership functions are defined as follows: zmax;1  zmin;1
zk ðtÞ  zmin;k z1 ðtÞ  zmin;1
Mmin;k ðzk ðtÞÞ ¼ M1;k ðzk ðtÞÞ ¼ M21 ðz1 ðtÞÞ ¼ M41 ðz1 ðtÞÞ ¼
zmax;k  zmin;k zmax;1  zmin;1
ð11Þ
zmax;k  zk ðtÞ zmax;2  z2 ðtÞ
Mmax;k ðzk ðtÞÞ ¼ M2;k ðzk ðtÞÞ ¼ : M12 ðz2 ðtÞÞ ¼ M42 ðz2 ðtÞÞ ¼ ;
zmax;k  zmin;k zmax;2  zmin;2
z2 ðtÞ  zmin;2
The plant includes some nonlinearities from IPV, IL, M22 ðz2 ðtÞÞ ¼ M32 ðz2 ðtÞÞ ¼
VPV, and Vc2. We note that there is a relationship between zmax;2  zmin;2
the magnitudes of current IPV and IL and voltage magni- 4 Control Strategy
tudes VPV, and Vc2. However, the structure of the state
matrices Ai and Bi of each local model of the T–S fuzzy The control strategy that we suggest is given by Fig. 5.
model of the energy conversion system are described as The control strategy consists of three blocks: T–S fuzzy
follow: reference model, controller, and plant.
2 3
ai 1 2 3
6 C1  0 7 0 4.1 T–S Fuzzy Reference Model
6 C 1 7 V
6 1 1 7 6 c2i 7
Ai ¼ 6 0  7 ; Bi ¼ 6 4 LI 5;
7
6 L L 7 Li The T–S fuzzy reference model is computed on the basis of
4 1 1 5 
0 C2 T–S-type fuzzy model, where the temperature T and the
C2 RL C2 irradiation G have been used as fuzzy premise variables,
I ZR1 = T and ZR2 = G. It is possible to compute, at any
where ai ¼ Vpvipvi
The premise variables, zk(t), have been chosen as: ILi time, the desired state variables, consequently the max-
and Vc2i. Each of them belongs to the interval imum power of the PV array panel which can be generated.

zmin;k zmax;k . Basis of Eq. (10), the T–S-type fuzzy The nonlinear reference model can be described by the
model must include four local models: following T–S fuzzy model:
2 3 ith reference rule:
amax 1 2 3
6 C1  C1 0 7
V
0 IF z1R is ki1 and z2R is ki2 and . . . and znR is kin
6 7 6 c2max 7 
6 1 1 7 x_R ðtÞ ¼ Di xR ðtÞ ; ð12Þ
A1 ¼ 6 0  7; B 1 ¼ 6 4 L 7 ;
6 L
4 L 7
5 ILmax 5 THEN
yR ðtÞ ¼ CRi xR ðtÞ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; cr;
1 1 
0 C2
  T
C2 RL C2
2 3 where kij are the fuzzy sets, xR ðtÞ ¼ Vpvr ILr Vc2r
amax 1 2 3 is the state reference variable vector, and Di 2 Rnn is the
6 C1  0 7 0
6 C 1 7 V local reference state matrix, fz1R ðtÞ; . . .; znR ðtÞg are the
6 1 1 7 6 c2min 7
A2 ¼ 6 0  7; B 2 ¼ 6 4 IL 5;
7 premise variables. yðtÞ 2 Rm is the output vector; cr is the
6 L L 7 Lmax number of fuzzy rules. Then, the T–S fuzzy reference
4 1 1 5 
0 C2 model is given by the following equation:
C2 RL C2
2 3 X
cr
amin 1 2 3 x_R ðtÞ ¼ gi ðzðtÞÞ Di xR ðtÞ; ð13Þ
6 C1  0 7 0
C
6 7 6 Vc2min 7
1 i¼1
6 1 1 7
A3 ¼ 6 0  7; B3 ¼ 6 4 IL 5;
7
With,
6 L L 7 Lmin
4 1 1 5 
0 C2
C2 RL C2
2
amin 1
3 T xr (t )
e(t )
eI (t ) U(t)
2 3 T-S Fuzzy
∫
c

6 C1  C1 G
0 7 Photovoltaic energy
0 reference +_ −∑ hi ( z ) Ki
i =1
+
+ conversion system
6 7 6 V c2max 7 model
6 1 1 7
A4 ¼ 6 0  7; B4 ¼ 6 4 L 7
ILmin 5
T-S fuzzy
6 L L 7 c
−∑ hi ( z ) Ki Controller
4 1 1 5  i =1

0 C2
C2 RL C2
Fig. 5 Control strategy

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H. Abid et al.: T–S Fuzzy Algorithm for Photovoltaic Panel 219

2 I 1 3 Theorem Consider the reference model (13) which is

MPPi
 0
6 VMPPi C1 C1 7 used to give the reference state variables, the nonlinear
6 ð1  lopi Þ 7
6 1 7 system (6) which can be represented by the T–S fuzzy
Di ¼ 6 0  7;
6 L L 7 model (9) and the controller (16) based on the PDC
4 ð1  lopi Þ 1 5
techniques. If there exists a common symmetric positive
0
C2 RL C2 definite matrix Q [ 0 and feedback gains Mi which satisfy
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
with: lopi ¼ 1  RVLMPPi the following LMI (18) and (19), then the closed loop
IMPPi [19].
system is asymptotically stable and the tracking error
4.2 T–S Fuzzy Controller and Stability Analysis converges toward zero.
2 3
QATi þ Ai Q  Bi Mi  MiT BTi Bi Mi ðAi  Dk ÞQ
From the T–S fuzzy model of photovoltaic energy conver- 4 MiT BTi I 0 5\0;
sion system, we design the T–S fuzzy controller which
QðAi  Dk ÞT 0 q I2
represents the MPPT algorithm. The controller provides the for i¼ 1;. . .c and k¼ 1;. . .cr;
value of the corresponding duty cycle which guarantees
stability of the system and allows modifying the operating ð18Þ
point to extract the maximum energy from the panel. The 2 3
QATi þ A i Q  B i Mj  MjT BTi
Bi Mj ðAi  Dk ÞQ
most popular state feedback T–S fuzzy controller is based 4 Mj BiT T
I 0 5\0;
on parallel distributed compensation (PDC) technique, QðAi  Dk Þ T
0 q I 2
which is proposed by Kang and Sugeno. The PDC controller for i¼ 1;. . .; c; j ¼ 1; . . .c; i 6¼ j and k ¼ 1; . . .; cr:
and the fuzzy model share the same fuzzy sets in the pre-
mise parts [20, 21]. Basis of the T–S fuzzy models, the PDC ð19Þ
fuzzy controller is designed as follows:ith controller rule: Proof The state tracking error is given by,
IF z1 is Mi1 and z2 is Mi2 and . . . and zn is Min THEN eðtÞ ¼ xR ðtÞ  xðtÞ ð20Þ
ð14Þ
uðtÞ ¼  Ki xðtÞ ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .c:

The global fuzzy controller is represented by, In order to compute the feedback gains Ki and to verify
Xc the system stability, we choose the following quadratic
uðtÞ ¼  hi ðzÞKi xðtÞ: ð15Þ Lyapunov candidate function, definite positive.
i¼1
Zt
In this paper, a new PDC controller is proposed in [22]. T 1
VðeÞ ¼ e ðtÞPeðtÞ þ 2 xTR ðsÞxR ðsÞds
The main difference with the ordinary PDC controller in q
0
[20–23] is to have a term for the feedback signal of xR(t). In Zt
this case, the PDC controller is insufficient to cancel the
þ eTI ðsÞeI ðsÞds: ð21Þ
static tracking errors. However, an integral action is added
0
to the new PDC fuzzy controller.
The control input has two terms as follows: The system is asymptotically stable if we prove that:
X c _
VðeÞ\0.
uðtÞ ¼  hi ðzÞKi eðtÞ þ uI ðtÞ ð16Þ
_ 1
i¼1 VðeÞ ¼ e_T Pe þ eT Pe_ þ 2 xTR xR þ eTI eI ; ð22Þ
q
where, c X
X cr
X
c _ ¼
eðtÞ hi ðzÞgk ðzÞ½Ai eðtÞ þ Bi uðtÞþðAi  Dk ÞxR ðtÞ;
uI ðtÞ ¼  hi ðzÞKi eI ðtÞ ð17Þ i¼1 k¼1
i¼1 ð23Þ
Then, X
c X
c X
cr   
  _ ¼
eðtÞ hi ðzÞhj ðzÞgk ðzÞ Ai eðtÞ  Bi Kj e þ Kj eI
X
c
eðtÞ i¼1 j¼1 k¼1
uðtÞ ¼  hi ðzÞ½Ki Ki  ;
i¼1
eI ðtÞ X c X c Xcr
þ hi ðzÞhj ðzÞgk ðzÞðAi  Dk ÞxR ðtÞ;
where the feedback gains Ki will be related to an LMI i¼1 j¼1 k¼1
problem. ð24Þ

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X
c X
c X
cr Table 1 Characteristics of the PV array panel
_
VðeÞ ¼ hi ðzÞhj ðzÞgk ðzÞ
i¼1 j¼1 k¼1 Np = 1
0   T 1 Ns = 36
Ai  Bi Kj eðtÞ  Bi Kj eI ðtÞ Pe
B C q = 1.6e-19 C
B þ ððAi  Dk ÞxR ðtÞÞT Pe C
B
B   C ð25Þ A = 1.92
T C
@ þ e P Ai  Bi Kj eðtÞ  Bi Kj eI ðtÞ A Eg = 1.1
T Tr = 298.18K
þ e PððAi  Dk ÞxR ðtÞÞ
1 T Tr = 25 C
þ 2 xR xR þ eTI eI Ior = 9.579e-6 A
q
Vco = 27.4 V
X
c X
c X
cr
_
VðeÞ ¼ hi ðzÞhj ðzÞgk ðzÞ Rs = 0.09 X
i¼1 j¼1 k¼1 Rsh = 100 X
0  T   1 Rload = 30 X
eT Ai  Bi Kj PeþeT P Ai  Bi Kj e
B C ð26Þ Pmax = 62 W
@ eTI KJT BTi Pe  eT PBi Kj eI A
Isc = 4.8 A
þxTR ðAi  Dk ÞT Pe þ eT PðAi  Dk ÞxR KI = 0.00171 A/C
1 F = 10 kHz
þ 2 xTR xR þ eTI eI
q C2 = 68 lF
X
c X
cr K = 1.38 9 10-23 J/K (Boltzmann’s constant)
_
VðeÞ ¼ h2i ðzÞgk ðzÞ
i¼1 k¼1
Using the Schur complement [17], the inequality in (28)
k 6¼ i
0 1 can be written as,
eT ðAi  Bi Ki ÞT Pe þ eT PðAi Bi Ki Þe 2 T 3
B eT K T BT Pe  eT PB K e C Ai P þ PAi  PBi Ki  KiT BTi P PBi Ki PðAi  Dk Þ
B I i i i i I C 4 KiT BTi P I 0 5\0;
B T C
 B þx ðAi  Dk ÞT Pe þ eT PðAi  Dk ÞxR C T 2
B R C ðAi  Dk Þ P 0 q I
@ 1 A
T
þ 2 xR xR þ eI eIT for i¼ 1;. . .; c and k¼ 1;. . .; cr
q 2 3
ð27Þ ATi P þ PAi  PBi Kj  KjT BTi P PBi Kj PðAi  Dk Þ
X c X
c Xcr
6 7
þ hi ðzÞhj ðzÞgk ðzÞ 4 KjT BTi P I 0 5\0;
i ¼ 1 j¼1 k ¼ 1 ðAi  Dk ÞT P 0 q2 I
i 6¼ j k 6¼ i for i¼ 1;. . .; c; j¼ 1;. . .; c; i 6¼ j and k¼ 1;. . .; cr:
0  T   1
e Ai  Bi Kj Pe þ eT P Ai Bi Kj e
T
B T T T C ð29Þ
B eI KJ Bi Pe  eT PBi Kj eI C
B T C
 B þx ðAi  Dk ÞT Pe þ eT PðAi  Dk ÞxR C Since these inequalities contain coupled elements such
B R C
@ 1 A as PBiKi, then these inequalities are BiLMIs. However, we
T T
þ 2 xR xR þ eI eI
q must transform them to the LMIs. So, we perform a con-

gruence transformation by diag ½P1 I I to (29) and
We note in this analysis that the feedback gains and
stability will be related to an LMI problem. Therefore, we considering Q = P-1, Mi ¼ Ki P1 ¼ Ki Q, we obtain the
_ following matrices in the LMI form:
obtain the inequality VðeÞ\0 when the following condi- 2 T 3
tions are satisfied: QAi þ Ai Q  Bi Mi  MiT BTi Bi Mi ðAi  Dk ÞQ
8 T 4 MiT BTi I 0 5\0;
>
> e ðAi  Bi Ki ÞT Pe þ eT PðAi  Bi Ki Þe  eTI KiT BTi Pe T 2
>
> QðAi  Dk Þ 0 q I
>
>  eT PBi Ki eI þxTR ðAi  Dk ÞT Pe þ eT PðAi  Dk ÞxR
>
> for i¼ 1;. . .; c and k¼ 1;. . .; cr;
> 1 T
>
>
> þ x x þ eTI eI \0;
> q2 R R
> ð30Þ
<
for i¼ 1;. . .c  and k¼ 1;. . .; cr  2 3
T T ð28Þ QATi þ Ai Q  Bi Mj  MjT BTi Bi Mj ðAi  Dk ÞQ
>
> e Ai  Bi Kj Pe þ eT P Ai  Bi Kj e
>
> 4 MjT BTi I 0 5\0;
>
>
T
 eTI KJT BTi Pe  eT PBi Kj eI þxTR ðAi  Dk Þ Pe
>
>
>
>
> 1 QðAi  Dk ÞT 0 q I2
>
> þ eT PðAi  Dk ÞxR þ 2 xTR xR þ eTI eI \0;
>
: q for i¼ 1;. . .; c; j¼ 1;. . .; c; i 6¼ j and k¼ 1;. . .; cr:
for i¼ 1;. . .; c j¼ 1;. . .; c i 6¼ j and k¼ 1;. . .; cr ð31Þ

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H. Abid et al.: T–S Fuzzy Algorithm for Photovoltaic Panel 221

5 Simulation Results

In this section, we use Matlab to simulate the be-

havior of the energy conversion system. The charac-
teristics of the PV array panel are given by the
following Table 1.
The matrices P and Q, and feedback gains K1, K2, K3
and K4 are obtained by solving the appropriate LMIs.
2 3
3:7874 1:1007 0:0182 Fig. 8 Evolution of output voltage
P ¼ 10004 1:1007 1:3710 0:0231 5
0:0182 0:0231 0:0023
2 3
0:0003 0:0003 0:0001
Q ¼ 4 0:0003 0:0011 0:0087 5
0:0001 0:0087 0:5134
K1 ¼ ½ 0:3439 0:2438 0:0041 ;
K2 ¼ ½ 0:3920 0:2742 0:0046 ;
K3 ¼ ½ 3:1551 2:5099 0:0424 ;
Fig. 9 Evolution of error output voltage
K4 ¼ ½ 1:1744 0:9936 0:0168 

Fig. 10 Evolution of the VMPP voltage

Fig. 6 Evolution of temperature

To demonstrate the performance of the proposed MPPT

control approach, we apply a sudden variation of tem-
perature or solar irradiation as shown in the Figs. 6 and 7.
In this test, we have chosen five pairs of irradiation and
temperature. We know that for each pair there exists only
one optimal operating point which can be determined from
the power–voltage characteristics of the PV array panel
which is not always available for each pair (G,T). It is
important to mention that it is not possible to know the
Fig. 7 Evolution of irradiation
appropriate coordinates of the ideal optimal operating point
(VMPP, IMPP) for all pairs (G,T) as there are infinite number
of pairs (G,T).
Table 2 Coordinate for each operating point
In the following Table 2, we give the ideal corre-
T (C) G (w/m2) VMPPR (V) IMPPR (A) VMPP (V) IMPP (A) sponding values (VMPPR, IMPPR) of operating point for each
pair of temperature and irradiation, and the computed
35 800 14.445 3.343 14.249 3.287
values (VMPP, IMPP) by our algorithm.
45 900 13.656 3.705 13.578 3.655
The following Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16
45 700 13.794 2.917 13.491 2.850
show respectively the evolution of the VMPP voltage, the
25 1000 14.92 4.16 14.98 4.14
error of VMPP voltage, output voltage of converter, error of
35 700 14.519 2.940 14.222 2.880
output voltage of converter, panel current, error of panel

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222
Fig. 11 Evolution of error VMPP voltage
Fig. 12 Evolution of the inductance current
Fig. 13 Evolution of the error inductance current
Fig. 14 Evolution of the power
Fig. 15 Evolution of the error power
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International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 17, No. 2, June 2015
Evolution of duty ratio
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
times (ms)
Fig. 16 Evolution of the duty cycle
current delivered power, error of delivered power, and the
duty cycle.
In Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, and 16, we observe mo-
mentary peaks; they are due to sudden and significant
change in temperature and irradiation. Actually, the chan-
ges in temperature and irradiation are not made this way as
given in Figs. 6 and 7, but we have used it to show the
performance of the proposed algorithm. It is clear that at
the steady state, the errors tend toward zero and the state
variables reach the reference one. Also, it is visible that the
computed coordinates, of optimal operating point, based on
the proposed algorithm, are almost the same as the ideal
optimal operating point. This allows demonstrating the
performance of the proposed algorithm.
6 Conclusion
In this paper, a new intelligent control strategy based on the
Takagi–Sugeno-type fuzzy system has been proposed for the
MPPT of a PV energy system. All the PV system has been
modeled by T–S fuzzy system. Based on the measurement of
temperature and irradiation, we deduce the coordinates of the
desired optimal operating point which corresponds to the
maximum power. The MPPT algorithm is based on a mod-
ified PDC method. The controller parameters have been
computed based on the LMI. The stability of system has been
proved based on Lyapunov approach. The simulation results
show that the proposed algorithm tracks quickly the optimal
operating point despite sudden variations of temperature and
irradiation. It is worth noting that there are no oscillations in
the various figures.
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