‫دنيا علي مصطفى‬.‫م‬.

‫م‬ Radiographic Techniques

Image quality ‫سح‬ٛ‫دح اٌص‬ٛ‫خ‬

The image is reviewed using the ‘10-point’: " ‫ ٔمبغ‬10" َ‫سح ثبعزخذا‬ٛ‫رزُ ِشاخؼخ اٌص‬

1. Patient identification. ‫ط‬٠‫ذ اٌّش‬٠‫رحذ‬

2. Area of interest is included. َ‫ٓ ِدبي اال٘زّب‬١ّ‫زُ رع‬٠
3. Markers. ‫اٌؼالِبد‬
4. Correct projection. ‫ح‬١‫االعمبغ اٌصح‬
5. Correct exposure. ‫ح‬١‫اٌزؼشض اٌصح‬
6. Optimum definition – can you see the detail of the relevant anatomy/structures
‫بوً راد اٌصٍخ‬١ٌٙ‫ ا‬/ ‫ح‬٠‫ً اٌزشش‬١‫خ رفبص‬٠‫ّىٕه سؤ‬٠ ً٘ - ً‫ف األِث‬٠‫اٌزؼش‬
7. Collimation is restricted to the area of interest. َ‫ ِدبي اال٘زّب‬ٍٝ‫سح ػ‬ٛ‫اصاح ِمص‬ٌّٛ‫ا‬
8. Are there any artefacts and are they obscuring anatomy?
‫ح؟‬٠‫ً٘ رحدت اٌزشش‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫ لطغ أثش‬ٞ‫ً٘ ٕ٘بن أ‬
9. Anatomical variations and pathological appearances.
‫خ‬١‫اٌّظب٘شاٌّشظ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ح‬٠‫االخزالفبد اٌزشش‬

Contrast ٓ٠‫اٌزجب‬
In order to detect pathology, an imaging system must be able to detect the
differences in the density (patient density) of the pathology compared with that of
the surrounding tissues.
‫ وثبفخ‬ٟ‫ اوزشبف االخزالفبد ف‬ٍٝ‫لبدسا ػ‬
ً ‫ش‬٠ٛ‫ْ ٔظبَ اٌزص‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫دت أ‬٠ ، ‫ِٓ أخً اٌىشف ػٓ ػٍُ األِشاض‬
.‫طخ‬١‫ ػٍُ األِشاض ِمبسٔخً ثىثبفخ األٔغدخ اٌّح‬ٟ‫ط) ف‬٠‫(وثبفخ اٌّش‬
This must then be translated into differences in densitywithin the final image
(a digital image or film density) that are visible to theobserver. Contrast is the
difference in density between structures of interest withinthe image.
)ٍُ١‫ وثبفخ ف‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ّ‫سح سل‬ٛ‫خ (ص‬١‫بئ‬ٌٕٙ‫سح ا‬ٛ‫ اٌىثبفخ داخً اٌص‬ٟ‫ اخزالفبد ف‬ٌٝ‫دت ثؼذ رٌه رشخّخ رٌه إ‬٠
.‫سح‬ٛ‫خ داخً اٌص‬١ّ٘‫بوً راد األ‬١ٌٙ‫ٓ ا‬١‫ اٌىثبفخ ث‬ٟ‫ االخزالف ف‬ٛ٘ ٓ٠‫ اٌزجب‬.‫خ ٌٍّشالت‬١‫ْ ِشئ‬ٛ‫رى‬
A low-contrast image will show little difference in density betweenstructures
of interest, whereas a high-contrast image will show a larger difference in density
between structure (Fig. 1.17a).
‫سح‬ٛ‫ش اٌص‬ٙ‫ّٕب عزظ‬١‫ ث‬، ‫خ‬١ّ٘‫بوً راد األ‬١ٌٙ‫ٓ ا‬١‫ اٌىثبفخ ث‬ٟ‫فًب ف‬١‫ٓ اخزالفًب غف‬٠‫سح ِٕخفعخ اٌزجب‬ٛ‫ش اٌص‬ٙ‫عزظ‬
‫خ‬١ٕ‫ٓ اٌج‬١‫ اٌىثبفخ ث‬ٟ‫ٓ فشلًب أوجش ف‬٠‫خ اٌزجب‬١ٌ‫ػب‬
 ‫دنيا علي مصطفى‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ Radiographic Techniques

The contrast seen on a radiographic image (film) or digital display can be

described in three ways:
: ‫خ ثثالس غشق‬١ّ‫ شبشخ سل‬ٚ‫ٍُ) أ‬١‫خ (ف‬١‫سح إشؼبػ‬ٛ‫ ص‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ٓ اٌّشئ‬٠‫صف اٌزجب‬ٚ ٓ‫ّى‬٠
• Subject contrast is a feature of the object (subject) under examination. The
differences in radiation intensities emerging from the object result from the spatial
distribution of X-ray attenuation within the object.
‫ شذح اإلشؼبع إٌبشئخ‬ٟ‫ االخزالفبد ف‬.‫ذ اٌفحص‬١‫ع) ل‬ٛ‫ظ‬ٌّٛ‫ عّخ ِٓ عّبد اٌىبئٓ (ا‬ٛ٘ ‫ع‬ٛ‫ظ‬ٌّٛ‫ٓ ا‬٠‫رجب‬
. ُ‫خ داخً اٌدغ‬١ٕ١‫ٓ األشؼخ اٌغ‬١٘ٛ‫ ٌز‬ٟٔ‫غ اٌّىب‬٠‫ص‬ٛ‫ػٓ اٌدغُ ٔبردخ ػٓ اٌز‬
 Subjective contrast is the personal appreciation of the differences in optical
density or computer screen brightness when the image is viewed.
‫رش ػٕذ ػشض‬ٛ١‫ع شبشخ اٌىّج‬ٛ‫ عط‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫ اٌىثبفخ اٌع‬ٟ‫ ٌالخزالفبد ف‬ٟ‫ش اٌشخص‬٠‫ اٌزمذ‬ٛ٘ ٟ‫ٓ اٌزار‬٠‫اٌزجب‬
. ‫سح‬ٛ‫اٌص‬
• Radiographic contrast is the difference in optical density on different parts of
the processed film or differences in computer screen brightness recorded as a result
of the range of emergent beam intensities.
ٟ‫ االخزالفبد ف‬ٚ‫ٍُ اٌّؼبٌح أ‬١‫ أخضاء ِخزٍفخ ِٓ اٌف‬ٍٝ‫خ ػ‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫ اٌىثبفخ اٌع‬ٟ‫ االخزالف ف‬ٛ٘ ٟ‫ٓ اإلشؼبػ‬٠‫اٌزجب‬
. ‫دخ ٔطبق شذح اٌحضِخ إٌبشئخ‬١‫رش اٌّغدٍخ ٔز‬ٛ١‫ع شبشخ اٌىّج‬ٛ‫عط‬

Image distortion ‫سح‬ٛ‫ٗ اٌص‬٠ٛ‫رش‬

A distorted image will be produced if not all parts of the image are magnified by
the same amount. Considering a thin, flat object, there will be constant
magnification .
‫غ‬١‫ خغُ سف‬ٌٝ‫ ثبٌٕظش إ‬.‫سح ثٕفظ اٌّمذاس‬ٛ‫غ أخضاء اٌص‬١ّ‫ش خ‬١‫زُ رىج‬٠ ٌُ ‫٘خ إرا‬ٛ‫سح ِش‬ٛ‫زُ إٔزبج ص‬١‫ع‬
. ‫ش ِغزّش‬١‫ْ ٕ٘بن رىج‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫ ع‬، ‫ِغطح‬ٚ
Exposure factors

The radiation output from an X-ray tube is a product of the current applied to the
X-ray tube (measured in milliamps, mA), the duration of the exposure (measured
in seconds, s) and also the voltage applied to the X-ray tube (measured in
kilovoltage, kV).
ٌٍٍّٟ‫مبط ثب‬٠( ‫خ‬١ٕ١‫ة األشؼخ اٌغ‬ٛ‫ أٔج‬ٍٝ‫بس اٌّطجك ػ‬١‫ ٔزبج اٌز‬ٛ٘ ‫خ‬١ٕ١‫ة األشؼخ اٌغ‬ٛ‫ٔبرح اإلشؼبع ِٓ أٔج‬
ٍٝ‫ذ اٌّطجك ػ‬ٙ‫عًب اٌد‬٠‫أ‬ٚ )ْ‫ا‬ٛ‫ث‬
ٍ ، ٟٔ‫ا‬ٛ‫ِذح اٌزؼشض (رمبط ثبٌث‬ٚ ، )‫ش‬١‫ أِج‬ٍٍِٟ ، ‫ش‬١‫ أِج‬X - ‫ة أشؼخ‬ٛ‫أٔج‬
. )‫ٌذ‬ٛ‫ ف‬ٍٛ١‫مبط ثبٌى‬٠(
 ‫دنيا علي مصطفى‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ Radiographic Techniques

Radiation output is normally known as the intensity of the X-raybeam and needs
to be varied to enable different body parts to be imaged. Otherfactors affect the
intensity of the radiation beam. These are:
‫ش أخضاء‬٠ٛ‫ٓ رص‬١‫ػًب ٌزّى‬ٕٛ‫ْ ِز‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫ أ‬ٌٝ‫حزبج إ‬٠ٚ ‫خ‬١ٕ١‫ُؼشف ٔبرح اإلشؼبع ػبدحً ثىثبفخ حضِخ األشؼخ اٌغ‬٠
: ٟ٘ ٖ‫٘ز‬ٚ .‫ شذح حضِخ اإلشؼبع‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٜ‫اًِ األخش‬ٛ‫ رؤثش اٌؼ‬.‫اٌدغُ اٌّخزٍفخ‬
• The medium through which the beam passes.
‫ّش ِٓ خالٌٗ اٌشؼبع‬٠ ٞ‫ػ اٌز‬١‫ع‬ٌٛ‫ا‬
• The distances between the X-ray source and the patient.
‫ط‬٠‫اٌّش‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٕ١‫ٓ ِصذس األشؼخ اٌغ‬١‫اٌّغبفبد ث‬
• If a grid or Bucky is used to eliminate scattered radiation.
‫ اإلشؼبع اٌّزٕبثش‬ٍٝ‫ ٌٍمعبء ػ‬ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫إرا رُ اعزخذاَ شجىخ أ‬
• The filtration applied to the X-ray tube.
‫خ‬١ٕ١‫ة األشؼخ اٌغ‬ٛ‫ أٔج‬ٍٝ‫ح ػ‬١‫ك اٌزشش‬١‫زُ رطج‬٠

Milliampere seconds ‫ش‬١‫ أِج‬ٍِٟ ٟٔ‫ا‬ٛ‫ث‬

This is the intensity of the X-ray beam being used to produce the image.
. ‫سح‬ٛ‫ إٔزبج اٌص‬ٟ‫خ اٌّغزخذَ ف‬١ٕ١‫ شذح شؼبع األشؼخ اٌغ‬ٟ٘ ٖ‫٘ز‬
Kilovoltag ‫ٌذ‬ٛ‫ ف‬ٍٛ١‫و‬
This indicates how the X-ray beam will penetrate the body.
. ُ‫خ ٌٍدغ‬١ٕ١‫خ اخزشاق شؼبع األشؼخ اٌغ‬١‫ف‬١‫ و‬ٌٝ‫ش ٘زا إ‬١‫ش‬٠
Noise: - It is the variation in the levels of grey in the image that are distributed
over the area but unrelated to the structures being imaged.
‫ إٌّطمخ‬ٍٝ‫ب ػ‬ٙ‫ؼ‬٠‫ص‬ٛ‫زُ ر‬٠ ٟ‫سح اٌز‬ٛ‫ اٌص‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٞ‫ْ اٌشِبد‬ٌٍٛ‫بد ا‬٠ٛ‫ ِغز‬ٟ‫ٓ ف‬٠‫ اٌزجب‬ٛ٘ - :‫ظبء‬ٛ‫اٌع‬
. ‫ش٘ب‬٠ٛ‫زُ رص‬٠ ٟ‫جبد اٌز‬١‫ب ثبٌزشو‬ٌٙ ‫ٌىٓ ال ػاللخ‬ٚ