Motion ina Siri laia ait} aEDifferentiation 02 - Differential Calculus: as Rate Measure . - Cea rs - Rules for Finding the Derivatives of Composite Functions mn - ey rr - CO MC TNC) ay =Differentiation * Let y = f(x) . (i), where x is an independent variable & y is a dependent variable, Let Ax be a small increment in the value of x, then Ay is the corresponding change in the value of y such that y+ AY= fxtax) .. Cl) On subtracting equation (i) from equation (i), we get Ay = fix +Ax) A(x) ay _ feray-se, ax ar If the limit of this ratio exists as Ax — 0, then it is defined Now as the “derivative of y with respect to x” and denoted by e Zor F (w), In other words, © is also known as differential coefficient of y with respect to x.Differential Calculus :% as Rate Measure Consider two quantities y and x interrelated in such a way that for each value of x there is one and only one value of y. Figure represents the graph of y versus x. The value of y ata particular x is obtained by the height of the ordinate at that x. Let x be changed by a small amount Ax, and the corresponding change in y be Ay. We can define the “rate of change" of y with respect to x in the following way. yDifferential Calculus :% as Rate Measure * When x changes by Ax, y changes by Ay so that the rate of change seems to be equal to. If A be the point (x, y) ‘and B be the point (x + Ax, y+ Ay), the rate 2 equals the slope of the line AB. We have I we go on drawing the point B closer to A and everytime calculate 22 = tan6, we shall see that as ax is made smaller and smaller the slope tan@ of the line AB approaches the slope of the tangent at A. This slope of the tangent at A thus gives the rate of change of y with respect to x at A, This rate is denoted by 2. Thus, = im © ae deo axDifferential Calculus :% as Rate Measure For small changes Ax we can approximately write y= Sax If the function y increases with an increase in x at a point, is poative there, because both Ay end are positive. If the function y decreases with an increase in x, Ay is, negative when Ax is positive.Differential Calculus :% as Rate Measure For Example From the curve given in figure, we have to find & at x= 2, 6 and 10. 246810 1 4 Explanation: The tangent to the curve at x= 2 is AC. lis ‘The tangent to the curve at x = 6 is parallel to the X-axis,Differential Calculus :% as Rate Measure © ~ tano =o atx= Thus, 2 = tano = 0 at x= 6. ‘The tangent to the curve at x = 10 is DF. Its slop is oy = PE tana = FF _ _Saty= Thus, @ = ~Zat x= 10. * Ifthe algebraic relation between y and xis given in the form of an equation, but the graph of y versus x is not drawn, we can find & algebraically.a . 2 for Some Common Functions ‘soc x fan x. eee ee eT . cosec? xQ1. Find the differentiation of following functions wort x [School/Board-Based] (yt x (3) nx (4) tanxQ1. Find the differentiation of following functions wort x [School/Board-Based] (yt x (3) nx (4) tanxTry Yourself Q1. Calculate the differential coefficient of given function wert. x [School/Board-Based] a) (2) VE (4) erQ1. Calculate the differential coefficient of given function wert. x [School/Board-Based] as (2) vz (4) erRules for Finding the Derivatives of Composite Functions a wy EZ) = c¥ (cis a constant) £0)Q2. Find the differentiation/derivative of following functions. [School/Board-Based] (1) y= 3sinx + 2cosx (2) y=4xt+ 384 224% (3) y= etsinx sing (4) (5) y= tan(x? + 3)Q2. Find the differentiation/derivative of following functions. [School/Board-Based] (1) y= 3sinx + 2cosx 2) @) (4) (5) y= tan(x? + 3) ‘3cosx -2sinx (2) 16x3 + 9x2 + 4x41 e*(cosx+sinx) (4) SE 2x soc%{x? + 3)Try Yourself @2, ify = then find 2, [School/Board-Based] Q3, ify = xt + 4x? + 5x—6 then find & [School/Board-Based]a2. ity = then find ©. [School/Board-Based] a3, ify = + 4x0 + 6x6 then find & [School/Board-Based]a Formulae for differentiation sin x cos x tan x cot x nxt cosx sin x sec? x ~cosec? x secx cosecx Inx e Summary sec xtan x ~cosec x cot x Rules for differentiation 2) = c& (cis constant) a au, av Stn) = 24+ du ax ay _ ay du & = 2. & (chain rule)Thank You! @ Aakash Seam