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Bit Error Rate Comparison of Coded and Uncoded Non Orthogonal Multiple
Access

Conference Paper · June 2016

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 2016년 한국통신학회 하계종합학술발표회

코딩의 비트 에러 비율 비교 및 코딩되지 않은 비 직교 다중 접속
무하마드 바싯 샤하브, 무하마드 파즐를 카델, 아슬라 칸, *신수용
금오공과대학교
basit.shahab, f.kader, arslakhan, wdragon@kumoh.ac.kr

Bit Error Rate Comparison of Coded and Uncoded Non Orthogonal Multiple Access

Muhammad Basit Shahab, Md Fazlul Kader, Arsla Khan, Soo Young Shin*
Kumoh National Institute of Technology.

Summary

Non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is considered as one of the promising candidates for next generation
wireless communication. This paper evaluates the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of coded and uncoded non orthogonal
multiple access (NOMA). The system model consists of two users in a cell where one user is near to the base station
and the other is at the cell edge. It has been shown using simulations that BER performance of NOMA can be improved
using efficient channel coding schemes.

Consider two mobile users UE1 (near user) and UE2

Ⅰ. Introduction
(far user) with channel gains |h 1 |2 and |h 2 |2 such that
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of |h 1 |2>|h 2 |2. In NOMA, these two users can use the same
mobile phone users in the past few years. This number bandwidth and their data are superimposed in terms of
is expected to increase manifold in the near future. This power. The power allocation factors for UE-1 and UE-
will pose high capacity and data rate requirements on 2 are Φ1 and Φ2 such that Φ1 < Φ2 .
the networks. The researchers and telecommunication
regulatory authorities are focusing on 5G to tackle this
huge amount of network traffic. Among many other
prospective candidates, NOMA is expected to be a
promising one. This is due to the fact that NOMA can
provide manifold capacity gains because different users
can use the same bandwidth with individual user data
being superposition coded in the power domain [1] [2].
These users which can use the same bandwidth are
said to be in a pair. User pairing and power allocation
are the key parameters to be optimized for achieving
significant capacity gains in NOMA.
Fig. 1: NOMA Basic Model
While NOMA can provide significant increase in the
system capacity, there are some areas of concern as far
The superimposed signal is given by Eq. 1
as the reception of data at user ends is concerned. As
multiple users can use the same bandwidth, the near 𝑦𝑦 = �Φ1 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠1 + �Φ2 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠2 (1)
user needs to perform successive interference
Where 𝜌𝜌 is the transmit signal to noise ratio (SNR), 𝑠𝑠1
cancellation (SIC) to decode and eliminate the message
and 𝑠𝑠2 are message signals for UE-1 and UE-2
of the far user that is using the same frequency band
respectively. The signal received at UE-i is given by
[3] [4]. The performance of SIC receiver depends upon
the difference in channel gains of the users having same 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 (2)
frequency band and their power allocation factors. It has
been shown in [3] that SIC receiver performance Where ℎ𝑖𝑖 is the channel gain and noise at the i th user
degrades as the difference between channel gains of and 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) at
users or their assigned power allocation factors becomes the i th user. The data rate achieved by the near user
less than a threshold. UE-1 will be
Next section at first gives a brief introduction of the
NOMA transmission protocol and then explores the BER 𝑅𝑅1 = log 2 (1 + 𝜌𝜌|ℎ1 |2 Φ1 ) (3)
performance of coded and uncoded NOMA with non- For the far user UE-2, the achievable data rate so
ideal SIC receiver at user ends. that the far user can decode its own signal is given
Ⅱ. Proposed Model as

𝜌𝜌|ℎ2 |2 Φ2
𝑅𝑅22 = log 2 �1 + � (4)
𝜌𝜌|ℎ2 |2 Φ1 +1

1002
 2016년 한국통신학회 하계종합학술발표회
Conditioned on 𝑅𝑅2→1 ≥ 𝑅𝑅2~ where 𝑅𝑅2→1 is the rate
achievable at UE-1 to decode UE-2 signal and 𝑅𝑅2~ is
the targeted data rate of UE-2. The rate 𝑅𝑅2→1 is given
by Eq. 5.
𝜌𝜌|ℎ1 |2 Φ2
𝑅𝑅2→1 = log 2 �1 +
𝜌𝜌|ℎ1 |2 Φ1 +1
The maximum achievable data rate of UE-2 can be
calculated using Eq. 6.
𝑅𝑅2 = min(𝑅𝑅22 , 𝑅𝑅2→1 )
Now from Eq. 1, it can be seen that the near user
doesn’t have any interference factor in the denominator
because it is assumed that it can perfectly decode the
message of the far user by performing SIC. However
the far user treats signal of near user as interference.
Now if the difference between channel gains of either
users or their power allocation factors is less, than the
SIC performance can face severe degradation. This SIC
performance degradation increases the BER at the
receiver. This issue needs to be resolved for better
NOMA performance.
Channel coding is an important methodology to detect
and correct errors at the receiver side. We here used
convolutional coding at the transmission side while
sending the joint signals. At the receiver which performs
SIC, we implemented Viterbi decoding. We considered a
flat Rayleigh fading channel in our model. The difference
between channel gains and power allocation factors of
both users is not very large in the considered scenario.
Ⅲ. Simulation and Results
We evaluated BER for coded and uncoded NOMA
using MATLAB. The simulation result has been
depicted in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1: BER Comparison of Coded and Uncoded NOMA
In the simulations, near user gain |h 1 |2 is equal to 1
while the far user gain |h 2 |2 is taken as 0.5. Power
allocation factors Φ1 and Φ2 are given as 0.4 and 0.6
respectively. Flat Rayleigh fading channel is considered.
The BER performance for UE-1 and UE-2 for coded
and uncoded NOMA are plotted and also compared with
the theoretical values. The modulation scheme used here
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is simple binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The
transmit SNR is varied between 0 to 35 dB. The function
used for the coding was
poly2trellis (5, [23 35 33 37])
� (5)
It is quite obvious from the figure that the BER of
UE-1 and UE-2 for uncoded NOMA is much high as
compared to coded. The results for both the users are
higher than the theoretical values because these
(6) theoretical values are for single user case. Similar a
comparison can be performed for different decoding at
the receiver e.g. maximum likelihood (ML), hard and
soft decoding. Furthermore, comparison graphs can be
constructed for different modulation schemes and
different user channel gains or power allocation factors
with variety of fading channels.
IV. Conclusion
This paper evaluates Bit Error Rate (BER)
performance of coded and uncoded NOMA. It is shown
using simulations that BER of NOMA is much better
for the coded case as compared to uncoded NOMA. In
future, more comparisons can be performed for different
modulation and coding schemes with variable values of
user channel gains and power allocation factors. We
hope that the results of this paper will help to
investigate the performance of SIC receivers and their
impact on the capacity upper bounds in NOMA.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the BK21 plus program
through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded
by the Ministry of Education of Korea.
References
[1] Yuya Saito, Yoshihisa Kishiyama et al, "Non Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) for Cellular Future Radio Access”,
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), pages 1-5,
spring 2013.
[2] Anxin Li, Yang Lan, Xiaohang Chen, Huiling Jiang, "Non
Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for Future Downlink
Radio Access of 5G”, China Communications, vol 12, pages
28-37, spring 2015.
[3] Chunlin Yan, Atsushi Harada et al, "Receiver Design for
Downlink Non Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)”, IEEE
Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), pages 1-6, spring
2015.
[4] Keisuke Saito, Anass Benjebbour et al, "Link-Level
Performance of Downlink NOMA with SIC Receiver
considering Error Vector Magnitude”, ”, IEEE Vehicular
Technology Conference (VTC), pages 1-5, spring 2015.
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