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Energy
EnergyProcedia
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00 (2017) 424–434
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Climamed 2017 – Mediterranean Conference of HVAC; Historical buildings retrofit in the

Mediterranean area, 12-13 May 2017, Matera, Italy

EnergyThe
Efficiency, Heritage
15th International Conservation,
Symposium and
on District Heating andLandscape
Cooling
Integration: the Case Study of the San Martino Castle in Parella
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
(Turin, Italy)
temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast
Matteo Serraino a*, Elena Lucchib
I. Andrića,b,c*, A.a Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Manitalidea SpA, Via G. di Vittorio 29, Ivrea (Torino), 10015, Italy
a b
IN+ Center for Innovation, TechnologyEURAC Research,
and Policy Viale
Research Druso 1,
- Instituto Bolzano,
Superior 39100,Av.
Técnico, Italy
Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France

Abstract

Abstract
This paper presents the restoration, functional upgrading and plant design carried out at the San M artino Castle, located in Parella.
The castle was built in the XIII Century and had undergone extensions and transformations up until the XX Century. It has been
Districtrefurbished
recently heating networks
with theare commonlyofaddressed
introduction in theThe
new functions. literature
criteriaasthat
onedrove
of the
themost
planteffective solutions
design were: fornew
to give decreasing the
life to the
greenhouse gas
environment, emissions
to achieve from the
adequate building
comfort sector.
levels andThese systemstorequire
air quality; respecthigh
theinvestments which are
existing structures, returned through
minimizing the heat
or integrating
sales. Due
terminals andto the changed
distribution climate
systems; andconditions and building
to install energy efficiencyrenovation
systems, as policies,
well as heat demandemissions
to minimize in the future could decrease,
and running costs.
©prolonging the investment
2017 The Authors. return
Published byperiod.
Elsevier Ltd.
©The2017 Thescope
main
Peer-review Authors.
under Published
paper isby
ofresponsibility
this to Elsevier
of assess
the Ltd.
the feasibility
scientific committee of using
of thethe heat demand
Climamed 2017––outdoor temperature
M editerranean function
Conference offor heat demand
HVAC;
Peer-review
forecast. under
The responsibility
district of of thelocated
Alvalade, scientific committee
in area.
Lisbon of the Climamed
(Portugal), was used2017 as a– case
Mediterranean
study. TheConference
district is ofconsisted
HVAC; of 665
Historical buildings retrofit in the M editerranean
Historical buildings retrofit in the Mediterranean area
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
renovation
Keywords: scenarios
castle, were developed
water-to-water heat pumps;(shallow, intermediate,
cogenerator; environmentdeep). To estimate
integration; monitoringthe error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
1.(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
Introduction
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
Historic buildings form a large proportion of the existing building stock of most European cities. Their
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
refurbishment and conversion involves a series of complex issues that require a balance between heritage conservation,
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
human
coupledcomfort, energy
scenarios). The efficiency,
values suggestedand economic feasibility.
could be used to modify First,
the the insertion
function of newfor
parameters functions and activities
the scenarios considered,must
and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding
Peer-review author.
under Tel.: +39 0125
responsibility 422Scientific
of the 811; fax: +39 0125 19 20
Committee of 242.
The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
E-mail address: serraino.matteo@manital.it
Cooling.

1876-6102
Keywords:©Heat2017 The Authors.
demand; Published
Forecast; Climatebychange
Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Climamed 2017 – Mediterranean Conference of HVAC; Historical buildings
retrofit in the Mediterranean area.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Climamed 2017 – Mediterranean Conference of HVAC; Historical
buildings retrofit in the Mediterranean area
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.387
 Matteo Serraino et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 424–434 425
2 Matteo Serraino, Elena Lucchi / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

be compatible with the historic interest of the building and the natural landscape, without undermining their special
aesthetic, historical, architectonic and material values. This issue is more common in countries with the largest built
heritage in the world, such as Italy, Spain and the UK [1]. The majority of architectural heritage is public and over
70% of the buildings represent a cost rather than an economic resource [2]. The problem is more serious in private
buildings without any access to public funding, although in recent years different crowdfunding programs for arts and
heritage have started. Moreover, the lack of funding and investments for the management and maintenance leads to
further damage in the built heritage already restored. In Italy, there are 911 sites listed as “excellent heritage value” at
the international level by the UNESCO [3] and 704 of them are recognized as “cultural sites”. Furthermore, the Italian
Ministry of Culture counted 205,572 heritage sites and 46,025 historic buildings [4), distributed throughout the entire
country. In this context, the Piedmont Region ranks fourth in Italy for the number of cultural heritage [4], after
Tuscany, Veneto and Emilia Romagna. The cultural heritage of the Piedmont Region consists of 13.289 buildings,
divided mainly into churches (1730), houses (1539), palaces (975), castles (579), chapels (444), villas (283), steeples
(277) and towers (242) [4]. The number of castles is particularly high, compared to the other Italian regions, thanks to
the royal and noble families that characterized the local history. As a matter of fact, there are 3.840 castles in Italy and
15% of them are located in Piedmont and 8% in the province of Torino [4]. Moreover, Torino is one of the most visited
cities in Italy from a tour-ism point of view. It ranks fifth in Italy, after Rome, Venice, Milan, and Florence [3]. The
Italian database also gives information on use and the conservation state of existing buildings [5]. Unfortunately, it
concerns only residential buildings, museums, archives and libraries [6].
Improving energy efficiency in historic heritage, certainly preserving the value and the historical characters, is a
topic of great importance. In fact, the European Commission has decided to develop a specific legislative framewo rk
to cut CO2 emissions by 2020 [7], to increase the share of renewable sources [8] and to enhance the energy
performances of existing buildings [9]. The European Directives [7] [9] showed the big potential of existing buildings
for the achievement of energy savings and CO2 emissions reduction. Respecting these legislative constraints involves
the major acceleration of the energy retrofit of existing buildings, both listed and unlisted. They suggested promoting
effective policies for the refurbishment of the exis ting buildings not only for the construction of a new one with low
energy consumptions [7]. Several studies investigated the energy savings related to the refurbishment of old buildings,
concluding that it is possible to save between 50% and 68% of the energy consumption by insulating the facades or
the roof and replacing the windows [10; 11; 1]. Another important aspect in the Mediterranean area, less studied than
the control of heat losses through the building envelope, is related to the control of the internal heat gain and
overheating. The literature pointed out the importance of a correct e nergy audit of old buildings that normally have
better energy and environmental characteristics than expected. As a matter of fact, commonly used software for energy
labeling and audits tend to overestimate the energy consumption of historic buildings by u p to 40% [10; 12]. This
situation is due to wrong estimations of the thermal performances, occupants’ behaviors, building operation conditions,
and so on [1]. Therefore, the application of inadequate parameters causes disadvantages for these buildings, promoting
substitution or energy improvement of components without any real advantage for the global energy balance [10; 11;
12]. To compare different solutions for understanding the economic feasibility of the intervention, the European
Commission [9] suggested the use of the cost optimal approach. Heritage buildings must adapt to these changes,
physically, socially and anthropologically, within its environment [13]. The protection of a monument can go beyond
the original protectable features. In an integrated sustainable use, drives for local and spatial economy, can be expected .
A particularly important challenge is related to the economic value of these heritage buildings: the inclusion of new
compatible activities should produce an economic benefit over time. This challenge is particularly important for private
buildings, which can be revived only with a sustainable management from an economic point of view.

2. Aims and methodology

This paper presents the restoration, functional upgrading and plant design carried out at the San Martino Castle,
located in Parella, a beautiful natural area in the Turin Province (Italy). The building and the natural area are listed.
The castle, today owned by Manitalidea, was built in the XIII Century and had undergone extensions and building
transformations up until the XX Century. The work has been structured in the following phases: (i) historical analysis
of the building related to the technological and morphological aspects; (ii) design project with the definition of the
most appropriate internal functions; (iii) definition of possible retrofittin g actions on the building envelope; (iv)
426 Matteo Serraino et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 424–434
Matteo Serraino, Elena Lucchi / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

definition of possible retrofitting actions on heating/cooling and lighting systems; (v) evaluation of the energy
consumption; and (vi) energy and environmental monitoring of the building.

3. Historical analysis of the building

The restoration of the castle started from a profound knowledge of the history of the building and the landscape.
As a matter of fact, a deeper knowledge of the history of the building is the first step to identify the needs for suitable
intervention [13]. This means understanding the original construction, alterations, actual conditions, qualities, material
and immaterial values, lacks, and retrofitting opportunities. In this case, historical and archival analyses were
conducted in total absence of previous investigations on the castle. Available sources were mainly related to archival
documents (e.g., Fondo San Martino of Parella) and paintin gs of the heritage site. The historical analysis allowed to
build for the first time the history of this Castle. It was built in the XIII Century as a “shelter” or “casa forte”, an old
farmhouse. A first extension was built in the XVI century by Alessio I (founder of Secondi di San Martino di Parella)
that turned the shelter into a building through a specific project. Carlo and Amedeo di Castellamonte continued this
project in the subsequent century. The current architectural shape, the decoration of the fa cades, as well as the first
design of the main courtyard and the garden have been developed in this stage. The indoor and outdoor organization
of the castle resembles the Masino castle, near Turin. Similarly, the decorations were done by the same workers o f the
Castello del Valentino in Turin. In the XVIII century, the Parella castle underwent several renovations, structural
consolidations, and decoration remakes, which led to a modern image. In addition, under the guidance of the architect
Giacomo Antonio Paracca, a new wing for the noble apartments was built. In 1778, the shape of the castle was defined,
as shown by the “Catasto Piemontese” (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. T he area of the Parella Castle in the “Catasto Piemontese”, 1778

Finally, in the XIX century, the castle had new transformations related to the resto-ration of the decorations and the
renovation of the interior spaces. The monument has been maintained in good condition until the end of the XIX
century, when it was sold by its aristocratic owners. Then, several spoliations characterized its history. The structure,
after having been abandoned for approximately 10-15 years, has been recently refurbished by the new owner
Manitalidea, with the introduction of new complex functions such as a hotel, a co nvention center, a gourmet restaurant,
a café, a wine bar, a Spa, and several shops for selling selected products of the territory. Also, in the area, where there
were once the “Canavesani” gardens founded by Adriano Olivetti, an agricultural park and a vineyard (Erbaluce) will
be built based on the principles of environmental protection, respect and the enhancement of the territory and local
productions.
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4 Matteo Serraino, Elena Lucchi / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

4. Architectural design project

The refurbishment of the Parella Castle aims at restoring the architectu ral and historical character of the building
as well as inserting new functions compatible with its historical aspects. Particularly, departing from the historical
analysis, the de-signers decided to show the different construction phases of the building a nd the decorative artifact
by securing its structure. This design project is a key part of a wider tourist accommodation initiative that also involves
the historical park near the estate (approximately 60,000 m2 ) (Figure 2).

Fig. 2. Parella Castle, external view

The insertion of new functions and features follows the principle of flexibility and adaptability to have less impact
on the original building. The activities that require several structural transformations have been placed in areas with a
lower presence or absence of architectural elements and decorative values. The hotel and the pub are located in this
area. On the contrary, the activities with lower structural transformation requirements, such as the convention center
and the public reception, have been inserted in the areas with less flexibility for the presence of heritage values. In
general, the insertion of new activities does not require major changes to the original building. Most of the demolitions
in the project concern interventions recently built and they are mainly due to the need to adapt the buildings for
structural safety. Similarly, a new underground building was built near the “Corte Rustica” to house the electrical and
mechanical plant without any impact on the aesthetic image of the heritage site (Figure 3).

Fig. 3. One of the courts of Parella Castle

At the same time, the energy retrofit aims at reaching high -energy performance levels, as well as preserving and
valorizing its heritage values and its original characteristics. From an energy point of view, the project also included a
dynamic energy model of the building to define the most appropriate intervention . The as-is state energy performance
of the building was modelled using the software EnergyPlus 7.2 t o take ad-vantage of the energy behavior of the
original building envelope. In fact, its high thick-ness guarantees good thermal transmittance (U-value) and inertia.
The design of the HVAC systems is based on this dynamic model to minimize the energy consu mption of non-
renewable sources and to avoid oversizing of the plants that could interfere with the building.
428 Matteo Serraino et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 424–434
Matteo Serraino, Elena Lucchi / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

Adhering to the European standard [[14], the energy retrofit started from the evaluation of the solutions compatible
with the building envelope in collaboration with the local Heritage Authorities. The constraints arising from the
frescoes in the courts and in the rooms limited the works to the refurbishment and the insulation of the roofs, which
were already damaged and the replacement of some windows with low transmittance ones. For this reason, the
intervention focused mainly on the systems. Then, high -energy performing technologies for heating and lighting
systems were individualized, al-so maximizing the use of daylight. As often happens in this type of building, insulation
of the masonries was not pos sible. The intervention on the exterior façade was not possible due to the presence of a
specific historic characterization. Similarly, the insertion of internal insulation was not possible because of the presence
of precious frescoes in the courts and in the rooms. The frescoes were completely restored using traditional techniques.
The existing mixed masonry presents a complex pattern composed of irregular ashlar and a nucleus formed by raw
and mixed materials such as igneous rocks, mortar, bricks, and wood. It has a thickness of approximately 0.6 m and it
is covered in most parts on both sides with historic lime plaster, wall paintings and frescoes. The typical U-value is
1.7 W/m2 K. The original masonry has been consolidated to guarantee the adequate resistance against static loads and
failure mechanisms. Particularly, low-pressure mixture binders have been injected to increase the average value of the
masonry compressive strength. The lightening of the horizontal elements preceded the intervention to reduce the
vertical load and the horizontal thrust, which the elements are subjected to (Figure 4). The damage on the existing roof
allowed the insertion of thermal insulation. The original roof was not secure from a static point of view; thus, it has
been completely re-furbished with an insulated roof. The new stratigraphy of the roof is composed of: 0.15 m of rock
wool insulation material. The U-value is 0.22 W/m2 K. The intervention on the windows was not always possible. The
existing windows have single glazing and wooden frames with a U-value is 5.0 W/m2 K. The air infiltrations are
considered to be 78 mc/h (0,1 Vol/h). Just a few windows have been replaced with double glazing with a low- coating
and wooden frames.

Fig. 4. “ Manica Quadraria” and “Sala di Giove” frescoes

5. Plant types and building uses

Before the renovation, the building’s facilities were limited to a small heating system just dedicated to a few rooms
and a simple electrical plant. As described before, the building is now characterized by many activities and, as a
consequence, many plant types have been realized in order to match the different needs in terms of: thermal comfort ,
IAQ and architectural integration. The following table connects the main building uses with the plant types (Table 1).
 Matteo Serraino et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 424–434 429
6 Matteo Serraino, Elena Lucchi / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

T able 1. Building uses with the plant types.

Building use Fan-coil Radiant panels Radiators Primary air Whole air system

Hotel X (rooms and X (suites) X (toilets) X (rooms and -

corridors) suites)
Cafeteria X - - X -
Events areas - X - - X
Meeting rooms - - - - X
SPA - - X (dressing - X (treatments
rooms, gym, areas)
relax area)
Restaurant X (restaurant - X (toilets)
room and
kitchen)
Winehouse X - - X -
Shops X - - - -
Pub - - X (toilets) - X

The technical rooms, where mainly pumps and Air Handling Units (AHUs) are installed, are located in the attic, in
the basement or in rooms without architectonical values . Pipes and channels have been installed in existing shafts. In
many cases, the exhaust air channels are installed within the old chimneys and the intake grill is integrated (F igure 5).

Fig. 5. AHU installed in the attic (sx); underfloor channels and intake grill integrated in the old chimneys (dx)

Service rooms (such as toilets and kitchens) have been located in spaces not characterized by architectonical and
historical values. In the spaces under the attic and characterized by a wood coffered ceiling (e.g., restaurant rooms and
events area) fan-coils have been installed in the attic, preserving the architectonical features of the noble rooms,
simplifying the maintenance operations and reducing the sound pressure level. Service rooms (such as toilets and
kitchens) have been located in spaces not characterized by architectonical and historical values. The custom-made air
vents are installed and hidden within the coffered ceiling. In the hotel, fan-coils are installed within the false ceiling
in the passageway within the rooms or in the corridor to not disturb the occupants in case of maintenance (Figure 6).
430 Matteo Serraino et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 424–434
Matteo Serraino, Elena Lucchi / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 7

Fig. 6. Circular and linear air vents configuration

In the rooms with frescoed vaults, radiant panels and underfloor channels for fresh air have been realized in order
to preserve the artistic values (Figure 7).

Fig. 7. Installation of the radiant panels and underfloor channels

In some events areas characterized by large crowds, relevant internal height and ceilings without frescos, an entire
air system has been realized. In the shops, fan-coils are integrated within the furniture or counter walls hidden from
view. In any case, inspection panels guarantee maintenance (Figure 8).
 Matteo Serraino et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 424–434 431
8 Matteo Serraino, Elena Lucchi / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Fig. 8. Fan-coils integrated within the furniture

6. Plant efficiencies

The architectural constraints did not allow the realization of a high performance building envelope. In any case,
many functions within the building are characterized by high-energy consumption due to the use, for example to high
domestic hot water consumption (in the Hotel and Spa) or high ventilation rates (events areas and restaurant). For
these reasons, the focus on energy efficiency surrounds the plants.

6.1. Generation system

Water-to-water heat pumps have been installed for heating and cooling. The thermal source of the heat pumps is
an aquifer and the emission system is characterized by low and medium temperature systems to achieve high seasonal
efficiencies. The two installed heat pumps are units for simultaneous and independent production of hot and cold
water. This way, the thermal energy is a type of heat recovery due to the cooling energy generation, achieving a higher
seasonal efficiency. The energy savings is also associated with the high nominal efficiency of the units and their
flexible operation at partial load. Thanks to the use of electrical heat pumps, there are no chimneys and outdoor units
that could modify the exterior image of the castle (Figure 9).

Fig. 9. Heat pumps configuration

A cogeneration system was installed for the electricity generation (for heat pumps, lighting, ventilation, etc.) and
the thermal energy generation at high temperatures to be used for the domestic hot water production for the hotel, the
restaurant and the Spa. This way, high-efficiency can be achieved due to the heat recov ery and allowing the heat
432 MatteoElena
Matteo Serraino, Serraino et al.
Lucchi / Energy
/ Energy Procedia
Procedia 00 133 (2017)
(2017) 424–434
000–000 9

pumps to not be required to produce hot water. The technical spaces, where the generation systems are installed, are
located in the old stables or storage. In this way, there is no interference with the noble part of the castle fr om an
architectonical, acoustic and maintenance point of view.

6.2. Distribution system

Most of the AHU are equipped with high efficiency cross -flow heat recovery systems except when the distance
between the supply air and exhaust air channel was too long or fo r space reasons. Variable flow hydronic circuits have
been realized using pumps equipped with an inverter (Figure 10).

Fig. 10. Variable speed pumps

7. Monitoring and telecontrol

As described in the previous paragraphs, the building is mainly characterize d by three levels of complexity:

 Architectural constraints that forced the plant realization in difficult -to-access building areas;
 Heterogeneity of the activities performed within the building;
 Low running costs due to low energy consumption mainly related not to the building envelope, but to the
optimization of the facilities management

A common monitoring platform has been implemented to reduce this complexity. This platform checks all the
plants within the building (HVAC, lighting, intrusion alarm systems, etc.). The data unification under a unique
interface allows the reduction of the management complexity, the simplification of the plants’ maintenance, and the
decrease in time and mistakes when finding alarms and faults. The data exchange between the different plants and
subsystems within the building allows the definition of adaptive control strategies to be a function of the actual
presence of people within the building, air temperature, and daylight. For example, the disconnection of the alarm
systems modifies the indoor air temperature set-point. Moreover, the lighting system is linked to the natural light
conditions and thermal mass activation system is provided for thermal/cooling peak shaving. Distributed intelligence
control systems have been installed to manage the different facilities and spaces within the building, keeping the
benefits of a centralized generation system. The monitoring system is equipped with electrical and thermal
measurement devices installed on the main user and electrical boards. This configuration allows the monitoring of the
energy consumption with two aims: subdivide the costs of all the activities within the building and allow the
continuous improvement of the control strategies (Figure 11).
 Matteo Serraino et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 424–434 433
10 Matteo Serraino, Elena Lucchi / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Fig. 11. Thermal and electrical consumption monitoring

8. Conclusions

The case study shows an intervention of an energy retrofit and plant installation in a historic building, preserving
the heritage value and optimizing the original energy behavior. The renovation project of the Parella Castle is
characterized by several innovations in different fields. The artistic constraints arising from the frescoes limited the
works to the refurbishment and insulation of the roofs, which were already damaged. For this reason, the intervention
focused mainly on the systems. The realization of high efficiency plants is a must to guarantee low running costs of
the facility. The criteria that drove the plant design were: (i) to respect the existing structures, minimizing or integrating
the central HVAC systems, the terminals and the distribution systems; (ii) to achieve adequate comfort levels and air
quality; and (iii) to install energy efficient and flexible systems as well as to minimize emissions and running costs.
Dynamic simulation, commonly used in new, complex and low energy buildings, has been used in this project to avoid
plant oversizing, especially in the case of the distribution and emissions systems, minimizing the interference with the
historical building. The large number of the activities within the building can be realized by installing: different plant
types and flexible generation systems to guarantee different comfort and IAQ levels during various period of the day
and in several parts of a large building.

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