THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2020)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) 2020 IPA

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal

Plosive p b t d æ ÿ c ï k g q G /
Nasal m µ n = − N Ð
Trill õ r R
Tap or Flap ⱱ | Ç
Fricative F B f v T D s z S Z § ½  J x V X å © ? h H
Lateral
fricative ñ L
Approximant à ¨ Õ j ÷
Lateral
approximant l ð ´ K
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS

Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back
Close i y é è ¬ u
> Bilabial º Bilabial ' Examples: IY U
ù Dental ë Dental/alveolar p' Bilabial
< (Post)alveolar ú Palatal t' Dental/alveolar Close-mid e P ɘ ¸ ¯ o
ø Palatoalveolar Ä Velar k' Velar «
² Alveolar lateral ì Uvular s' Alveolar fricative Open-mid E { ä ɞ ¿ O
Ï Œ
OTHER SYMBOLS
Open a Ó A 
… Voiceless labial-velar fricative ‚ ó Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
w Voiced labial-velar approximant È Voiced alveolar lateral flap
ç Voiced labial-palatal approximant ê Simultaneous ʃ and x SUPRASEGMENTALS

í Voiceless epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations " Primary stress
®foUn« "tIS«n
À Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ¡
ts¥ kp ® Secondary stress
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Ö Epiglottal plosive É Long eÉ
ò Half-long eò
DIACRITICS
* Extra-short e*
9 Voiceless n9 d9 » Breathy voiced b» a» 1 Dental t 1 d1 ù Minor (foot) group
3 Voiced s3 t 3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 Á Apical t Á dÁ  Major (intonation) group
î Aspirated t î dî £ Linguolabial t£ d£ 4 Laminal t 4 d4 . Syllable break ¨i.Ïkt
7 More rounded O7 W Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e) Å Linking (absence of a break)

¦ Less rounded O¦ Æ Palatalized tÆ dÆ ö Nasal release dö TONES AND WORD ACCENTS

ª Advanced uª × Velarized t× d× Â Lateral release d LEVEL CONTOUR

Extra
2 Retracted e2 ³ Pharyngealized t³ d³ } No audible release d} e_ ‰ or
high e# Š Rising
or

á Centralized eá ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized : e!  High e$ ‘ Falling

+ Mid-centralized e+ 6 Raised e6 ( ¨6 = voiced alveolar fricative) e@ � Mid e% Ÿ Highrising
e~ ™ Low eÞ • Low rising
` Syllabic n` ¤ Lowered e¤ ( B¤ = voiced bilabial approximant) eÑ ž Extra
low e&  Rising-
falling
8 Non-syllabic e8 5 Advanced Tongue Root e5 Í Downstep ‹ Global rise

± Rhoticity ã a± ° Retracted Tongue Root e° › Upstep Ì Global fall

Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊

Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols)