THEORY OF FLIGHT not able to control it.
After two failed attempts in the Potomac
WHAT IS FLYING ALL ABOUT?
SCIENCE
 Chemical science, aeronautical science, physics,
technology, meteorology, and environmental source and
etc.
FREEDOM
 Law, policies, rules, regulations, practices
BEAUTY
 Flying can be a lonely activity but the positive effect of
that is you can appreciate the beauty of the sky.
ADVENTURE
 Maneuvers, location, and people
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHTS IN THE REAL WORLD
THE DREAM:
Humans have yearned to fly for as long as recorded history can
be found:
1. ICARUS - 30 BCE, Greek Mythology
2. MOZI (MO DI) AND LU BAN (GONGSHU BAN) - 5th Century
BC, Chines Philosopher (KITES)
3. LEONARDO DA VINCI - 1400s, sketches of flying machines
(Ornithopter and helical aerial screw)
THE PATH TO GET TO THIS POINT:
1. HOT AIR BALLOON (Joseph, Michel & Jacques, Etienne
Montgolfier) - designed and invented it in November 21, 1783.
2. GLIDER (Sir George Cayley)- is the Father of Aeronautics and
he invented the glider in 1804-1853.
3. OTTO LILIENTHAL - A German aviation pioneer named as a
“Glider King”. He was the first to make well documented,
repeated, successful gliding flights. He died in 1896 when his
glider stalled at a height of the 50ft.
4. CLEMENT ADER - A French inventor who focused much of his
life on heavier-than-air powered flight in 1841. His invention,
The Eole, was a bat-like run on a lightweight steam engine. The
Eole successfully hopped 50m at a height of 8 inches.
5. ZEPPELIN (1900) - Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin is an
inventor of rigid airships, airships or dirigible balloon a type of
lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate thru the air under its
own power (lifting gas used was hydrogen and flammable)
since 1960s airships used helium, almost the same lifting
capacity but not flammable.
6. KARL JATHO (November 1903) - A German aviation pioneer,
who attempted flight using tri-planes and bi-planes. He
eventually gave up, nothing “In spite of many efforts, I cannot
make longer or higher flights. Motor weak.”
7. SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY - An American pioneer in
aviation. He successfully made heavier than air flight, but was
River (October 7, 1903), the Wright Flew before he could
succeed. (Manned Aerodrome).
8. WRIGHT BROTHERS - Wilbur and Orville Wright are the first
humans to have a powered, controlled, heavier-than-air flight,
17 December 1903 at Near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The first
for 12 seconds and last for 59 seconds.
9. ARCHIMEDES ROTATING SCREW - 234 BC Archimedes
introduced the rotating screw to Greece.
10. ROBERT HOOKE - he is a mathematician, physicist, and
inventor. In 1655, he concluded that the human body does not
posses the strength to power artificial wings.
11. PROGRESS IN FLYING MACHINES - a railroad and bridge
engineer Octave Chanute published this book in 1890. he
published all of the aeronautical knowledge known to date.
12. LOUIS BLERIOT - In 1909, he built an aircraft with notable
design. He invented a mono-wing aircraft.
13. HUGO JUNKERS - In 1910, he invented a all metal aircraft
named j-1 and eliminated all the wood.
14. LOUIS CHARLES BREGUET - In 1917, he invented the
Brequet-14 to used as bomber and reconnaissance plane for
WW1.
15. CURTISS HS-2L - In 1920, Curtiss Airplane Company build a
single-engine patrol flying boat during WW1. it used to carry
out anti-submarine patrols and converted into passenger
aircraft after WW1.
OTHER NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO REMEMBER:
 CHARLES LINDBERGH
- May 21, 1927, he is the first pilot to win the Ortieg prize for
making a nonstop flight from New York City to Paris.
- his total flight time from NYC to Paris was 33 hours, 30
minutes and 29.8 seconds.
- it is the first solo transatlantic flight
- The Spirit of St. Louis.
 GEOFFREY DE HAVILLAND
- in 1930, he invented the DH-Mosquito fighter aircraft for
WW2 and its frame was constructed mostly of wood and with
fiber glass radome.
 AMELIA EARHART
- the first woman pilot
In 1928, she became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic
as a passenger.
- May 21, 1932, she became the first woman to pilot an
airplane solo across the Atlantic
- in 1935, she completed the first woman’s solo nonstop
transcontinental flight which covered 2,448 mile from Los
Angeles to Newark.
- July 2, 1937, she attempted to fly around the world but she
failed.
 ROBERT STANLEY
- October 1, 1942, the first turbojet aircraft is invented named
Bell XP-59A and it was piloted by Robert Stanley
 CAPT. CHARLES YEAGER
- October 14, 1947, Capt. Charles Yeager piloted the air
launched experimental Bell X-1 rocket propelled.
- he become the first man to fly an aircraft beyond the speed of
sound.
LESSON 2: EFFECTS
1. COANDA EFFECT
 The Coanda Effect is an interesting phenomenon in fluid
mechanics discovered by the Romanian inventor Henri
Marie Coanda.
 The physics of the Coanda effect is based on the property
of a jet flow to attaches itself to a nearby surface and to
remain attached even when the surface bends away from
the initial jet direction.
 If apply this effect to the airplane’s wing the result will be..
2. MAGNUS EFFECT
 A German physicist and chemist H.G. MAGNUS, who first
(1853) experimentally investigated the effect, it is
responsible for the “curve” of a served tennis ball or a
driven golf ball and affects the trajectory of a spinning
artillery shell.
 It is associated with a spinning object that drags air faster
around one side, creating a differentiated pressure.
 Magnus Effectis an observable phenomenon in which
FORCE is exerted on a rapidly SPINNING cylinder or
sphere moving through air or another fluid in a direction
at an angle to axis of spin.
 The air that passes to the object tends to drag around one
side, creating a difference in pressure that moves it in the
direction of the lower pressure side.
 Mostly bullets, rockets, rotor aircraft, wind mills, turbines
are susceptible to encounter Magnus Effect.
3. CORIOLIS EFFECT
 Coriolis Force, also called Coriolis effect, in classical
mechanics, an inertial force described by the 19th century
French engineer-mathematician Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis
in 1835.
 It affects weather patterns, it affects ocean currents, and it
even affects air travel.
 Coriolis effect is the apparent deflection of the objects
(airplanes, wind, missiles, and ocean currents) moving in a
straight path relative to the earth's surface
 This means that from the object in the air such as an
airplane, the earth can be seen rotating slowly below it
that also tends to make the airplane curve off of its
course.
 Expected effect of the Coriolis force is..
 2) THE LAW OF FORCE
 “The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the
object and the amount of force applied”
 This means that the force is the product of the mass of
any object that acts against the pull of earth’s gravity.
(F=m*a) -> only good for constant mass
 Lift, weight, thrust, drag
 The velocity, force, acceleration, and momentum have
both a magnitude and direction. It means that this are
vector quantity.
 Examples:
 an aircraft’s motion resulting from aerodynamic
forces, aircraft weight and thrust.

LESSON: PRINCIPLES

1. NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

3) THE LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION
SIR ISAAC NEWTON  “Whenever one object exerts a force on another object,
 he worked in many areas of mathematics and physics. the second object exerts an equal and opposite on the
 He developed the theories of gravitation in 1666 when he reaction”
was only 23 years old  In every action, there is always equal and opposite
 In 1686, he presented his three laws of motion in the reaction
“Principia Mathematics Philosophie Naturalis”
 Newton’s revolutionized science by developing the three
laws of motion

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

1) THE LAW OF INERTIA

 “an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion
remains motion at constant speed and in a straight line
unless acted on by an unbalanced or outside force”.
 Examples:
 The motion of airplane when a pilot changes
the throttle setting of an engine
 The motion of a ball falling down through the
 Examples:
atmosphere
 The motion of lift from an airfoil, the air is
 A model rocket being launched up into the
deflected downward by the airfoil’s action, and
atmosphere
in reaction, the wing is pushed upward.
 The motion of a kite when the wind changes
 The motion of spinning ball, the air deflected to
one side, and the ball reacts by moving in the
opposite
 The motion of a jet engine produces thrust and
hot exhaust flow out at the back of the engine,
and thrusting force is produced in the opposite
direction.
2. BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

DANIEL BERNOULLI (1700 - 1782)

 Bernoulli built his work off that of Newton.
 Bernoulli was a Dutch-born scientist who studied in Italy.
He moved to Venice where he worked on mathematics
and practical medicine.
 In 1724, he published Mathematical exercises,
 In 1725, he designed an hourglass that won him the prize
of the Paris Academy, his first of ten.
 As a result of his growing fame as a mathematecian,
Daniel was invited to St. Petersburg to continue his
research and he was not happy there,
 It was there that he wrote “Hydrodynamica” the work for Lesson: AERODYNAMICS
which he is best known.
INTRODUCTION
 In 1738, he published “Hydrodynamica”, his study in fluid
dynamics, or the study of how fluids behave when they’re  Flight is a phenomenon that has long been a part of the
in motion natural world.
 Air, like water, is a fluid; however, unlike water, which is  Birds Fly not only by flapping their wings, but by gliding
liquid, air is a gaseous substance with their wings outstretched for long distances.
 It is stated that an increase in the speed of movement or  Smoke, which is composed of tiny particles, can rise
flow would cause a decrease in the fluid’s pressure. thousands of feet into the air. Both these types of flight
are possible because of the principles of Physical Science.
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE: “As the Pressure Increases, the  Likewise, Man-Made Aircraft rely on these principles to
Temperature Increases and the Velocity Decreases” overcome the force of gravity and achieve flight.

AERODYNAMICS
 Reason why airplane fly (Air power)
 Study of airflow (movement) - airfoil
 Law of action and reaction (Lift)
 Airflow
 Airfoil

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR

 AIR is a mixture of several gases

 AIR has mass, weight, and indefinite shape
 AIR, like any fluid, is able to flow and change its shape
when subjected to even minute pressures because of the
lack of strong molecular cohesion
THE ATMOSPHERE

 The atmosphere is the whole mass of air extending

upward for hundreds of miles
 It may be compared with a pile of blanket
 Air int he higher altitudes like top blanket of the pile, it
under less pressure than the air in the lower altitudes

 Earth’s atmosphere has six different layers. They go from

the ground all the way to outer space.

THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

1. EXOSPHERE - outermost layer
2. IONOSPHERE - active, changing layer
3. THERMOSPHERE - heat that won’t keep you warm
4. MESOSPHERE - middle layer
5. STRAROSPHERE - layer made of layers
6. TROPOSHERE - layer we call home

AIR
 Air has weight and it can be weighed
 Air has molecules which are separated from one another
the reason why we cannot see it with our eyes
 Air have different characteristics such as pressure, density,
temperature, humidity, and viscosity