SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE The Egyptian Civil Code Act No. 131/1948 As Amended Commented on By The Most Recent Judgments of Court of Cassation (2008) Banas A RAN oh Ato RAMI cee cg cal) (ghtal) gy Lill VAEA Abad VF 0B) Egil aud Gaal ule Wiles aR Ansa alsaj (TeA)SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE Table of Contents of the Egyptian Civil Code Act No. 131/1948 Subject Promulgating Law Preliminary Chapter: General Provisions Section |. Laws and their Application Laws and Rights (Art. 1-5) 2. Application ofthe Law Confct of Laws a regards Time fart 6) Confct of Laws as regards Place (at 10-28) ‘Section Il, Persone 4. Natural Persons (art. 28-51) 2. Aatficial Parsons (art. 62-53) (NB: articles 54-87 abrogated) ‘Section Ili Classification of Objects ‘and Property (art. 81-88) PART ONE: Obligations or Personal Rights BOOK I: Obligations in General Chapter: Sources of Obligations: Section I: Contracts 4, Elements of Contracts ‘Consent (art. 89-130) Object (art. 131-135) Consideration Nulity (art. 136- 137) Nuit fart. 138-144) 2, Effects of @ Contract (art. 145- 166) 3, Dissolution of Contracts (art. 157 nally Ai ghBN tial HALL ie era peal) opi) 6 gh VAEA Rad VY oly csi eas ee ott He Sal et Aigaty gh 293 dua Ss wal ost gas 1 rol et OSA Cs oe ole ath it Jal Aub abl 1 Ae vas nt) hay Set ps 2 Jat (49 tet ga aya ola Si 9 a 59) 28 pat He Ags cha 3M 2S ARI ae 9 A sed 2d att sab ass saSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE 161) Section I: Unilateral Undertakings (art 162), Section I: Torts 1 Responsibly for One's Own ‘Act (an. 188-172), 2, Responsibly forthe acts of another (learous Habit) (a. 173-175) 3. Responsibility arising ot of objec art. 178-178) Section IV: Unjust Enrichment (art. 4179-180) 1. Payments not due (art. 187-187) 2. Voluntary Agency (art. 188-197) Section V: The Law (art, 198) Chapter I: Etfects of Obligations (art. 199-202) ‘Section : Specific Performance (203- 214) Section I: Performance by means of Compensation (art. 216-233) Section I: Methods of Implementation Method of Security which Guarantee the Rights of Creditors (art. 234) Methods of Implementation (art. 235-248) 2, One ofthe methods of securty: Fight of Retention (art, 248-248) 3. Insolvency (art 249-264) Chapter I: Mathods of Modifying the Effects of Obligations Section . Coneltions and Terms 4. Conditions (a. 285-270) 2, Terma (ar 271-274) ‘Section I Multiplo Objects of an Obligation 3. Siasdly Ag GL Lao AAAI oe a Says ua ahd gb da 2088 at paki Que ce isa -) She ce Aja 1 eA ce HSA Al se Sy ALD gl al Gide ie sR ou Jaa 5M TH Ao a a ashy ea Ge oul isha iy eat Jas Saige a oat. ast x Jaa 3 8 JulSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE 4. Atemative Obligations (art. 275 2m) 2, Substitute Obligations (art. 278) Section Il: Multiple Partios to an Obligation 1. doint and Several Responsibly (ait, 278-268) 2. Indiviibity (art. 300-202) Chapter IV: Transfer of Obligations Section : Assignment of a Right (art 303-314) Section I Assignment of a Debt (at 318-322) Chapter V: Extinguishment of Obligations Section : Payment 1. The two Parties of Payment (art, 328-340) 2. Means of Payment (art. 241-348) ‘Section Ik: Methods of Extinguishment ‘of an Obligation Equivalent to Performance 4. A Giving in Payment (art. 350: 351) 2, Novation and Delegation (at. 362-361), 8. Setof art. 362-388) 4, Merger of Personals (ar. 370) Section I: Extinguishment of Obligations without Fulfilment 1. Release from an Obligation (at 371) 2, Impossiitty of Performance (art 313) 3, Forfelture ofa right custo Expiration ofthe Limtations Petod (an. 374-388) Chapter VI: Proof of Ob (abrogated) (art 389-417) ations. Beall AHN LAs (LAN ce 2 ss La oa dk ss 20 Gua waa 3 SUA pas = AAS J ga al igs di a oe ga 8 Ja alsin ot al hg 2d a sighdae ¥ 38 Jal Sig sh 0 Hayy sa ati ath tad ohh cas AIT a et a (Ay AL ett rsSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE. BOOK I: Nominate Contracts Chapter I: Contracts regarding ‘Ownership Section I: Sales 4. Sales in General Elements of a Sale (art. 418-427) CObigations of the Vendor (art. 428455) (ObEgations of the Purchaser (art, 456-464) 2, Different Types of Sale Sale with a Right of Redemption (ar 485) Sale of the Property of another (ar 406-468), ‘Sale of Ltigous Rights (art. 469: 472) Sole of a Decedent's Estate (art 473.476) ‘Sales made n Contemplation of Death (a. 47-478) ‘Sale by a Representative to Fimsel (ar. 478-481), Section Ii: Barto (Exchango) (at. 482 485) Section Il: Gitts 1. Elements ofa Gi (ert 486-492) Effects of a Git (rt. 499-409) 3, Revocation of Git (rt. 600-504) Section IV: Partnership (art. 605-508) 4. Elements of a Partnership art. 07-515) 2. Management ofa Partnership, (an. 516-520) 9, Efiects of a Partnorshi (art. 624 525), 4, Methods of DiesoWing @ Partnership (art 626-831) Sealy Ag LADY KHL a aa gla 0 sh et es ata 2 a ed att ee angel ets anes gal el ealetsl ony Adee il le oe Nede & ad Gyn gw Boe esd pad eal Ad A ap Hil 28 ul ‘gt 20 dat adhd -3 ugh itl teat 1 dua isa is or is pI Lat gkSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE 5. Ligudation of a Partnership and Distibution of is Assets (ar 582.537) Section V: Loans and Annuities 1. Loans (art. $36-544) 2. Annuties (an. 645-648) Section Vi: Settloment (Conciliation) 1. Elements of a Settement (549. 582) 2, Effects ofa Settlement (art. 553- 555) 3. Nulty of Settlement (art. 556- 557) Section : Leases 1. Leases in Goneral Elements of a Leace (at. 658- 563) Effects of @ Lease (art. 564-592) ‘Assignment and Subletting of Lease (art $83-597) “The End ofa Lease (art 596- 600) Death or InsoNency ofthe Lessee (ar. 601-608) 2. Certain Types of Leases Leases of Agricultural Land (art 610-618) Sharecropping (ar. 618-627) Lease of Wak” Property (ar. 628-634) ‘Section ll: Loans for Use (art. 635) 4. Obligations of he Lender (art 630-038), 2. Obligations of the Borrower (art 590-612) 3, Termination ofa Loan for Use (ar 643-645), Blalaally Aig Hl) | Ubud ALA te s indy iS als -0 sla JSy ul roa Jeet ail) slat dal a tat buss} chad Bt aust ly etic le 4) ag 3) th earthy Sa ah a Ae tas bn =) saa Sn 8 Obl oo ly Sal oe dD Saale eee! I allel aye eae vay LD LM tot jee ae Hyd 2 Jat an chal ht oad Lag ae slat 1SHALAKANY LAW OFFI ‘Chapter Il: Contracts for the performance of Work ‘Section |: Contracts for Works and Concessions for Public Utiities 4. Contracts for Works (art. 648) Obligations of the Contractor (at 687-650) Subcontracting (at. 861-662) Extinguishment ofa Contract for Work (art. 683-667) 2. Concessions for Public tities (an. 66873) ‘Section il: Employment Contracts (art. 674878) 4. Elements ofthe Contract (art e778) 2. Provisions of the Contract (Obkgations of he Employee (ar. 685-688) (Obigations ofthe Employer (art. 90-693), 3, The End of an Employment Contract (at. 684-696) Section Il: Agency 1. The Elements ofan Agency Relationship (at. 699-702), 2, The Effedts ofan Agency Relationship (ar. 708-713) 3, ‘The End of an Agency Relationship (art. 714-717) Section 1V: eposits (art. 718 4. Obligations ofthe Depositary (art 719-723) 2. Obligations ofthe Deposttor (art re4-725) 3. Certain Types of Deposit (ar. 725-728) Section V: Sequestration of Property (art. 729-738) (Chapter IV: Aloatory Contracts Slay Aight) LEY RULE Gite ane Bayh ah Gt i La py Ug J Ja jal se) ial bis a ju as AAO BLD p58 1 ng. eb Joa aasghgs sf 9 sas 8h x AAS ga = fash tt ea se gap cL ean eds healed ae 2 dealt sgl Jal 2A age gL iSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE Satay Aig LLU (bat) Coe ‘ Section: Gambling and Batting (art. Ia a mera) Section Life Annuities (art 74-748) ba a ad Section it: Insurance Contacts ul 38 at 1, General Provisions (rt. 747-758) due asl 2. Cerin Types of nsrance ool pl ae 9 Life insurance (an 74-785) Baa on Fie insurance (at, 766-779 dando cul Chapter: Suretysip Ai yet Section: Elements of Suretyship art. ate ge 23 aid mare) Section: fect of Suretyship aie ath Said 1. The Relationship betwen the i ig OL) Burt and tne Crt a 722 mn 2. The Relationship betwen he sly il gy SOL Surety and te Beton. 7 eon PARTI: PROPERTY RIGHTS in a 28 pt 00K i: Original Property Rights a fsa 20 Chapter |: The Right of Ownership Bo ge shai 1: The Right of Ownership in Ay al a 1. Scope and Methods of Protscton she dings gs feromo) 2, Restcans one Fight of isd Ge eel Somer at 805-828) 2 Tenancies in Common sang © Provlons Governing Tena eo i common a 28889) The Exinguisment of Teranos mnonmon a 34 849) Obligatory Tenancies In Common came tet eso 805 nership of Floors (hbuldngs) pene fan e50 801 Union of Owners of Floors of a single Buldng fart. 652-868) op Chih ae aSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE SLataally A ph tol LS a ‘Section I Method of Acquistion of ta lt al ‘Ownership 1. Appreriation un “Te Appropriation of Personal Be Syste ye LM Property which has no Owner unk eae ot (an 870873) “Te Appropriation of Roa! Badd Jie ge Property which has no Owner (on 78) 2. inartance and Winding up ofan 15a ciyal 7 Estate (or 875) The Appoiniment ofan 1S jl ae as Acminatoor of a Estate (art reat) levontor ofthe Estate (or. 883- ihn 390) Setting the Debs ofthe Estate is showin {an 91-685) Delvery ane Dion o the indy iS yl ps Proper ol te Esta (af 808- 9 Provisions apefcable to Estates a a sl ‘whch have no been Wound-p (an 214) 4. Testamentary Dispstons art ies orser7) 4. Recession oust ‘Accession of Real Propey (at is Qua stse30) Accession of Personal Property dy ua (ene) 5. culston by Contact (art 932 ane eH 8, Preemption wa Conditions forthe Exar ofthe dy 2M yt Fight of Preemption (rt $55 93) “The Prosedure for Pre-emation Zab el (an 840-849) The Effects of Pre-emption (art. ait) 81 345.647) Fosature ofthe Right of Pro- ie bie ‘emption (art. $48)SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE 7. Possession ‘Acquistion, Transfer, and Loss of Possession (art. 949-957) Protection of Possession ‘The Three Rights of Action wih respect fo Possession (art, 958 97) Etiects of Possession ‘Acquting Ownership by Prescription (art. 968-875) ‘The Ouership of Personal Property by Possession. (at. 978-977) “The Ownership of Proceeds by Possession (at. 978-973), Recovery of Expenses (at. 980: 982) Liability for Perishing (art, 983 984) ‘Chapter I: Rights Derived from the Right of Ownership Section I: The Right of Usufruct, the Right of Use and the Right of Habilitation 1. Tho Right of Usutuct (rt. 086 995) 2, The Right of Use andthe Right of Habitation (at. 996-998) Section Il The Right of Hekr (art. 988. 4082) Certain Types of Hoke (at, 1013-1014) ‘Section I Easements/Servtuses (art 1018-1028) BOOK IV: Incidental Property Rights fr Security Interests in Property (Chapter |; Mortgages (art. 1030) Section I: Creation of a Mortgage (art 4034-1042), Section Ii: The Effects of a Mortgage Sana y gH cL LAO HLA ce -10- esas eins DIE a des siya 38 sal pd aly aad ahs Sal J as ey pel Sal oe Uta GRP Be ial hl 2 aga ag eat ay UN a sy Ja ial ean Ball ny Jen nF 50 iD atl Sal els uae SEM ge I Lat Sata Ghat sg) tet Eeyore ete A! A ll AP PL sl Jad AH rl altSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE 1. The Effecis of a Mortgage as between the contracting parties |g cogards the Mortgagar (art, 1043-1049) {As regards the Mortgagee (art 4050-1082) 2, The Effects of a Morigage on third partis (at 1083-1055) “The right of pronity and the right of racinglan. 1088-1081), Section Il: Extinguishment of a Mortgage (art. 1082-1084) (Chapter I: Judgment Lions Section I: Croation of Judgment Liens (art. 1085-1083) Section Ik Effects of a Judgment Lien, its Reduction and its Extinguiehment (ert. 1094-1095) (Chapter It: Pledge Section : Elements of a Pledge Section Ii: Effects of a Pledge 1. As between the contracting patties (at 1036-1088) Obligations ofthe pledgor (art 11096-1102), Obigations of the pledgee (art 1108-1108) 2. Ae regard third patos (art 400-1191), Section Il: Extinguishment of a Pledge (ar. 1112-1113) Section IV: Certain Types of Pledges 1. Pledge of real property (art. ama-tti8) 2. Pledge of porsonal property (art. ani7-t122), 3. Pledge of debs (at 1123-4128) Chapter IV: Privileged Liens Bland AgighdN cL (pL ce ott teal gy Lak cA BI CLD el Seah ep Dae ately cA BI ina iw AD sa 228 dua ales) fs 0 Gl poco el sil el tly yates So lil alt only Ths) oat St) ah Ba on ISN da a ay BT da cpa oy Ld =) cal a3 sy ha 3 oat Meaty + eB ga oe 2089 at eden coat hs gly gu dal ial ca dsiutlcay -¥ ona BN sn gy alSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE Section : General provisions (art 1130-1136), Section I: Different Types of Privileged Liens (at. 1137) 1. General and special prvleged jens over personal property (a 1136-1148), 2. Special ploged liens over real propery (art. 1147-1149) Badal ARAN Ci UbadN BLAH ce ota ute psa 2dsH dua 2 sia esd a BAI Bhagat A zie Oslin gle FL) atl ce aL a GsSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE dally Agi cL LOU LAN Ge THE EGYPTIAN pial gt CIVIL CODE gyal) PROMULGATED BY LAWNO. 13111 ab qupittly jalaal) OF 1948 Reena INFORCE SINCE OCTOBER 15, sii 1 de Lise 4 dana 1949 vse ENGLISH TRANSLATION asian is By ity ‘SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE Ba AL oeSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE 4 Art. 1. - The Civil Code promulgates on October 28, 1889 currently in force before the rational courts, andthe Civil Code promulgated on June 28, 1875 currenty in force before the mixed courts, shal hereby be repealed and replaced by the Chi Code attaches 10 this Law. Art. 2 - The Minister of Justice shal ‘exacule this aw, and it shall be in force as of (October 15, 1948, We order that this Law be imprinted with the Seal ofthe State and that it be published in tho Oficial Gazette and be enforced a8 2 Jaw among the laws ofthe State. Issued at the Quoba Palace on Ramadan 9, 1307 (July 16, 1948), Sealy Keg co A ABLE Gc fe anal ad as A = hte ae gl YA A slay Eph Sal al (Stead pl tg Dp id gly NAAT Vave fis sig VA ch steal Aut Tg ial Gal lily Lie alaians sit AD Nik A Uae yy le = YB VRU AL yd V0 Ge oll ay Ba Ahh ky Ae a le lb OPA a ied A VAY aie Ghana 8 Gf Hal pe pe (tea gay)SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE daly AigAi cd LAs ELAN se 15. THE CIVIL CODE git cgi CHAPTER ONE sil Quail GENERAL PROVISIONS tat) as »2) Section! 9 pai ) Laws and thele Application gil os 4, Laws and Rights Satis cat) [Ant 4 = (1) Provisions of aw shall opty ey) aah en (XY = 9 Be to all matters whicn they take up, infeter oF iN San aSh cin lth Sad gay le " aad Jala ot 3 ek (2) tn the absence oon appentie wiht nt ng 1 () provison of law, the Judge’ shall tule any J MS why yen a a Scoring custom and in fe abeenoe oI ay gst ie as > Custom, in accordance: inc fen erate ee Islamic Law. inthe absence of such “IAP alia geil ll as etdind Principe, the Judge shall apply the arncipies Dt natural law and the rules of equity A 2A provion of an can ot) 6 3 gas al lal Spe Y= Ye szrgies by 8 booq ow oessy Sak En ie Salo uh BT as prokig fr ouch sregon oncoming 2g oe cnr SU Prova earth w rsa of eS po sh oO {omar or regutng anew he ater = revved yh omer oats AML 3 - All periods shall be calculated L sSed phy yal Gua Bake according to the Gregorian calendar, unless hp Teast ose the Law provides otherwise EX Art 4 = A person who legitimately Y Lye Yl Ain dana ga & 5 exerts his rights f nt respons fer harm Seton co Liye Year resulting tecoom. ea An. 8 + The exercise of @ taht IS gyyie ge GAD Unis a6) 6 Be consired unlawful nthe flowing situations Salt (2) f the ole aim thereof is to harm hy J e¥l one ty set ll (I) others , (b) Ifthe intended benefits are minor such ins ll yay il Renal C5) that they pale im comparison To the resuting pay Le ge Si SE Y ne aa AS a a Net are + aSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE “16. (6) ifthe intended benefits are unlawii 2. Application ofthe Law Conflict of Laws as Regards Time ‘Art. 6 (3). Provisions regacding_ legal ccapacty apply to all persons who ful the ‘candiions embodied in such provisions. (2) Ita person possessing legal capacity ‘accorting t© the provisions of 2 former law losos his capac according tothe provisions (of a new lan, tis incaoacty does not affect the valty of his previous acts ‘Art. T— New provisions regarding statutes of limitation and acguston of property by prescription apply from the time they come Into force to all cases unre the imitations Period nas not rn, With regard to the period prior to the ‘coming ito force of the new provisions, the former provisions shal apply tothe ‘commencement of the lations period, ts suspension and its interruption. Art. 8 (1) Ifthe new provision provides for ‘a limitations period shorter than thet provided for in the former provision, the new period shall apply ftom the date the new provision ‘comes ino force, even Ifthe former period had already begun, (2) However, the remaining period under the former las shorter than that provided for Under the new law, then the imitations period shall end upon the expiry of such remaining period Bakaly igRdl LALA pRALLN Qe @ atl Gland AS Regie oe St as A Sam oc et EMMY Hida yaya (0) = 9 pede GE Oa ALAIN Que Ge peat ae 5 fal el AMY of is att se 1 (1) ay AY Gall gal Ge pal Gane Apes Qs By Y aS Gh dane Yoped aha iA Sta Gaye gu = Ve DES pS ee al ye pity es A a ep ol e Bi eth ig st vay aa al satel go pally al le ad SSD oe soe gin Gal 24 1 (1) A Be Saba ll a9 Sa al a agai Saal! CAS gy cand Gailhy eal cay dacs ea Hal oe A OS LL (1) UA Sl oe ad al Ss Ue “hey GB ase Gal ©. We nave avoid using te term "presciplon perio" dente e"listators pare” because ofthe ‘mote Imted danon of tha term presespon ener he Common Lam. Under ne Coneven Lav the {orm "presen is usualy ited tthe acaulscion of 3 personal rt te use way, water, ah nd Sry reaton of connuous usage fora paid of ume. Abused ins ranslaten orecerption refers {o scaltton of aunersip of real or personal property ofthe ght 0 en easement, by tne pareape of fie. Nofe tet under the Common Law. the more accurate team ior aoguing owners ot rel rope i ‘adverse possessionSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE Bata) Aug LED ALAN Ge aT. = Evidence previously established is by the provisions of law in force at the time the evidence was estabished or at the tine the evidence should have been estabished. Conflict of Laws as Regards Place ‘Art 10 - Egyptian law shall be the reference in characterizing logal relationships ‘when is necessary to determine the nature of Such relabonstins in order to ascertain the fnplcable law ina lawsuit rwolving @ confit flaws, [Art 14 (1) The cil slatus and the legs! capacty of persons are governec by the law fof the country of which they are” otizens. However In financial transectons entered inte and having thei effect in Egypt, i one of the partgs isa foreigner lacking legal capacity land such lack of capacity 's due fo a cause ‘ot readly apparent and which cannot easily be detected by the other party, tis cause has no effect on his egal capacty. 2) As for the legal status of foreign artical persons such as companies, ‘assocations, foundations and others, i Is {Governed by the law ofthe county where ther ‘etual principal seat of ‘management Is located. H, however, an artificial person caries out its principal activities in Egypt, then Egyptian law shat apply. Ant. 12 - The conditions relating to the valaity’of marriage are governed by the atonal lw of each of the spouses. ‘Art 13 (1) The effects of mariage Induding Its effect_on the propery of the spouses, are regulated by the law of the ounity to Which the husband belongs at the {ime of entering into the marriage. (@) Repudiaton of marriage is governed by the law of the country to which the husband belongs atthe time of repudiation, and divorce {and separation are governed by the aw of the ounty to which the husband belongs atthe time of commencing the legal proceedings therefor, este 3 SIAM ood ol BSS ly dyn vant hae! 4 gat OS gi CAD. ahs at oe a oD ch eal # set oll 15 ale Ses ss oly Le Cb es Bad gala led E25 Ga A Sa a ce A a cateahd tau ad (9) 148 Yea ssa Lee es ely 5D Sh a BO ey any TD at GS OL gs BS Gay oe eos A yah Sy AAT Gall Ul TS YT gh le Jp YS te ASDA 8 Sn Ya Aas h oA 8 LN (1) Cluasiag Clans SE oe cia WH AED Gaga 095 Ue spk ay AD NEM Bn oath oh ead AL Ott WE aS ay SSeS A Spal SD pee Ke pieg yl ot gay NT Be (ing) Ge OS Gal ley aval ce Hyg pa (NN Be JEAN eas i Sy CP Ut yay 8) Ga Bd ot be cela ale oa ol a a pl sb de smeh Bb L(Y) wale spats SH hy 53 Neal gy Ws ay a Up olf Dai, Gud asa hy Cily eaSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE Sally AyighBD URDU RALAN Goe 18. ‘Art 14-1, n the cases refered to inthe two preceing aces, one of the spouses is Egyplan at the lime of entering. info te marriage, Egyptian law alone shall apply, ‘xcopt as rogard the legal capacity to marry Ant. 15 - The obligation to suppor dependent relaves is governed by" the national law of the person lable for such suppor. Art. 16 - With respect to substantive matters relating to natural and legal (uardianshipt), custody, and other existing forms. of protection of wards and of absentees, the national law of the parson 12 be protect shall apply Art 17 (1) Inheritance, wils and. other ispostions taking effect ‘afer death are {governed by the national law of tne decedent, the person effecting such ime of his death, @) The form of a will, however, Is {governed by the national law ofthe testator at {he time the vl fs mage, or by the law of the ‘county in which the willis made. Tho same ‘appli tothe form of other disposition taking tect ater death [Ast 18 - Possession, ownership and other tights in property are regulated, 2s regards ‘real property, by the law oft place in when the feal propery ig located, and 2s regards personal property (°) by the law ofthe place lwere the personal property was situated at the time when the event occured which resulted inthe scquistion oF loss of possession, ownership or other rights in the propery. ‘Art. 19 (1) ~ Contractual obligations are {governed by the law of the common domicile ‘when & common domicle is shared by the ‘ontvacting partes. In the. absence of 3 ‘common domiail, the lave ofthe place where the contract was entered into. shal! apsly ‘These provisions apply unless the partes agree, oF the creumstances incicat that the patis intended, that another law shall apply. WWE opal a y= V4 file Sls pee Can! a JS sl ol Lab ey sone Ctl sn la ai cy A ays ke A es V2 Be Me cael Nh als Re png ad be at 19 He Oe ey Lily ALAy ANN Hale OSL) oad lal Ae ping kd has a5 cl abt ih Apeealy CA pall le sys (1) -1V OgHh ag ny Le GAB a) ay Gl a ue Ge I geaall J pa ech 5H jn SE gles ps8 ld Qn (Y) Be AW 008 J Lan iy ay Slip ae EA Sat ay et Tega le gh nad Apidly ia Glo sony =A ile aig ak ga 5 85 kl ly Rat gst wll QD Ray somaya I la ay sl a Saal ASL Yn as ales es Js a SLL Ge sane 0) MN ite chad We any al Oat ost ata Sd gps te a aha 1 al Ma ly Gg gy Ugo gis J ay. ce ca I Ist Abhay si A 8 (© Under Egyptian Lam the natural quai isthe ater or ransfther. Any other guaran i egal uardion 7 Bere Cit Law, the torn *movabes is ues to denote personal properySHALAKANY LAW OFFICE Salaally Ay gRah cl Ld AL a 19. (2) Contracts relating to real propery, however, are governed by the law ofthe place in which ine rel property i locate. ‘Art. 20 - Contracts between living persons are governed as regards ther form by the law Sj ofthe county in which they were entered ito. They may also be governed by the law regulating the substantive provisions of the contract, by the law of the domicile of the partes cr by thir common national aw. Art. 24 (1) Non-contractual obligations are govermed by the law of th. country in when {he act that created the obigation tok place (2) When, however, the obligation arises from a tor, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply to acts which occur fabroad and which are considered lawful in Egypt, even if hey are considered unlawl in the county In which they took place. ‘Art. 22 - Jurisdictional rules and. all matters of procedure are governed by the law Of the country in which judicial proceedings fare instuted, orn which the procedures are followed, [Art 23 - The provisions ofthe preceding articles only apoly when no provisions tothe Contrary are included in a special lw or In an ‘nteratlonal convention in force in Egypt ‘At. 24 - The principles of private Intemational aw apply in te ease of a contct (of laws for which no provision exists in the preceding articles, ‘Ant. 25 (1) In the case of a person of unknown nationalty or of a person of mutiple natonalties, the lav to be applied shal be designated by the Judge. (2) Egyptian taw shall apply, however, ita person is deemed in Egypt to be of Egyptian fationaly and is at the same time deemed by ‘ne or more foreign countres to be a national af those countries eA HO Be oath I oe (1) aD Le A oy DBE Soe Gd pets ela gp Lakh Ye ite Lal Snag ot ead AD AN lS Nasal “Ge sae il sll cass oh ost aS Spey US she pagal Bite! gh 8 ata SLAM Ge spew ()) = TY ile GAD ail ad Sy GD ott He as oa cus Gey La Al gle (1) Bilal SAI sad YS Cal ce Si GA ob Sas gid Ge ey ale yh MS CIS Uy pe bin oe Bey gD abel! lf Ge yoy = 1 Be SM) ga lel Fy ALD al gaan Cela AS oS J se 8 A ED 91 ay lh Be alk ash alld GS le Gai ang Y cm po Sa an SS Bus ht bay ll gS TE le team cali 218 Olah on kal at palit ls ath 8) oslth ald) giny (0) 0 Ba POY Sa ale hN De 8 bs ny iy gb Be i oh SAS GJ cain A eda ail Gala ute (1) Taped Sell aw yl aly aly cy Ruain Soin! Ugo tae sb Ayla! Oyo ol Maly Miki gD 9 God Goi hgSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE 20. ‘Art. 26 - When, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding articles, t appears ‘hat the law to be applied is the law of a ‘country in uhich several legal eysteme exist, ‘he applicable legal system shall bo dolormined by the domestic law of that ‘country. ‘Art. 27 - Where a foreign law is applicable, ‘only is domestic provisions shal apply, to the ‘exclusion of provisions lating to private international aw, Art. 28. -The provisions of a foreign law applicable by virtue of the preceding articles Shall not be applied if they are contrary to public poley or morality in Egypt. Section It Persons 4. Natural Persons: ‘Art 29 (1) Legal personality of a human being commences atthe time he is bom ave ‘and ends at his death (2) The lav, however, determines the Fight ofa chil in the wer, ‘At. 30 - (1) Bith and death are proven by ‘means of oficial records kept fo his purpose, (2) Inthe absence of such proot, ofthe Inaceuraty of the entries in these records is established, proof may be established by ary ‘ther means, Art. 31. - Bith and death records and related notications are regulated by a special raw. [Art 32. - Missing persons and absentees are subject to provisions in spacial laws. In the absence of such provisions, Islamic Law shall apply ‘At. 33 - Egyptian cilzonship ts governed bya special law. Blakely AHN) cs aA GALAN Ge oF gl AGAST G gel Ge = YT Bale Silt on Sub ot I il) ial yd eta i i aS 9 WA 38 Kp A as eo 2 Bil Uy 2D Uoial UF oF 35 KL TV be TRIAS Ga sah gh yl ly Gis ol O99 cota pil Sal Su Soe Y= 1H 8 FecN ti cs 1) GED Gaga tie rae AB al li A Jat eat ped ya} (aie Staal Gaal Syiat AD aay (1) Dea A HY eat (1) =e Ba (AIS sel Ha p= ot oI aA Ge ny 88 () Sab UL eal te ctl @ pl Le ae oxi ally CHA yall = Vi coal 8 ai eal ely ag Lo Gb yy = Te Bd Ak GS G8 1 AS ec ag al = TY bale walt 508 lgaliy Gaal SpalSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE Salaally Hyg) Ch AOL AHL QS a Art 34 - The family of a person is composed of his relatives. Persons having {ommon asoendant are considered reat. Art. 36 (1) A direct tinal relationship ie the relationship between ascendants. and descendants 2) A collateral relationship Is the relationship between persons who have Common ascendant without any of them Being 8 descendant ofthe other Art. 36 - The degree of dlrect tines! relationship shall be calculated by ascending to the common ascendant and counting each Felatve excluding the common ascendant. The degree of colateral relationship snal be calculated by ascending from the descendent to the comman ascendant, hen descanding to the other descendant Each descendant, excluding the common ‘ascendant, is considered one degree. {t. 37. ~The relatives of one spouse are considered reltves of the other spouse, 10 the same degree. ‘Art 38. - Every person must have a fist, ame and a surname. His surname is passed fon tons ehidren, ‘Art. 39 - Acquistion and change of surname shall be regulated by special legisiation. [t,40 (1) A domicile is the place where a person hablualy resides. @) A person may have more than one domicile at tre same time, of may have no domicile at al ‘Art 41 - The place where @ person ‘rade or profession is considered a Somicile as regards management of aciviies lassocated with such rade or profession. Art 42 (1) The domicile of @ minor, 2 ward, @ missing person or an absentee, shall be the domicile of his legal representative. 8 0 vasa! bod ays = Coal pena Ge ISH 5 Om yy wht cn eA a etl Ug (1) 0 Ba £20 Noell ow cy AD oo tll 85 (") pl oS dap die dal gpneny pas ales UU tap hee gh ely Ne apd ie lap ESE fel yl Bp ee ay LM be et) eat LBS Gal oe ieee clad a all Ag A ye Vg a ins Aha Gall ke Uk BF Any eg Gangs al TY Bat BN 93) gl ate ta ly Hy ly pal aS UG = TA Bale YI Ga oes! aS A ely i py =H Bal asa a 8691 ISA ys olay (NY = 6 ie yaa 4b aly Cy gh Gat 08) oS Sans (1) J lope dS Yi Syms US cage eS) 48 By el ILD ay Ba 51d GA Aaaly hye Miya Spd Gal Ayal J 5 fol oye Mat Que annals pail ohye (I) — 6 be CE She Obie ill oily gle SakaeSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE 22. 2) A minor who has attained eighteen years of age and a person in a simiar legs! postion shall nevertheless have. his own Aomicie with respect to acts which the law considers him as possessing the legal aac to perform. Art 43 (1) A separate domicile may be lected forthe performance ofa specific egal act (2) The existence of an elected domicile can only be evidenced by @ written instrument (@) A domicile elected forthe performance ofa legal act shal be the domicile wih respect to all matters relating to that ac, including the procedures for compulsory execution of Judgments, unless the election ofthe domicile Is. exprescly limited to certsin acts, to the exclusion of ther, [At 44 (1) Every person attaining the age cof majorty and in possession of his mental facuties and. not. under legal clsabilty, possesses full legal capacity t0 exercise his evi rights (2) The age of majority is twenty-one years ‘according tothe Gregorian Calendar. ‘Art 45 (1) A person devold of ciscretion, ‘wing to youth, mental deficiency, or insanity ossesses no legal capaciy to exercise his Evi rights (2) A person who has not attained the age of soven is considered deve af cscration ‘Act. 48 - A person who has reached the ‘age of dscreton but not the age of manity ‘and a person who has reached the age of majonty but is a procigal or an imbeci, lacks Tegal capaciy according tothe Law. ‘Art. 47 ~ Persons lacking oF devoid of legal capaciy are governed, 26 the caso may be, by. the rules of natural and. logel Uardianship, and custody, subject to the ondtons nd in accordance with the rules preserved by law. Seanad y Might LEO ALA Cte A sil atl OSs aS ey (1) Fy alk Sage AS Gh ey Be te Sal sll pay Gal ch ely Dee Noe JSSe Ohaye YET yng (N) = OF Be ima i Jae St SSSA olay agmy CU Jams Ys (1) “AS YI OSs gE dae Sil iad haga (FY Lap eben Cigy Shey Le IS ll asi Cob gall gt ESS Y cgoed Sal Gl a SoA Date yal aban 228 ce dh gas US (N) = 4 HS GS AE ee ls Aisa is Lp Lie aS Be ogres gal ET oe (ND) Bas Ay. Hsin ¢ythed al 3S (1) -£8 File He Sn saad jus 8 YS on Ra suse SAS yin Sl Qe pe dB (1) a bs Sul ce in A Ba 1 Fade IS) a) Oe a ow Sy ad hl 3 Ly AST as Se Ai Wa paly AMY Lyalh gaaky AV fale I Mand J ATP AY Op! oy sph jd 2 iy eg Ry ilSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE ‘Art. 48 - No person can renounce his legal eapacty or modify the rues relating thereto ‘Art. 49 ~ No person can renounce his incividua! ber. ‘Art. 60 - A person whose rights related to his personality have been unlawully infringed ‘pon, shall have the right to demand the cessation of the infingement along with Compensation for any harm sustained thereby. Art. 51 -A person whose right to the use of his name is unjustifably disputed by ‘nother, oF a porson whose ame has been Unlawully usurped by another, shall have the Fight fo request cessation ofthe intingornent ‘alongwith compensation for any harm ‘sustained thereby, 2, Artificial Persons At. 62. Artificial persons are (1) The State, the provinces Cmudias"), ciles and vilages in accordance with the provisone fied by law, as well as Bdministrations, departments and other pubic ittuions to which the Law has granted the status of artical persons. (2) Religious organizations and ccommunties which the State has recogeized 28 antfical persons. @ (owaats. Religious Endowment Properties (4 Commercial and ev corporations (6) Associations and foundations crested ln accordance with provisons. stated hereinater. (@) Any group of persons or property recognized 8s artical persons by a provsion of law, ‘Art 53 (1) An artificial person enjoys, thin the links established by law, al rights, Salaally Ay gRANl CLO AHL Ge 2 Ys Mal ge Uy5i aa ual = 1A Taal i Avail nye Qe Ug a sh £8 Sake oe eI Mle ay ge GD = 0 tae Mak Lad sal oe de ot Este Ce Gant ee see Be ayy oh 29 ti SOS ental Gh pl teu ge O09 Hae Se Oe al gi Bl ny 3 al (Saat Onsen hy ak Gl Joe Cn Mad BOK MON yaad 1 ia By Se ol ANT 0 Fle eis cally Sl sy Sha = 9 anally Sy il sing dy Ae ai ase al ad ca Ge a ey Atlant Neh fs al Gath gl 1 Ail tpnt il as. Aadlyiy Ja IS 2 £ ASDA HE Cally Shp 2 sled lia at Ba J gales fe gane = eB st eet AU! Aaa Yh cad ‘ost 54 MeN! oat (0) = oF Bae Taal Ge WE SE SAD eeSHALAKANY LAW OFFICE Sadly ig Rl LE RULED ge 24. withthe exception of those which ae inherent in the nature of @ human being. (2) An atticial person has: (a) ts own proprietary rights; (0) legal capscity, within the fits established by the inument creating the person, or estabished by la, (6) the right to sue; (@) ts own domicile, The place where Is seat of management is situated is considered 's domicle. A corporation whose head office is situated abroad but engages in business in Egypt is deemed, In accordance with domestic law, to have its ‘seat of management at the place where its local managements svated. Associations: (() Articles 64 to 80 have bean repealed by the Presidential Deovee promulgating Law 384 of 1055, which was abrogated by the Presidential Decree promulgating Law 82 of 11864 regarding Private Associations. Section it ‘The Classification of Objocts and Property Art. 8 (1) Anything that Is not outside the scope of trade by ls nature of By law, ‘may be the object of propritary rights. (2) Tings outside the scope of trade by ‘heir nature are things that cannot be abyects fof exclusive possession. Things outside the ‘Scope of trade by law are things which the law doos not permt 16 be the objects of Dropritary rights ‘Art. 82 (1) Things which are fixed in place and which cannot be moved without W258 iy py Lent Sad Nose (t) ies eins — (ly en lal A EA) a Wl 3h sett sm (9) hye sy he abe (9) AM Be 4b ay ail Ste OS aS, SB iy ae i BL ay CI SRS ose ay ay gt Hie SVT a pf i OSA ne ily Me Gd ok syd Sa (4) TBE Mota ra esi ssoe Gases iy 149T GA TAL A Gl) Shes day VAN kad FY hy wgtity per et Jaa pay FL apa Sea CI ok we (N) AY Se Bee BSD cmt sll Say ly yas iad Wenn aa ce 8S GEM (1) Cin Sol gine a Fie aT ag i eS Bal SAAS SB cD ine ob US (1) AY Be Noe Le Sy «lie gph all cys Ae Ald Say Y