Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29 (2) (2015) 571~577

www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x
DOI 10.1007/s12206-015-0117-y

Medical chilling device designed for hypothermic hydration graft storage system:
Design, thermohydrodynamic modeling, and preliminary testing†
Jung Hwan Seo*
Department of Mechanical and System Design Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 121-791, Korea

(Manuscript Received October 30, 2014; Revised November 18, 2014; Accepted November 18, 2014)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract

Hypothermic hydration graft storage is essential to reduce the metabolic demand of cells in vitro. The alleviated metabolic demands
reduce the emergence rate of anaerobic metabolism generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy that creates free radicals. The exces-
sive free radicals can damage cells and tissues due to their highly oxidative power with molecules. Current cooling systems such as a
conventional air cooling system and an ice pack system are inappropriate for chilling cell tissues in vitro because of inconvenience in use
and inconsistent temperature sustainability caused by large size and progressive melting, respectively. Here, we develop a medical chill-
ing device (MCD) for hypothermic hydration graft storage based on thermo-hydrodynamic modeling and thermal electric cooling tech-
nology. Our analysis of obtained hydrodynamic thermal behavior of the MCD revealed that the hypothermic condition of 4°C was con-
tinuously maintained, which increased the survival rates of cells in vitro test by reduced free radicals. The validated performance of the
MCD promises future development of an optimal hypothermic hydration graft storage system designed for clinical use.
Keywords: Fluid; Heat transfer; Cryogenic; Hydrodynamic; Hypothermic; Peltier; Seebeck; Thermoelectric; Hair transplant; Graft storage
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

required for low power-enabled consistent temperature be-

1. Introduction
comes more significant. Although a few reports on low-power
The hypothermic hydration process is crucial for cell stor- electrical chilling device used in maintaining cell grafts or
age in vitro, which alleviates the metabolic demands of cell tissues in a Petri dish at a consistent low temperature have
tissues. Most cell tissues in vitro under the hypothermic condi- appeared [7, 8], most of them still rely on conventional refrig-
tion have lower metabolism, thereby retarding the generation erants and indirect temperature measurements, which impede
of free radicals that damage cells and tissues. In clinical trials becoming more common in clinical use. For example, while
and cell research, the temperature-related metabolic character- relatively longer thermal response time in the range of minutes
istics allow us to increase the survival rate of cell tissues in to hours depending on their thermal mass is necessary for
vitro [1, 2]. For this reason, the development of cooling de- those systems due to their transient heat transfer through re-
vices for a broad range of applications such as clinical surgery, frigerants, only a few minutes (~5 min.) are allowed for reach-
biomedical diagnostics, and biological experiments is de- ing the target temperature of ~4°C in cell storage in vitro,
manded. Recently, several chilling systems have been devel- significantly limiting the survival rate of cell grafts in biologi-
oped for these applications [3-6]. Among them, a conventional cal experiments. In addition, the indirect temperature meas-
heat exchanger using refrigerant and an ice-driven cooling urements implemented in these chilling devices result in the
system have been generally used for hypothermic cell storage. temperature discrepancy between the cell grafts and the meas-
However, the heat exchanger-based cooling system is large in ured point on the device, which may cause significant damage
size and noisy, which is impractical in clinical applications. on cell tissues such as cell freezing and excessive metabolism
Also, the natural cooling through heat conduction by ice can- [9-11].
not maintain the environment near cell tissues at a targeting We recently demonstrated a medical chilling device (MCD)
temperature since it melts continuously. consisting of a thermoelectric cooler (TEC), a programmable
As progress is made toward smaller and more temperature PID controller, an aluminum cooling plate optimized for uni-
controllable medical chilling devices, the cooling mechanism form heat distribution, and a manually modified temperature
* sensor, which allows for rapid cooling and precise temperature
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 1021717092, Fax.: +82 23227003
E-mail address: gongzone@hongik.ac.kr control. The hair follicle cell graft was chosen as the test cell
†
Recommended by Editor Dongshin Shin tissues indicating that it would be suitable for viability quanti-
© KSME & Springer 2015
572 J. H. Seo / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29 (2) (2015) 571~577
Fig. 1. Conceptual diagram of medical chilling device (MCD) and its
working procedure showing hypothermic hydration grafts storage and
implant.
fication in hair implant. Through this MCD architecture, we
successfully achieved a consistent temperature of 4°C of the
intra- cellular holding solution, thereby keeping the cell tissues
in vitro for a long period under the hypothermic condition.
In this article, we aim to develop a thermo-electric medical
chilling device (MCD) that is optimized on the basis of a
thermo-hydrodynamic modeling for both hypothermic hydra-
tion cell graft storage and clinical surgery in hair implants. A
general configuration of the proposed MCD is illustrated in
Fig. 1. The system consists of three sets of cooling compo-
nents representing the first stage of MCD (MCD 1) for the cell
graft storage, the second stage of a miniaturized ring-type
MCD, named cryogenic-ring (cryo-ring), for placing grafts
during transplant, and the fluidic heat-pipe channel for effec-
tive heat exchange from the MCDs. The overall procedures
are described as follows. The hair follicle cell groups on skin
are initially slivered into several cell grafts, all of which are
stored in the intra-cellular holding solution in a Petri-dish after
dissection. When the grafts are in the solution, they are main-
tained under the hypothermic condition of 4°C using the MCD
1 of the integrated MCD system. The prepared grafts are then
transferred and placed on the cryo-ring, which should be kept
at 4˚C to minimized the metabolic demands of the grafts. In
order to maintain the surface of the cryo-ring at the low tem-
perature, a miniaturized TEC is implemented and much heat
sinks toward its underside. To cool down the underside of the
cryo-ring, the water-based fluidic heat-pipe system relying on
a pump is attached on the TEC in the MCD 1 and adsorbs the
heat generated from the TEC followed by cooling the heated
fluid at the MCD 1. The next section provides a brief over-
view of thermoelectric cooling theory and a general descrip-
tion of the integrated MCD system. The detailed design speci-
fications are then presented, followed by the manufacturing
process and methods used for testing performance. Finally,
thermal hydro-dynamic behaviors of the MCD are analyzed
and quantified. This allows us to quantitatively characterize
the survival rate enhancement of hair follicle cells after trans-
plants. As such, our integrated MCD system based on thermo-
hydrodynamic modeling and thermal electric cooling technol-
ogy permits the sustainable hypothermic hydration graft stor-
age and the adjustable rapid temperature control.
2. Theory of thermoelectric cooling (TEC)
Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) rely on the Peltier effect
which creates a heat flux at the junction between two different
types of conducting materials when a voltage is applied. The
temperature difference of these conductors begins wider along
with the increase of the voltage applied. The heat flux at the
junction is generated by the consumption of electrical energy
depending on the current direction, which leads to heat trans-
fer from one material to the other. Two different semi-
conductors, one p-type and one n-type, are typically used to
build a TEC because they have different electron densities.
Assuming the DC current flows through the device with two
sides placed in parallel to each other, the total heat is given by
the following equation, derived from Seebeck coefficient of
temperature:
(1)
qP = aDTI =h I
where a is the Seebeck coefficient of a TEC (V/K), DT is the
temperature difference across the junction of the semi-
conductors (K), I is the current (A), and h is the Peltier coeffi-
cient consisting of the product of a and DT (V).
Thomson effect, Joule effect, and Fourier effect also take
place in combination at the junction of the p-n semi-conductor.
Thus, the total heat adsorbed at the cooling plate ( qc ) or the
total heat sink at the hot plate ( qh ) can be estimated as fol-
lows, respectively:
1 1
qc = -a Tc I - t I (Th - Tc ) + I 2 R + k (Th - Tc ) (2)
2 2
1 1 2
qh = a Th I - t I (Th - Tc ) + I R - k (Th - Tc ) (3)
2 2
where Tc is the temperature at the cooling plate (K), Th is
 J. H. Seo / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29 (2) (2015) 571~577
the temperature at the hot plate (K), t is the Thomson coeffi-
cient (V/K), R is the electrical resistance (W) of the plate, and
k is the thermal conductivity of the plate (W/m∙K).
Although the Peltier cooling is linearly proportional to the
current flowing across the plates, Eqs. (2) and (3) yield the
decrease of the net cooling performance when the Joule heat is
greater than the Peltier cooling at a high current level. There-
fore, there is the optimal current to reach the maximum cool-
ing capability, which is variable along with the operational
conditions.
3. General description
Fig. 1 shows a conceptual diagram of an integrated MCD
system that incorporates the MCD 1 for the hair follicle cell
graft storage and cooling the coolant driven by a pump and the
cryo-ring for placing the grafts which is the essential proce-
dure in the transplant operation. A cooler composed of the
eight pairs of heat pipes and the two fans is included in the
MCD 1 because the heat generated at the hot side of the TEC
should rapidly dissipate into the ambient to hold the tempera-
ture difference between the cold side and the hot side of the
TEC. Although the natural convection for the heat dissipation
could be considered, a properly configured cooler including
heat pipes and fans can function as rapid heat sink at a high
heat flux and then be capable of rapidly adjusting the tempera-
ture to a targeting point when a sudden temperature change
occurs. Once the Petri-dish routinely storing the grafts is re-
placed with an in-house coolant chamber, a coolant-based
fluidic heat pump system is subsequently supposed to effec-
tively remove the heat generated at the cryo-ring. The warmed
coolant during this procedure can be then cooled down while
the fluid passes through the coolant chamber attached on the
cooling plate of the MCD 1. The cryo-ring consists of a minia-
turized TEC-integrated plate for placing grafts, an optimally
designed heat pipe connected to for rapid heat sink from the
TEC, and a ring structure for ease of handling. The grafts
placed on the cryo-ring would be then transplanted into the
scalp with a minimized metabolic reaction, thereby increasing
the survival rate of hair follicle cells transplanted.
4. Device design
The MCD system was developed on the basis of the ana-
lytical hydrodynamic heat transfer modeling. Using the
lumped thermal model, we developed a series of governing
equations for the temperatures at the two segments of the
MCD system. Applying energy balance to the two control
volumes (CVs) surrounding the segments allowed us to derive
the equations (Fig. 2). The CVs include the tapered aluminum
plate (CV1) which was optimally designed for the uniform
temperature distribution and the fin structure (CV2) for the
rapid heat sink from the TEC. The resulting thermal response
equations for the chilling device incorporating the thermo-
electric cooler were given as follows:
573
Fig. 2. Cross-sectional schematic of the MCD 1 with the control vol-
umes used for the thermal analysis.
é 1 2 A ù
(
ê -αTc I + 2 I R + k L (Th - Tc ) - h (Tc - T¥ ) ú dt = r C pV
ë û
)al dTc
(4)
é 1 2 A ù
ë û
(
êαTh I + 2 I R - k L (Th - Tc ) - h (Th - T¥ ) ú dt = r C pV ) fin dTh
(5)
where a (0.2264 V/K), r (Al: 2790 kg/m3, Fin: 7930 kg/m3),
Cp (Al: 795 J/kg∙ K, Fin: 435 J/kg∙ K), V (Al: 5.495 ´ 10-5
m3, Fin: 3 ´ 10-5 m3), A (2.5 ´ 10-3 m2) L (0.004 m), h
(34.90 W/m2∙ K) are the Seebeck coefficient, density, spe-
cific heat, volume, area, thickness, convectional heat transfer
coefficient of one of the constituent materials (Al and Fin
(SAE)) occupying the ith control volume, respectively.
Note that the Biot number (Bi) for each control volume
should be less than 0.1 to use the above lumped thermal ca-
pacitance model. Below this value of Bi, the thermal resis-
tance to conduction within the CV is much less than the ther-
mal resistance to convection across the ambient air boundary
layer. Hence the effects of temperature gradient across each
constituent should be negligible since the Bi for each CV in
the MCD system is much less than 0.1 (Al: 3.9763 ´ 10-5,
Fin: 4.63 ´ 10-5).
The optimally manufactured aluminum plate attached on
the TEC yields the expected uniform temperature distribution
on the surface, which is required for the hypothermic hydra-
tion hair follicle cell graft storage in a Petri-dish with the intra-
cellular holding solution. The CFD analysis (Fluent, ANSYS
Inc., PA, USA) considered the plate dimensions, the transition
geometries, and initially assumed that the entering heat came
from the TEC and the exiting heat went only through the Pe-
tri-dish or the chamber by conduction. CFD simulations of
numerous possible design variations and heat flow conditions
revealed the importance of using tapered circular plate to
promote the uniformity of the temperature profile across the
width of the plate (Fig. 3(a)). As shown in Figs. 3(b) and (c),
according to the simulation results, a maximum temperature
differences between the center and the outside for the non-
tapered and the tapered are 2.1°C and 0.7°C at the same cool-
ing time of ~2 minutes, respectively. The lowest temperature
for each the non-tapered and the tapered plate at the same
cooling condition aforementioned is relatively 5.2°C and 4.0°C.
The primary design factors considered with respect to the
574 J. H. Seo / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29 (2) (2015) 571~577
Fig. 3. (a) Tapered plate shape optimally designed for the uniform
temperature distribution. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the
thermal responses for; (b) non-tapered plate; (c) tapered plate.
Fig. 4. Exploded view of conceptual diagram of the cryo-ring, side
view showing the cooling and heat sink processes, and the cross-
sectional view of the tube for coolant flow.
cryo-ring were the rapid cooling rate, the fast temperature
adjustment, and the light weight required to maximize easy
handling for clinical surgery. Fig. 4 shows an exploded-view
illustration of the cryo-ring along with side-view illustrations
of the cooling and heat sink processes. Once the aforemen-
tioned plate is replaced with the coolant chamber integrated
with the coolant-based fluid heat pump system and the cryo-
ring, the cold water (0°C) cooled down by the MCD 1 is sup-
posed to flow through the silicon rubber tube (1.5 m) and the
water jacket made of SAE with the heat exchange structure to
remove the heat generated from the miniaturized TEC (40 mm
´ 20 mm ´ 4 mm) of the cryo-ring. The aforementioned
thermal response Eqs. (4) and (5) can be also used for the
cryo-ring system with a little modification. Although the tem-
perature increase from 0°C to 18.2°C at the inlet of the water
jacket occurs due to the natural convection and conduction
when the coolant flows through the tube, an analytical thermal
hydrodynamic model and computational fluid analysis (Com-
sol Multiphysics, Comsol Inc., MA, USA) indicate that the
Fig. 5. (a) CFD result showing the temperature distribution of the cryo-
ring under the miniaturized TEC operation. Thermal responses of; (b)
the top plate on the miniaturized TEC for placing the grafts; (c) the
heat exchange structure inside the water jacket for the fast heat dissipa-
tion from the TEC.
miniature TEC can consistently maintain 4°C if the coolant
temperature is less than the ambient temperature (Fig. 5). The
temperature difference on the plate is less than 0.5°C (Fig.
5(b)) in the presence of the heat dissipation into the water
resulting in the coolant temperature increase from 25°C up to
30°C. Both the analytical model and the simulation results
show that the cryo-ring can reach the target temperature of 4°C
within a few seconds (~ 10 s) as well.
5. Experimental
5.1 Materials
All the thermoelectric coolers used in the experiment for the
MCD 1 (Part no. HM6040) and the cryo-ring (Part no. HMN
602040) were purchased from PTC Tech (Seoul, South Ko-
rea). CPU cooler integrating two fans (diameter: 140 mm, 120
mm) and eight pairs of heat pipes (I.D.: 6 mm) was purchased
from Deepcool (Beijing, China). For the rapid thermal re-
sponses of the MCD system using the PID control. PID don-
troller (SD-48M) and DC-DC converter (DPM106) were pur-
chased from Samwon Eng (Seoul, South Korea) and
Cheonghyen Tek (Seoul, South Korea), respectively. Coolant
circulation pump (DX-8000) with low heat generation and
silicon rubber tube (AAC00002) were purchased from
KOTECH (Seoul, South Korea) and US plastic corp (OH,
USA) for heat sink from the miniaturized TEC, respectively.
Stainless steel (SAE) plate was used for the fin structure in the
MCD 1 and the groove-shaped cooling plate of the cryo-ring.
 J. H. Seo / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29 (2) (2015) 571~577
Fig. 6. (a) Conceptual assembly diagram of MCD 1. Images of; (b)
MCD 1 on which cell grafts are placed for routine storage; (c) assem-
bled cryo-ring. The hair follicle cell grafts are placed on the cryo-ring
during hair transplant.
Aluminum block was patterned and used for the heat ex-
changer on the cryo-ring. In clinical test, Custodiol HTK solu-
tion used to store the hair follicle cell graft during hair trans-
plant was purchased from Essential Pharmaceuticals, LLC (NJ,
USA). All electrical materials were used with modification.
5.2 Experimental setup
To demonstrate concurrent operation of the MCD 1 and the
cryo-ring for thermal analysis of TECs and hair transplant, we
built a custom integrated MCD system based on the aforemen-
tioned diagram (Fig. 1). Each component was developed ac-
cording to the fabrication criteria considering the analytical
model and the simulation result.
As shown Fig. 6, the cryo-ring system was fluidically and
electrically interconnected to the MCD 1, coolant-based heat
exchanger, and a pump. A Petri-dish holding the Custodiol
HTK solution was placed on the detachable aluminum plate of
the MCD 1. According to the clinical procedures, the hair
follicle cell groups on skin were initially slivered into several
cell grafts and dissected for facilitating hair implant on the
several spots of the scalp. These cell grafts were then stored in
the Custodiol HTK solution, the intra-cellular holding solution,
in a Petri-dish. The Petri-dish was cooled down and main-
tained at 4°C by the MCD 1 to achieve the optimal hypother-
mic hydration condition. Once the pre-processing for hair
transplant was done, the aluminum coolant chamber integrated
with the cryo-ring system was then mounted on the MCD 1
instead of the original detachable aluminum plate. Next, the
stored grafts were transferred and placed on the cryo-ring
under the minimal metabolic condition of 4°C. Finally, the
575
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 7. Plots of the temperature profiles of the center and the outer of
the aluminum plate for (a) the non-tapered; (b) the tapered designs; (c)
experimental plot of the temperature profile of the cryo-ring.
grafts on the cryo-ring were transplanted into the target spots
on the scalp.
6. Results and discussions
6.1 Thermal response
Our theoretical model coupled the thermal equations pre-
dicting the real-time cell graft temperature with the thermoe-
lectric equations. Assuming consistent thermoelectric cooling
performance, this heat transfer hybrid model enabled us to
estimate the transient temperature profile of the cell grafts.
Since the metabolic behaviors of cell grafts are significantly
sensitive to the temperature, even in a small temperature varia-
tion, we performed tests to explore the thermal responses for
the non-tapered and the tapered aluminum plates in the pres-
ence of the temperature discrepancy. The TEC device was
cycled between the several conditions of ambient temperature
and the target temperature below zero degrees Celsius by re-
peatedly applying a constant bias of 15.4 V to the DC-DC
converter and allowing it to cool down to -12.5°C and -8.5°C
for the tapered and the non-tapered in 500 s via the PIDcontrol,
respectively. For the temperature drop of 30°C at the plate
center, this corresponds to an average of 17.65 W of dissipate
power. Figs. 7(a) and (b) show the temperature response pro-
files indicating that the tapered plate reaches the target tem-
perature of 4°C within 150 s whereas non-tapered reaches it
within 200 s. Also, the temperature discrepancy between the
center and the outer for the tapered and the non-tapered was
up to 1.0°C and 3.8°C, respectively. The thermal cycling was
continued for 100 cycles, during which the time to reach the
target temperature varied by <1 % for both devices. The ther-
mal response of the MCD 1 with the tapered plate design is
576 J. H. Seo / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29 (2) (2015) 571~577
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. Plots of the measured temperature of (a) the intra-cellular hold-
ing solution in a Petri-dish which is placed on the aluminum plate of
the MCD 1and of; (b) the cryo-ring plate at the different room tem-
perature conditions of 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C.
quite satisfactory for the cell grafts storage which can be eas-
ily affected by small temperature variations. The power dissi-
pation, repeatability, and robustness exhibited by both devices
are all satisfactory as well.
Fig. 7(c) shows the transient temperature profile of the cryo-
ring plate at a cooling power of ~8.1 W. The cooling response
of the cryo-ring was measured by the temperature sensor em-
bedded into the plate. The experimental data showing the
temperature decrease along with the miniaturized TEC opera-
tion indicates that the temperature of the cryo-ring plate could
reach 4°C within 8 s and the small thermal time constant of ~3
s was achieved. The predicted temperature profile shown in
Fig. 5(b) matched the measured temperature profile with an
error as small as ~2%. The result clearly validated our original
working thermal hydro-dynamic model.
6.2 Effect of environmental temperature variation on thermal
behavior
Subsequently, we studied the effect of the environmental
temperature variation on the hypothermic performance of the
cryo-ring. Fig. 8 shows the experimentally measured tempera-
tures of the MCD 1 and the cryo-ring at 4 different room tem-
perature conditions of 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C, respec-
tively. The lower room temperature is obviously desirable for
the achievements of the rapid cooling and the lower electrical
power consumption because the larger temperature gap be-
tween the target temperature of 4°C and the environmental
room temperature yields an increase in the cooling time and
the power consumption. As shown Fig. 8(a), the final tem-
perature of the MCD 1 at the setting of 4°C became slightly
increased from 4.5°C to 4.7°C along with the increase of the
room temperature. The maximum cooling time difference
among these room temperature conditions was ~ 90 s. The
relative error in temperature was £ 9%, which was corre-
sponding to 0.4°C difference. Results, plotted in Fig. 8(b),
show that the environmental temperature conditions had no
effects on the median temperature of the cryo-ring. The me-
dian temperature of the cryo-ring was in the range of 4.0°C
and 4.2°C without the apparent correlation to the room tem-
perature variation. The temperature deviation was £ 7%
corresponding to the difference of 0.28°C.
We also explored the thermal behavior of the cryo-ring
along with a sudden temperature change that occurred by put-
ting a cent on the plate. The maximum temperature rise of 3°C
was measured by means of the embedded temperature sensor
and then the temperature of the plate was immediately recov-
ered to 4°C within 3 s by the PID control.
The results, shown in Fig. 8 and in the aforementioned ex-
periment, verify that the integrated MCD system consisting of
the MCD 1 and the cryo-ring can reach and maintain the tar-
get temperature of 4°C consistently regardless of the environ-
mental temperature variations. Also, these results indicate that
the thermally optimized cryo-ring is suitable for the fast tem-
perature adjusting, thereby enabling the clinical surgery, espe-
cially for the hair transplant in which the rapid cooling condi-
tion is needed to minimize the metabolic activity.
7. Conclusions
We have developed and tested an integrated MCD system,
designed for use in hypothermic hydration storage of hair
follicle cell grafts. Three significant advances over the existing
medical chilling devices include: (1) developing the thermo-
hydrodynamic model of the TEC-based chilling devices,
which is capable of quantitatively predicting the transient
temperature profiles of cell grafts on a MCD, (2) achieving
fast thermal responses at a low cooling power (MCD 1: ~17
W, Cryo-ring: ~8 W), where the power is around two orders
of magnitude smaller than that of the conventional heat ex-
changer chilling devices, and maintaining the consistent cool-
ing temperature of 4°C, and (3) no need for consumable and
melting ice for cooling. These unique features constitute a
primary advantage over current chilling technologies in medi-
cal use. Also, the effects of the environmental temperature
variations and sudden temperature change in the cooling plate
on the cryo-ring were negligible, thereby enabling stable hy-
pothermic hydration storage of cell grafts. Depending on
needs, our integrated MCD system based on our thermo-
hydrodynamic model could be modified and applied to any
thermal systems by properly considering the thermal mass and
heat transfer terms. Finally, through these theoretical analysis
and preliminary thermal tests, we demonstrated the capability
for enhancing the sustainable hypothermic graft storage and
the adjustable fast temperature control performance with the
integrated MCD system.
Ongoing work is focusing on achieving clinical data repre-
senting the survival rate of the hair follicle cells by directly
using our MCD system in clinical surgery for hair transplant.
In the near future, we will demonstrate that our MCD system
is capable of minimizing cell metabolic demands by showing
statistically sufficient results of the cell survival rate enhance-
ment via clinical surgery. Ultimately, the MCD system will
facilitate the development of several cell-related research in
biomedical fields and be widely used in clinical surgery.
 J. H. Seo / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29 (2) (2015) 571~577
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Hongik University new
faculty research support fund.
References
[1] N. Y. Kim, J. H. Kim and H. J. Kim, Effect of temperature
and medium composition on growth and erythropoietin pro-
duction by Chinese hamster ovary cells, Archives of phar-
macal research, 13 (2) (2005) 220-226.
[2] E. b. Finger, Organ preservation, Updated: Sep 5 (2013)
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/431140-overview.
[3] C. W. Hoedemaekers, M. Ezzahti, A. Gerritsen and J. G.
Hoeven, Comparison of cooling methods to induce and
maintain normo- and hypothermia in intensive care unit pa-
tients: a prospective intervention study, Critical Care, 11 (4)
(2007).
[4] C. J. Chang, S. M. Cheng, L. L. Chiu, B. J. Wong and K.
Ting, Minimizing superficial thermal injury using bilateral
cryogen spray cooling during laser reshaping of composite
cartilage grafts, Laser Surg Med., 40 (7) (2008) 477-482.
[5] K. negishi, S. Wakamatsu, N. Kushikata, Y. Tezuka, Y.
kotani and K. Shiba, Full-face photorejuvenation of photo-
damaged skin by intense pulsed light with integrated contact
cooling: initial experiences in Asian patients, Laser Surg
Med., 30 (4) (2002) 298-305.
[6] G. B. Altshuler, H. H. Zenzie, A. V. Erofeev, M. Z. Smirnov,
R. R. Anderson and C. Dierickx, Contact cooling of the skin,
Dierickx, Contact cooling of the skin, Dierickx, Contact
cooling of the skin, Phys. Med. Biol., 44 (1999) 1003-1023.
577
[7] N. F. Güler and R. Ahiska, Desgin and testing of a micro-
processor-controlled portable thermoelectric medical cooling
kit, Applied Thermal Eng., 22 (11) (2002) 1271-1276.
[8] K. W. K. Yeung, K. M. C. Cheung, W. W. Lu and C. Y.
Chung, Optimization of thermal treatment parameters to al-
ter austenitic phase transition temperature of NiTi alloy for
medical implant, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 383 (2) (2004) 213-218.
[9] T. Nei, Mechanism of freezing injury to erythrocytes: Effect
of initial cell concentration on the post-thaw hemolysis, Cry-
obiology, 18 (3) (1981) 229-237.
[10] G. R. Ling and C. L. Tien, An analysis of cell freezing and
dehydration, J. Heat Transfer, 92 (3) (1970) 393-398.
[11] P. Ducommun, P.-A. Ruffleux, A. kadouri, U. von Sockar
and I. W. Marison, Monitoring of temperature effects on
animal cell metabolism in a packed bed process, Biotechnol.
Bioeng., 77 (7) (2002) 838-842.
Jung Hwan Seo is an Assistant Profes-
sor of Mechanical and System Design
Engineering at the Hongik University in
South Korea. He received his B.S. de-
gree in Mechanical and Aerospace En-
gineering at Seoul National University
in 2004. After working at Samsung
Electronics for 3 years, he received his
M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the
University of Michigan in 2009 and 2012. His research fo-
cuses on optofluidics, micro-analytical systems, biomedical
devices, energy harvesting, and display applications.