Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences
Answers to questions
Biology
Chapter B1  Cells
B1.01 about 1500 times
B1.02 10 mm (1 cm)
B1.03 all cells
B1.04 cellulose
B1.05 It will allow all substances to pass through.
B1.06 It will allow some substances to pass through, but
not others.
B1.07 water
B1.08 It is a space inside a cell, surrounded by a
membrane, containing a liquid.
B1.09 It is a liquid containing sugars and other
substances dissolved in water, found inside a
vacuole in a plant cell.
B1.10 It absorbs energy from sunlight.
1 B1.11 DNA, in the form of chromosomes; this is the
genetic information of the cell.
B1.12 They are usually too long and thin, but become
shorter and fatter just before the cell divides.
Chapter B2  Movement in and out of cells
B2.01 It is the net movement of molecules from a
region of their higher concentration down a
concentration gradient to a region of their
lower concentration, as a result of their random
movement.
B2.02 For example: oxygen diffusing into an organism
across a gas exchange surface, or into a cell
across its cell surface membrane; carbon dioxide
diffusing out of an organism across a gas exchange
surface, or out of a cell across its cell surface
membrane; diffusion of carbon dioxide into the air
spaces of a leaf.
B2.03 a It increases kinetic energy.
b It will increase the rate of diffusion, because
the molecules move faster.
B2.04 a sugar molecule
B2.05 a membrane that allows some particles to pass
through, but not others
B2.06 Visking tubing, a cell membrane
B2.07 It is a dilute solution (or it has a high water
potential).
B2.08 It absorbs water by osmosis, swelling until
it bursts.
B2.09 The plant cell absorbs water by osmosis just like
an animal cell, but the strong cellulose cell wall
prevents it bursting.
B2.10 a the cell wall
b the cell membrane
B2.11 a cell that has taken up water so that the cell
contents are pressing outwards onto the cell wall
B2.12 the condition of a plant cell when it has lost so
much water that the cytoplasm and vacuole have
shrunk, pulling the cell membrane away from the
cell wall
B2.13 by putting a plant cell into a solution that is more
concentrated than the cytoplasm and cell sap
B2.14 The same solution as is outside the cell – the cell
wall is fully permeable, so both water and solute
molecules can diffuse freely through it.
B2.15 In Figure B2.04, the solution outside the cell has
a higher water potential than the cytoplasm or
cell sap. Water therefore diffuses down the water
potential gradient, into the cell, through the
partially permeable cell membrane.
In Figure B2.05, the solution outside the cell has
a lower water potential than the cytoplasm or
cell sap. Water therefore diffuses down the water
potential gradient, out of the cell, through the
partially permeable cell membrane.
Chapter B3  Biological molecules
B3.01 the chemical reactions that take place inside
the body
B3.02 Cells will lose water. Reactions take place in
solution in the cytoplasm. If there is not enough
water, this cannot happen. Water is also required
for transport (e.g. substances dissolve in the water
in blood plasma), and cooling (sweating and
transpiration).
B3.03 carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
B3.04 There are 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and
6 oxygen atoms in one glucose molecule.
 Answers to questions

B3.05 a simple sugar (monosaccharide) B4.06 small holes, mostly on the lower surface of a leaf,
b polysaccharide through which gases can diffuse
c polysaccharide B4.07 sausage-shaped cells surrounding a stoma,
B3.06 a glucose which can change their shape and open or close
b glucose the stoma
c glycogen B4.08 Palisade mesophyll cells, spongy mesophyll cells
d sucrose and guard cells contain chloroplasts. Epidermal
e starch cells (and xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes)
B3.07 carbon, hydrogen, oxygen do not.
B3.08 heat insulation, energy store B4.09 carbon dioxide and water
B3.09 The oils are an energy store for the embryo plant B4.10 about 0.04%
to use when germination begins, before it can B4.11 by diffusion, through the stomata
photosynthesise.
B4.12 Water is brought to the leaf in xylem vessels.
B3.10 nitrogen, sometimes sulfur
B4.13 More sunlight can be absorbed; more carbon
B3.11 about 20 dioxide can diffuse into the leaf at the same time.
B3.12 They are made of long chains of smaller molecules B4.14 Sunlight can reach all the cells in the leaf.
linked together. Carbon dioxide can diffuse quickly to all the cells
B3.13 haemoglobin, any enzyme, antibodies, other in the leaf.
suitable example B4.15 Glucose is soluble and fairly reactive.
B3.14 for example: transporting oxygen (haemoglobin); B4.16 nitrogen (in a reactive form, such as nitrates)
the formation of new cells (for growth or repair);
B4.17 Nitrate ions are needed for making amino acids.
forming hair (keratin); catalysing reactions
These in turn are used to make proteins, and 2
(enzymes)
proteins are needed for growth.
B3.15 a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
B4.18 Sucrose, produced by photosynthesis in the
without itself being changed
leaves, is supplied to them through phloem
B3.16 enzymes sieve tubes.
B3.17 all of them
B3.18 For amylase, the substrate is starch and the Chapter B5  Animal nutrition
product is maltose. B5.01 a Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and vitamins are
B3.19 the temperature at which an enzyme works at its organic. Minerals and water are inorganic.
fastest b carbohydrates, fats and proteins
B3.20 40 °C c to stimulate peristalsis and prevent
B3.21 The enzyme molecule loses its shape at high constipation
temperature, so the substrate will no longer fit into B5.02 heart disease, diabetes, stroke
the active site. B5.03 a disease of the coronary arteries of the heart,
which become partially blocked by deposits of
Chapter B4  Plant nutrition cholesterol, preventing sufficient oxygen reaching
B4.01 any suitable organic substance – for example, the heart muscle
sugar B5.04 Starvation means not getting enough food.
B4.02 carbon dioxide and water Malnutrition means having an unbalanced
B4.03 the green pigment, found in chloroplasts, that diet, perhaps a diet lacking in one nutrient or
absorbs energy from sunlight, used to drive containing too much fat.
photosynthesis B5.05 a disease caused by a lack of a particular nutrient
B4.04 epidermal cells in the diet
B4.05 to prevent water loss from leaf cells B5.06 scurvy (lack of vitamin C); rickets (lack of vitamin D);
brittle bones (lack of calcium); anaemia (lack of iron)
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences
B5.07 the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules
into small molecules using mechanical and
chemical processes
B5.08 vitamins and minerals (and water)
B5.09 a simple sugars (glucose)
b amino acids
c fatty acids and glycerol
B5.10 breaking down large molecules of food into small
ones, using enzymes
B5.11 the teeth at the front of the mouth, used for biting
off pieces of food
B5.12 a mix of food remnants and bacteria coating
the teeth
B5.13 Bacteria in plaque can breed and penetrate
between the tooth and the gums, causing
inflammation and eventually even loss of the
tooth. Bacteria in plaque produce acids when
they metabolise foods. The acid dissolves enamel,
producing a hole through which bacteria can
reach the living part of the tooth.
B5.14 The mouth (in saliva); the small intestine (in
pancreatic juice). It breaks down starch to maltose.
3 B5.15 The acid provides the optimum pH for pepsin to
work, and destroys bacteria in the food.
B5.16 pancreatic juice and bile
B5.17 Bile salts emulsify fats, making it easier for
lipase to come into contact with them and
digest them.
Chapter B6  Transport in plants
B6.01 water and inorganic ions such as nitrate
B6.02 sucrose and amino acids
B6.03 a collection of xylem vessels and phloem tubes
B6.04 Water moves into root hairs by osmosis, down
its water potential gradient (or from a less
concentrated solution to a more concentrated
one), through the partially permeable cell
membrane of the root hair cells.
B6.05 evaporation of water from the surfaces of
mesophyll cells followed by loss of water vapour
from plant leaves, through the stomata
B6.06 small holes, mostly on the lower surface of a leaf,
each surrounded by a pair of guard cells, through
which gases can diffuse into and out of the leaf
B6.07 measuring the rate at which a shoot takes up
water (and therefore the rate at which it loses
water by transpiration)
B6.08 a An increase in temperature increases the rate
of transpiration. (This happens because, at
higher temperatures, water molecules have
more kinetic energy. They are more likely to
turn from liquid to gas, and will diffuse more
rapidly out of the leaf.)
b An increase in humidity decreases the rate
of transpiration. (This happens because the
greater quantity of water vapour in the air
outside the leaf means that the diffusion
gradient for water vapour is less.)
Chapter B7  Transport in animals
B7.01 a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves
to ensure one-way flow of blood
B7.02 blood containing a lot of oxygen
B7.03 the lungs
B7.04 the left side
B7.05 In a double circulatory system, blood flows from
the heart to the lungs, and then back to the heart
again before travelling to the rest of the body. In
a single circulatory system, blood flows directly
from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body.
B7.06 In a double circulatory system, oxygenated blood
is transported to body cells faster, at higher
pressure.
B7.07 a left atrium
b right atrium
B7.08 between the atria and the ventricles
B7.09 a right ventricle
b left ventricle
B7.10 They contain more cardiac muscle, which can
therefore provide a greater force when they
contract. This is needed to pump the blood
around the body.
B7.11 It contains more cardiac muscle, needed to
produce more force to pump blood all around the
body rather than just to the lungs.
B7.12 The pulse is the regular expansion of arteries,
caused by blood surging through at high pressure
each time the ventricles contract.
B7.13 to move oxygenated blood to the muscles more
quickly, to supply the oxygen they need to release
energy from glucose, by respiration
B7.14 a patch of muscle in the right atrium which
sets the pace for the beating of the rest of the
heart muscle

B7.15 Extra CO2 (from respiring muscles) dissolves in
blood plasma, reducing its pH. This is sensed
by receptors in the brain, which increases the
frequency of nerve impulses sent to the pacemaker.
B7.16 The valves are pushed closed by the high pressure
of the blood in the ventricles. This prevents blood
flowing back into the atria.
B7.17 a arteries
b veins
B7.18 The pressure of the blood in arteries is high
and pulsing, so the strong walls are needed to
withstand this pressure.
B7.19 The elastic walls allow the arteries to expand with
each pulse of pressure (produced by the heart)
and then recoil in between pulses; if they could
not do this, they might burst.
B7.20 Capillaries deliver blood, containing oxygen and
nutrients, very close to every cell in the body.
B7.21 A large lumen provides less resistance to blood
flow, needed because blood pressure in the veins
is low.
B7.22 Skeletal muscles in the legs squeeze inwards on
the veins when the muscles contract, pushing
blood along inside them.
B7.23 five from: water, glucose, vitamins,
minerals (inorganic ions), hormones,
antibodies (and others)
B7.24 They transport oxygen.
B7.25 They have no nucleus, and contain haemoglobin.
They have a biconcave shape.
B7.26 a red pigment that absorbs and releases oxygen;
a protein found inside red blood cells
B7.27 tiny fragments of cells that help with blood clotting
Chapter B8  Respiration and gas exchange
B8.01 to release energy from glucose for cells to use
B8.02 active transport; driving chemical reactions such
as protein synthesis; movement; producing heat;
transmitting nerve impulses; cell division
B8.03 the release of a relatively small amount of energy
by the breakdown of food substances in the
absence of oxygen
B8.04 yeast, humans (for short periods of time)
B8.05 It produces lactic acid. It does not produce CO2.
It releases less energy.
B8.06 It produces lactic acid, not ethanol. It does not
produce CO2.
Answers to questions
B8.07 the voice box
B8.08 They sweep mucus, which contains trapped bacteria
and dust particles, up to the top of the trachea and
into the throat, where it can be swallowed.
B8.09 across the walls of the alveoli
B8.10 two
Chapter B9  Coordination and homeostasis
B9.01 any muscles or glands
B9.02 nerves and hormones (the nervous system and
the endocrine system)
B9.03 They have a nucleus, cell membrane and
cytoplasm.
B9.04 They have a long axon (or dendron) to transmit
impulses rapidly from one part of the body to
another. They have nerve endings to pass the
impulses onto another nerve cell or an effector.
They (may) have a myelin sheath around the
axon (or dendron) to speed up the impulses.
They have dendrites to receive nerve impulses
from other cells.
B9.05 The CNS receives inputs from different receptors,
which it integrates, and produces nerve impulses 4
to send to appropriate effectors.
B9.06 a in a small swelling just outside the spinal cord
b in the central nervous system – either the
brain or the spinal cord
c in the central nervous system – either the
brain or the spinal cord
B9.07 They produce very quick, automatic responses
with no time wasted in making decisions. This can
enable escape from danger.
B9.08 There are many possibilities. Answers should state
the stimulus and the response.
B9.09 a change in the environment that is detected
by a receptor
B9.10 retina
B9.11 conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, lens,
vitreous humour, retina
B9.12 cornea and lens
B9.13 changing the shape of the lens to focus light rays
from different distances onto the retina
B9.14 a contract
b i This reduces tension on the suspensory
ligaments
ii which allows the lens to become its
natural, rounded shape.
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences
B9.15 dissolved in blood plasma
B9.16 any situation in which you are nervous, frightened
or angry
B9.17 It increases glucose concentration in the blood,
so muscles can use more for respiration; it
increases heart rate, increasing the supply of
glucose and oxygen to muscles; it increases
breathing rate – similar effect.
B9.18 the tip
B9.19 just behind the tip
B9.20 Auxin made in the tip diffuses down into the part
just below the tip. Auxin is like an animal hormone,
a chemical that is made in one part of the body
and moves to another where it has an effect.
However, auxin is not made in an endocrine gland
like animal hormones, and it is not transported in
the blood.
B9.21 It moves the leaves towards a light source,
maximising the amount of light available for
photosynthesis.
B9.22 It grows towards it.
B9.23 It stores fat as an energy reserve, which can be
5 used in respiration to release energy for cells to
use. It acts as a heat insulator, preventing loss of
heat from the body to the external environment.
B9.24 The water in sweat evaporates. This requires
energy, which is taken from the skin, thus cooling it.
B9.25 hypothalamus
B9.26 Vasodilation is the widening of the arterioles
supplying the blood capillaries near the surface
of the skin. It allows more blood to flow through
these capillaries, losing heat by radiation through
the skin surface.
B9.27 When a parameter changes in a particular
direction, this is sensed and measures are put into
place to change it back towards the norm.
Chapter B10  Reproduction in plants
B10.01 In asexual reproduction, there is only one
parent. Cells divide by a type of cell division
that produces genetically identical cells, so the
offspring are genetically identical to their parent
and to each other.
B10.02 a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid
gamete to produce a zygote – for example, an
egg or a sperm
B10.03 a diploid cell formed by the fusion of the nuclei of
two gametes
B10.04 so that when their nuclei fuse at fertilisation, the
new cell formed will have the normal two sets of
chromosomes
B10.05 a cell with two complete sets of chromosomes
B10.06 any part of the body
B10.07 a cell with one set of chromosomes
B10.08 egg or sperm
B10.09 sexual reproduction
B10.10 anthers
B10.11 ovules
B10.12 the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of
the flower (anther of stamen) to the female part
of the flower (stigma)
B10.13 Much of the pollen of wind-pollinated flowers will
not land on the stigma of a flower of the same
species and will be wasted. The pollen of insect-
pollinated flowers is more likely to be delivered
to an appropriate flower.
B10.14 down a tube that grows out of the pollen grain,
through the style and into the ovule
Chapter B11  Reproduction in humans
B11.01 cervix
B11.02 where the two sperm ducts join the urethra; it
produces fluid for sperm to swim in
B11.03 An egg bursts out of an ovary, and is caught in
the funnel of the oviduct.
B11.04 in the testes
B11.05 Cilia in the wall of the oviduct waft it along.
B11.06 in the oviducts
B11.07 Sperm are much smaller than eggs. Sperm can
swim but eggs cannot. Sperm have a head, a
long tail, and enzymes in a vesicle in the head.
Eggs have none of these, but they have a layer of
jelly surrounding them.
B11.08 when the embryo sinks into the lining of the uterus
B11.09 a developing baby in the uterus from about the
11th week after fertilisation
B11.10 by the umbilical cord, which contains two
arteries and a vein
B11.11 oxygen; glucose; any other soluble nutrients;
water
B11.12 so that it is prepared for the arrival of an embryo
if an egg is fertilised
B11.13 It is lost through the vagina.
 Answers to questions

Chapter B12  Inheritance B12.09 She could breed the black-spotted dog with a
B12.01 DNA liver-spotted dog. If the dog is heterozygous:
B12.02 a pair of chromosomes that carry the same genes black spots liver spots
in the same positions Bb bb
B12.03 different forms of a gene B b
B12.04 a B and b (or any other upper and lower case b
versions of the same letter) Bb
b brown eyes B black
B12.05 23 spots
bb
B12.06 a Nn
b liver
b N or n spots
B12.07 normal wings normal wings If the black-spotted dog is homozygous, all of its
NN Nn gametes will have the allele B, so all the offspring
N N n
will have the genotype Bb and will have black
N n spots. Therefore, if any of the offspring have liver
NN Nn spots, the breeder knows that the genotype of
N normal normal the black-spotted dog is Bb.
wings wings
All the offspring would have normal wings. Chapter B13  Variation and natural selection
B12.08 a brown hair brown hair B13.01 a discontinuous
Bb Bb b continuous
B b B b c continuous 6

B b d discontinuous
B13.02 a and d genes only
BB Bb
B brown brown b and c genes and environment
hair hair B13.03 The more that populations of bacteria are
Bb bb exposed to an antibiotic, the more likely that
b brown red bacteria resistant to this antibiotic will gain an
hair hair advantage over non-resistant bacteria. These will

If both parents were heterozygous, breed and pass on their resistance genes to the
then both can produce gametes containing next generation.
the b alleles. If two such gametes fuse to B13.04 Choose sperm from a bull whose female offspring
form a zygote, the resulting child will have the and other female relatives have high milk yields.
genotype bb and have red hair. The chance of Choose a cow that has a high milk yield, and
this happening is one in four each time they fertilise her eggs with sperm from the chosen
have a child. By chance, this has happened bull. Continue for several generations.
three times out of five. B13.05 a Grow wheat in conditions where it gets
b Person 1 must be heterozygous, Bb, because infected by rust. Collect seed from any plants
at least two of his children have red hair and that are not infected, or that are not harmed.
so must have inherited a b allele from both Grow this seed and repeat for several
parents. generations, each time picking out seed from
Person 3 has red hair, and so must have the plants that are least affected by rust.
genotype bb. b Some of the rust organisms may have a
Person 2 must also be heterozygous, Bb, variation that allows them to infect the
for the same reason. He has brown hair. resistant wheat plants. These will have a
selective advantage, and be more likely to
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences
survive and reproduce, passing on the genes
for this characteristic to the next generation
of rust fungi. Over time, most of the rust fungi
may have this gene and be able to infect the
previously resistant wheat plants.
Chapter B14  Organisms and their
environment
B14.01 Almost all the energy in living organisms on
Earth originates from sunlight. (There are deep-
sea ecosystems that are based on energy from
geothermal vents on the ocean floor, but the vast
majority of life on Earth is ultimately driven by
solar energy.)
B14.02 a One example might be: Sun → maize (grown
for fodder) → cattle → human.
b One example might be: Sun → phytoplankton
→ zooplankton → fish → seal → shark.
c One example might be: Sun → grass →
grasshopper → rat → snake → hawk.
B14.03 because, in photosynthesis, they use energy from
sunlight to produce the food that then powers
the rest of the food chain
7
B14.04 The further up the food chain you go, the less
energy is available from the original energy
provided by the Sun. This is because, at each
trophic level, the organisms use up a lot of energy
as they live and grow, so there is less available to
pass on to animals that eat them. Beyond about
five links in a chain, the energy has effectively
run out.
B14.05 photosynthesis
B14.06 protein or any named proteins, carbohydrates
or a named carbohydrate (glucose,
glycogen), fats
B14.07 It will increase, because the combustion of fossil
fuels produces carbon dioxide that is released
into the air.
B14.08 Growing trees take carbon dioxide from the air
for photosynthesis. If trees are removed, then
less carbon dioxide is removed. If the trees are
burnt, this produces carbon dioxide that goes
into the air.
B14.09 Tree roots help to hold soil in place, especially on
sloping land. Without trees, rain can easily wash
the soil down the slope. Trees intercept raindrops
as they fall, reducing the force with which they
hit the soil. Without trees, rain hits the ground
harder, so that soil is loosened and washed away.
Trees absorb water from the soil. Without trees,
less water is absorbed and more runs off the
surface of the land, increasing soil erosion
and flooding.
B14.10 untreated sewage, fertilisers
B14.11 oxygen
B14.12 Plastic bags are not able to be decomposed
by organisms. Instead, they remain in the
environment, where they can cause problems
such as being eaten by animals and staying,
undigested, in their alimentary canals. Paper
bags are easily broken down by decomposers.
Chemistry
Chapter C1  Planet Earth
C1.01 sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
C1.02 the burning of fossil fuels (mainly coal for sulfur
dioxide)
C1.03 damage to limestone buildings, death of trees,
acidification of lakes leading to death of fish
C1.04 a combination of nitrogen oxides and low-level
ozone that causes breathing problems, especially
for people with asthma
C1.05 It combines with the haemoglobin in red blood
cells, stopping them from carrying oxygen.
C1.06 because it does not react with the filament, which
would burn in air when it became hot
C1.07 Heat which would normally escape into space is
reflected back to the Earth’s surface by gases such
as carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere.
C1.08 It changes nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide
to nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
C1.09 because solid matter is easiest to remove and
would interfere with subsequent processes
C1.10 to kill bacteria present in the water
C1.11 because the energy needed to boil the water
is costly
C1.12 It contains a high concentration of a particular
metal compound.
C1.13 Lime is calcium oxide, which is reacted with water
to make calcium hydroxide (slaked lime).
C1.14 It reflects heat back to Earth when present in
the atmosphere. Heat is kept in the atmospheric
layer.
 Answers to questions

Chapter C2  The nature of matter liquid: particles close together but less regularly
C2.01 a freezing (solidification) arranged; particles able to move about
b boiling gas: particles far apart and irregularly arranged;
c condensation particles moving independently
d sublimation C2.14 Ammonia, because it has a lower molecular mass.
C2.02 The impurity lowers the freezing point of the Place cotton wool plugs soaked in ammonia
liquid. solution and hydrochloric acid at opposite ends of
a tube. Seal the tube at both ends. Allow the gases
C2.03
to diffuse towards each other. A white smoke disc
80 of ammonium chloride will form where the two
gases meet. This disc is closer to the hydrochloric
Temperature / °C

liquid
acid end of the tube, as ammonia diffuses faster.
C2.15 hydrogen
C2.16 15 protons, 16 neutrons, 15 electrons
freezing
0 C2.17 proton = 1, neutron = 1, electron = 0 (or X)
solid
–20 C2.18 Chlorine-37 has two more neutrons in
the nucleus.
Time C2.19 first shell, maximum 2; second shell, maximum 8
C2.04 A volatile liquid is one that evaporates easily; it has C2.20 2,8,8,2
a low boiling point. C2.21 8 in both cases
C2.05 ethanol > water > ethanoic acid. Ethanol is the C2.22 6 in both cases
most volatile, ethanoic acid the least.
8
C2.06 a distillation Chapter C3  Elements and compounds
b fractional distillation C3.01 fluorine
c crystallisation (evaporation to concentrate the C3.02 2
solution, cooling, crystallisation, filtration and
C3.03 the bottom of Group I
drying)
C3.04 Metal: can be beaten into sheets, gives a ringing
C2.07 Sublimation is when a solid changes to a gas
sound when hit, conducts heat, conducts
without passing through the liquid phase (and the
electricity
reverse).
Non-metal: is an insulator, has a dull surface
C2.08 coloured substances (e.g. dyes)
C3.05 Helium has a full first shell. The others all have
C2.09 by the use of locating agents that react with
8 electrons in the outer energy level (shell/orbit).
colourless ‘spots’ to produce a colour that can
be seen C3.06 potassium hydroxide
C2.10 Rf gives a standard measure of how far a sample C3.07 lithium + water → lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
moves in a chromatography system, as it relates C3.08 It is used in the treatment of drinking water; it will
the movement of the sample compound to how bleach moist litmus paper.
far the solvent front has moved. It is equal to the C3.09 chlorine and fluorine
distance moved by the sample divided by the
C3.10 metal to non-metal
distance moved by the solvent front.
C3.11 aluminium
C2.11 An element is a substance that cannot be broken
down into anything simpler by chemical means. C3.12 sodium

C2.12 A compound is a substance formed from two or C3.13 Cl2

more elements chemically bonded together. C3.14 silicon
C2.13 solid: particles packed close together in a regular C3.15 because copper is a transition metal
arrangement; each particle only vibrating about a C3.16 a  covalent  b covalent
fixed point c  ionic    d metallic
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences

C3.17 because in hydrogen gas two atoms are covalently e calcium hydroxide
bonded together f nitrogen monoxide
C3.18 an electrostatic force (attraction between two g nitrogen dioxide
oppositely charged ions) h sulfur trioxide
C3.19 a C3.24 a SiCl4 b  CS2
H H c PCl3 (or PCl5) d  SiO2
C3.25 a i Na = 1, O = 1, H = 1
b ii C = 2, H = 6
iii H = 2, S = 1, O = 4
H O
iv Cu = 1, N = 2, O = 6
v C = 12, H = 22, O = 11
H b i potassium bromide
ii aluminium hydroxide
c
iii copper carbonate
H N H iv magnesium nitride
v phosphorus trichloride
vi nitric acid
H
vii silicon tetrachloride
d viii iron(ii) sulfate
H
ix methane
x sulfuric acid
H C H c i K 2SO4
ii AlF3
9 iii Fe2O3
H
iv Ca(NO3)2
C3.20 a – v ZnCl2
vi NH3
[Na]+ Cl
vii HCl
viii CuSO4
b –
ix SO3
+ F
[Li] C3.26 a carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
b 8
C3.21 The calcium ion is ionically bonded to the c carbon and oxygen
carbonate ion but the carbonate ion is held d 4
together by covalent bonds. e A liquid: it is a small covalent molecule.
C3.22 a 2– f No, it is covalently bonded.

[Mg]2+ O C3.27 The ions are free to move and they carry
the charge.
b – C3.28 because the ions are fixed in position and
cannot move
Cl
C3.29 a There are electrons between the flat planes of
[Ca] 2+
– atoms which are free to move.
b There are only weak forces between the
Cl
layers in graphite and therefore they can slide
over each other.
C3.23 a sodium iodide
C3.30 because, in diamond, each carbon atom is
b magnesium sulfide
attached to four other carbon atoms, making a
c potassium oxide
strong lattice
d lithium nitride
 Answers to questions

C3.31 because there are no charged particles to b magnesium + steam

move around  → magnesium oxide + hydrogen
C3.32 because there are electrons which are free to Mg + H2O → MgO + H2
move in solid metals c calcium + oxygen → calcium oxide
C3.33 Both substances have a three-dimensional 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO
structure in which the atoms are arranged
d bromine + potassium iodide
tetrahedrally and all the atoms are joined by
 → potassium bromide + iodine
covalent bonds.
Br2 + 2KI → 2KBr + I2
Chapter C4  Chemical reactions e zinc + copper sulfate → zinc sulfate + copper
C4.01 a physical Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
b chemical C4.09 a Solid sodium carbonate reacts with
hydrochloric acid solution to give sodium
c physical
chloride solution and carbon dioxide gas.
d physical Water, a liquid, is also produced.
C4.02 a exothermic b i Ag+ (aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s)
b exothermic ii Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
c exothermic iii H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
d endothermic iv 2H+(aq) + CO32–(s) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)
C4.03 A new substance(s) has been formed. C4.10 Reduction is the gain of electrons; oxidation
is the loss of electrons. During a redox reaction
C4.04 a iron + oxygen → iron(iii) oxide
the oxidising agent gains electrons; the oxidising
b sodium hydroxide + sulfuric acid → sodium agent is itself reduced during the reaction. 10
sulfate + water
C4.11 a The compound is split into its elements.
c sodium + water b The ions are not free to move in the solid, so
 → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen they cannot move to the electrodes to be
C4.05 a 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO discharged.
b N2 + 3H2 2NH3 c The vapour is brown.
c 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O d because bromine vapour is toxic
e the cathode
d 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
C4.12 a the cathode
e 2Al + 3Cl → 2AlCl3
b copper sulfate solution
f 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
C4.13 a 2Br –
→ Br2 + 2e–
C4.06 a chlorine + potassium bromide b because electrons are gained by the lead ions
 → potassium chloride + bromine
C4.14 Solution Gas Gas given Substance
b Iodine is less reactive than chlorine so it will
not displace chlorine from its salts. (electrolyte) given off or left in
off at metal solution at
C4.07 a combustion
the deposited the end of
b decomposition anode at the electrolysis
c redox cathode
d neutralisation silver sulfate oxygen silver sulfuric acid
C4.08 a sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen sodium oxygen hydrogen sodium
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 nitrate nitrate
C4.15 a i electrode Y
ii a cathode
b The solution would become acidic.
c To make the electrode conduct electricity.
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences

Chapter C5  Acids, bases and salts b potassium hydroxide + sulfuric acid
C5.01 A corrosive substance ‘eats’ things away.  → potassium sulfate + water
2KOH + H2SO4 → K 2SO4 + 2H2O
C5.02 citric acid
C5.25 sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium
C5.03 a alkaline
hydroxide (limewater), ammonia solution
b neutral
c alkaline C5.26 ammonia
d acidic C5.27 sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl)
C5.04 It changes its colour depending on whether it is in C5.28 a potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid
an acidic or alkaline solution.  → potassium chloride + water
C5.05 pH 1 is more acidic. b copper oxide + hydrochloric acid
 → copper chloride + water
C5.06 green
c zinc + hydrochloric acid
C5.07 ethanoic acid  → zinc chloride + hydrogen
C5.08 hydrogen d sodium carbonate + hydrochloric acid
C5.09 hydroxide ion, OH–  → sodium chloride + water + carbon dioxide
C5.10 a calcium ions and hydroxide ions C5.29 a KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O
b ammonium ions and hydroxide ions b CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
C5.11 a H2SO4 c Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
b HCl d Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
C5.12 They are equal. C5.30 a carbonate + hydrochloric acid
 → salt + water + carbon dioxide
C5.13 blue
C5.31 blue precipitate, copper(ii) hydroxide
C5.14 white
11 C5.32 Ammonia solution; you get a white precipitate in
C5.15 sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide
both cases but the zinc hydroxide precipitate
C5.16 S + O2 → SO2 re-dissolves in excess ammonia and the
C5.17 magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide aluminium hydroxide precipitate does not.
C5.18 carbon monoxide C5.33 pink (purple)
C5.19 zinc hydroxide or aluminium hydroxide C5.34 to make sure all the acid is used up/reacted
zinc hydroxide + sodium hydroxide C5.35 filtration
 → sodium zincate + water C5.36 pipette, burette
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 +2H2O
C5.37 If heated too strongly, the salt could dehydrate
or (lose water of crystallisation) or even decompose.
aluminium hydroxide + sodium hydroxide C5.38 a i method B
 → sodium aluminate + water ii sulfuric acid
Al(OH)3 + NaOH → NaAlO2 + 2H2O iii zinc oxide + sulfuric acid
C5.20 baking soda  → zinc sulfate + water
C5.21 hydrochloric acid, to help digest our food b i method A
C5.22 calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide ii hydrochloric acid
iii KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O
C5.23 insoluble bases: copper oxide, zinc oxide; alkalis:
sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide
Chapter C6  Quantitative chemistry
C5.24 a sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid C6.01 a covalent
 → sodium chloride + water
b ionic
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
c CH4, NaI, C3H6, ICl3, BrF5, HBr
 Answers to questions

C6.02 a 32 b 17 C7.04
c 64 d 114 EA
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)

Energy
e 98 f 119
ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
g 188 h 133.5
C6.03 a 0.20 g; 0.18 g; 0.08 g; 0.12 g
Progress of reaction
b
0.2 C7.05 a rate increases
b rate increases
c rate increases
Mass of oxygen/g

C7.06 The reactions which would spoil the food are
0.1 slowed down at the lower temperature.
C7.07 at the beginning
C7.08 because the reactants are being used up
0 C7.09 A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 chemical reaction but is not itself used up in the
Mass of magnesium /g course of the reaction.
c The graph is a straight line, showing a fixed C7.10 a biological catalyst
ratio of oxygen to magnesium; this indicates a
C7.11 manganese(iv) oxide
fixed formula.
C7.12 a iron
C6.04 a i near the neck of the test tube
b vanadium(v) oxide
ii to flush out all of the air from the tube
iii to make sure the reaction was C7.13 changes in temperature and pH
C7.14 The presence of a catalyst decreases the 12
complete
b i C = 1.60 g, E = 1.28 g, F = 0.32 g activation energy of reaction.
ii 0.02 moles C7.15 a An increased temperature means that the
iii 0.02 moles particles are moving faster and will therefore
iv 1 mole collide more frequently; when they collide,
v CuO more particles will have energy greater than
vi copper(ii) oxide + hydrogen the activation energy so there will be more
 → copper + water collisions that result in a reaction.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O b There will be more surface area of the solid
C6.05 a 0.02 moles b 2 moles exposed to the reactant and therefore more
c 0.07 moles frequent collisions.
C6.06 a 36 000 cm3 b 1440 cm3 c Greater concentration means there are more
c 12 000 cm3 reactant molecules present and so there will
be a greater frequency of collision.
C6.07 a 2 mol/dm3 b 0.2 mol/dm3
c 1 mol/dm3 C7.16 white to blue
d 0.8 g of NaOH = 0.2 moles; 0.2 mol/dm3 C7.17 the presence of water

Chapter C7  How far? How fast? Chapter C8  Patterns and properties of metals
C7.01 endothermic C8.01 They are soft and have a low density.
C7.02 endothermic C8.02 Sodium gives a yellow flame, potassium a lilac
C7.03 Polystyrene is a good insulator (and absorbs very flame.
little heat itself). C8.03 hydrogen
C8.04 potassium hydroxide
C8.05 sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences
C8.06 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2
C8.07 lithium
C8.08 It is strong but light and it does not corrode.
C8.09 It is more reactive than carbon (so its oxide cannot
be reduced by carbon).
C8.10 A thin layer of aluminium oxide forms on the
surface of the metal and sticks to it, giving it a
protective coating; with iron, the oxide forms but
flakes off and so does not protect the metal.
C8.11 They are strong and dense, have high melting
points, their compounds are often coloured, they
can show more than one valency, they or their
compounds often act as catalysts (any three).
C8.12 2 and 3
C8.13 blue
C8.14 (hydrated) iron(iii) oxide, Fe2O3
C8.15 the Haber process
C8.16 zinc + hydrochloric acid
 → zinc chloride + hydrogen
C8.17 copper
C8.18 magnesium + copper(ii) sulfate
13  → magnesium sulfate + copper
C8.19 A brown deposit is formed and the blue colour of
the solution fades to colourless.
C8.20 Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu
Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Chapter C9  Industrial inorganic chemistry
C9.01 to combine with the silicon dioxide (sand) and
remove it as slag
C9.02 Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
C9.03 oxygen
C9.04 to make an alloy which doesn’t corrode
(stainless steel)
C9.05 water and oxygen (air)
C9.06 It can be used to coat iron (galvanisation) or
can be attached to iron as blocks (cathodic
protection).
C9.07 because of the high cost of electricity, which is
needed in large quantities
C9.08 because this makes the temperature needed to
melt the aluminium oxide much lower
C9.09 because the oxygen produced at the anode
causes them to burn away
C9.10 Al3+ + 3e– → Al
C9.11 because it forms an oxide layer which prevents
any further reaction with oxygen (corrosion)
C9.12 by reacting methane gas with steam
C9.13 an iron catalyst, a moderately high temperature
(450 °C) and a high pressure (200 atmospheres)
C9.14 so that they react the second time around
(saves producing more raw materials)
C9.15 because these are the three elements needed by
plants which can become used up in soil
C9.16 They are washed off fields by rain and end up in
streams and rivers.
C9.17 S + O2 → SO2
C9.18 a catalyst (vanadium(v) oxide) and a temperature
of around 450 °C
C9.19 because the reaction is too violent: a mist of
sulfuric acid is formed which is very dangerous
C9.20 a concentrated solution of sodium chloride
in water
C9.21 It converts a cheap raw material (common
salt) into three important chemicals: chlorine,
hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. There are no
waste products.
C9.22 to neutralise acidity in the water
C9.23 to remove silicon dioxide (sand) from the iron ore
C9.24 CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
C9.25 Ca(OH)2
C9.26 treating soil to remove excess acidity; removing
impurities from iron during the basic oxygen steel
making process
C9.27 because it is quick to recycle, and ‘new’ aluminium
is very expensive to produce
C9.28 conserving non-renewable resources
such as metal ores; avoiding dumping waste
in landfill
Chapter C10  Organic chemistry
C10.01 covalent
C10.02 4
C10.03 diamond and graphite
C10.04 proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (any two)
C10.05 methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane,
hexane
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, C6H14
 Answers to questions

C10.06 H H H H H C10.17 C2H4Br2

H C H H C C C C H
Br Br
H H H H H
H C C H
methane butane
H H
C10.07
C10.18 ethene + hydrogen → ethane
100
C2H4 + H2 → C2H6
50 C10.19 finely divided nickel
Boiling point / °C

C10.20 a propene + hydrogen → propane

0
b C4H8 + H2O → C4H9OH
–50 C10.21 methanol, ethanol, propanol
–100 C10.22 ethene + steam → ethanol
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH
–150
C10.23 yeast, carbohydrate source, water
1 2 3 4 5 6 C10.24 a carbon dioxide
Number of carbon atoms
b It is an air-lock – allowing the carbon dioxide
The graph shows a smooth curve with a steady, to escape but not allowing air/bacteria in.
but decreasing, change in boiling point as the
c yeast
hydrocarbon chain gets longer.
d at around 37 °C
C10.08 ethane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
e This is the temperature favoured by the
C10.09 natural gas
yeast, which are living organisms.
C10.10
H
C10.25 a H H H 14
H C O H H C C O H
H H H
H C H
methanol ethanol
b A homologous series of compounds is a
H family of organic compounds that have the
same general formula, similar chemical
C10.11 ethene, propene, butene
properties and a gradual trend in their
C2H4, C3H6, C4H8 physical properties.
C10.12 H H
H H
H
C C H C C C Chapter C11  Petrochemicals and polymers
H H H H C11.01 refinery gas, petrol (gasoline), naphtha, kerosene
(paraffin), diesel, bitumen
ethene propene
C11.02 coal, natural gas, petroleum (crude oil)
C10.13 The bromine water is decolorised from brown to
colourless. C11.03 Cracking is the thermal decomposition of a long-
chain alkane to a shorter-chain alkane and an
C10.14 bromine + ethene → 1,2-dibromoethane
alkene (or hydrogen).
C10.15
decane → octane + ethene
H H
C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4
C C C11.04 road surfacing, ships’ engines, car engines,
aircraft fuel (domestic heating)
H H H H
C11.05 C2H4   H H H
C C H C C C
C10.16 a propane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water H H H H
b C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
ethene propene
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences

C11.06 Addition polymerisation takes place when many Physics

molecules of an unsaturated monomer join
together to form a long-chain polymer. Chapter P1  Making measurements
P1.01 3.23 mm
H H
H H
n C C high pressure C C
P1.02 1968 cm3
H H heat, catalyst
H H n
P1.03 a 0.71 mm
b 158 mm3
C11.07 a H H
P1.04 18 cm3
C C
P1.05 13.2 g/cm3
H CH3
P1.06 7.6 g/cm3
b H H
P1.07 80 cm3; 7.75 g/cm3
C C
P1.08 0.04 s
H Cl
P1.09 0.87 s; 0.864 s
C11.08 tetrafluoroethene
C11.09 a crates/plastic rope
Chapter P2  Describing motion
b insulation/pipes P2.01 inches per minute
c non-stick pans/gear wheels P2.02 s/m, ms
C11.10 The monomers join together by a reaction P2.03 a fastest: C
in which a small molecule (usually water) is b slowest: B
eliminated each time a link is made.
P2.04 250 m/s
C11.11 a the amide link (or peptide link)
P2.05 75 km/h
15 b O O O O
... C C N N C C N N ... P2.06 1728 000 km
H H H H P2.07 3.33 h (3 h 20 min)
P2.08
Chapter C12  Chemical analysis and
investigation
C12.01 because their hydroxides are insoluble and form
Distance

as precipitates
C12.02 aluminium and zinc hydroxides
C12.03 because iron has two different oxidation states
(iron(ii) and iron(iii))
Time
C12.04 carbon dioxide
P2.09
C12.05 silver nitrate
C12.06 nitric acid
C12.07 oxygen
Speed

C12.08 the ammonium ion

C12.09 a D b  E
c A d  C
C12.10 Add bromine water: it turns from brown to Time
colourless. P2.10 a A, C, G b F
C12.11 the amount of water, the amount of fuel used, or c E d  B, D
the time it was used for
C12.12 substance, appearance before heating, appearance
during heating, appearance after cooling
 Answers to questions

P2.11 a, b  10 P3.04 a 900 N b  333 N

8 P3.05 1500 N

Speed / m/s
6
P3.06 2.0 N
4
P3.07 25 m/s2
2
0
P3.08 800 kg
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time / s
Chapter P4  Turning effects of forces
c 45 m P4.01 force F3 at end; it is at 90° to trapdoor and furthest
P2.12 50 from the pivot
40 P4.02 The force of the wind has a greater turning effect
on a tall tree.
Distance / km

30
P4.03 X = 1000 N; Y = 1400 N
20
P4.04 Z = 90 N; 1.50 m
10 P4.05 a This is to lower their centre of mass.
0 b The block on the arm is there to balance the
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 load. The blocks at the base are to lower its
Time / min
centre of gravity, broaden its base and make it
32 km/h
more stable.
P2.13 km/s
P4.06 a The forces are equal and along the same
P2.14 1.5 m/s2 straight line, so there is no moment.
P2.15 0.20 m/s2
b No, because there is an unbalanced force to
P2.16 a the right. 16

20 c The cyclist is unstable, because the forces are

not balanced.
Speed / m/s

15
10
Chapter P5  Forces and matter
5
P5.01 22.0 cm
0
0 5 10 15 20 P5.02
Load / N Length / mm Extension / mm
Time / s 0.0 50 0
b 2.5 m/s2
1.0 54 4
c 280 m
2.0 58 8
Chapter P3  Forces and motion 3.0 62 12
P3.01 a accelerate to right 4.0 66 16
b slow down / accelerate to left 5.0 70 20
c change direction 6.0 73 23
P3.02 a i unbalanced 7.0 75 25
ii 20 N to right 8.0 76 26
iii accelerate to right
30
b i balanced
25
ii no resultant force
Extension / mm

20
iii no acceleration
15
c i unbalanced
10
ii 50 N downwards
iii accelerate downwards 5
0
P3.03 a mass = 1 kg; weight is less than 10 N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b mass = 1 kg; weight is greater than 10 N Load / N
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences

P5.03 7.5 N P6.12 60%

P5.04 24 N P6.13 25%
P5.05 limit of proportionality P6.14 200 J
120
100
P6.15 a decreasing
Extension / mm

80 b constant
60 c increasing
40
P6.16 1000 J
20
0 P6.17 100 m
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Load / N P6.18 speed
load at the limit of proportionality = 8.0 N P6.19 0.5 J
F P6.20 2560 J
P5.06 p =
A
P5.07 pascal, Pa P6.21 wasp
P5.08 100 N on 1 cm 2

P5.09 20 000 Pa
Chapter P7  Energy resources
P7.01 Both are variable (more wind and waves some
P5.10 600 000 N
days than others).
P5.11 a 3.0 m3  b  27 600 N   c  9200 Pa
P7.02 light energy → electrical energy (+ heat)
P7.03 k.e. and g.p.e.
Chapter P6  Energy transformations and
energy transfers P7.04 a coal, oil, gas
b wood, charcoal, peat (also straw and others)
P6.01 kinetic energy
P7.05 chemical energy → heat (+ light)
17 P6.02 thermal (heat) energy, light energy
P7.06 Nuclear energy is converted to heat energy and
P6.03 elastic potential energy
electrical energy.
P6.04 gravitational potential energy; raise it upwards
P7.07 a non-renewable – because uranium is used up
P6.05 loudspeaker, buzzer, and so on b renewable – because new waves appear
P6.06 light, sound, heat every day
P6.07 Energy stores Example P7.08 uranium (nuclear fuel), geothermal energy,
kinetic energy moving car tidal energy
gravitational water in cloud
potential energy Chapter P8  Work and power
P8.01 15 kg of feathers
chemical energy petrol
P8.02 gravity
nuclear energy uranium
strain energy wound-up clockwork P8.03 joule (J)
toy P8.04 0.50 MJ
internal energy hot water bottle P8.05 a 1.0 J b  10 J
P6.08 a chemical energy of fuel → internal energy of P8.06 500 N through 10 m
room and water P8.07 none – it is not moving
b electrical energy → light and heat P8.08 lift more bricks at a time (greater force); lift them
c electrical energy → heat, k.e. and sound faster
P6.09 a 100 J b  90 J P8.09 a 1000 b  1 000 000
P6.10 a heat b sound P8.10 40 J/s
P6.11 harms the environment; wastes limited resources; P8.11 100 W
costs money
P8.12 increased

Chapter P9  The kinetic model of matter
P9.01 A liquid takes up the shape of a container without
its volume changing.
P9.02 boiling point (or condensing point)
P9.03 a solidification or freezing
b freezing point or melting point
P9.04 a Water is becoming hotter.
b Water and steam are present.
P9.05 Air is a mixture, so it does not have fixed melting
and boiling points.
P9.06 a because the particles are moving (they have
kinetic energy)
b gas
P9.07 a solid
b gas
P9.08 Air is a gas and water is a liquid. In these states,
the particles can move past each other, so we can
push past them. In a solid, such as a wall, particles
are in fixed positions, so that we cannot push
them apart.
P9.09 a Water molecules are too small to see.
b It was constantly jostled by molecules of the
water.
P9.10 Forces between tungsten atoms are stronger than
forces between iron atoms.
P9.11 a It is melting.
b Energy is required to break bonds between
particles (it increases their potential energy).
P9.12 The pressure will increase because the force of
the molecules on the walls of the container will be
greater (and collisions will be more frequent).
P9.13 a halved
b halved
c remains the same
P9.14
volume doubled
The volume is doubled but the number of particles
remains the same, so their collisions with the walls
are half as frequent.
P9.15 Decrease the temperature so that the particles
move more slowly. Then they will collide with the
walls with less force, and less frequently.
Answers to questions
Chapter P10  Thermal properties of matter
P10.01 a The cold water gets hotter and expands. As its
volume increases, it pushes further up the tube.
b Set up two identical flasks, one with water,
the other with paraffin. Add a thermometer
to each. Place both in a hot water bath.
Record the level of the liquid in the tube as
the temperature increases.
P10.02 a The 2 kg of water at 30 °C has twice as much
internal energy as 1 kg. The internal energy
of the water is made up of the energies of
all the molecules. There are twice as many
molecules in 2 kg.
b The temperature is the same (because the
average energy of a molecule is the same in
each bucket).
c The average energy per molecule is the
same, as they are at the same temperature.
P10.03 0 °C = melting point of pure ice
100 °C = boiling point of pure water
P10.04 Place thermometer in pure melting ice and
mark 0 °C. Place in pure boiling water and mark
100 °C. Divide the scale between these two into
18
100 equal units.
P10.05 As the temperature rises, the air in the flask
expands and pushes downwards, so that the
water level drops.
P10.06 a approximately 40 to 50 °C
b At 20 °C, the resistance changes only a little
for each degree change in temperature.
It changes more rapidly around 50 °C.
P10.07 The temperature-sensitive junction of the
thermocouple is very small and can heat up
or cool down more rapidly than the bulb of a
mercury thermometer.
Chapter P11  Thermal (heat) energy transfers
P11.01 a copper, steel, other metals
b air, wood, plastic, glass
P11.02 a temperature difference
P11.03 marble (it has a greater thermal conductivity)
P11.04 convection
P11.05 a Particles of hot gas move faster.
b Particles of hot gas are further apart.
P11.06 When a fluid is heated, its expansion causes its
density to decrease. It rises because it is less
dense than the surrounding air. Cooler, denser air
sinks as a result of the pull of gravity.
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences

P11.07 Warm air rises above the heater, and moves P12.09 period T
around the room. Cold air flows in to replace it
and so is heated.
P11.08 No convection current would be established
because the air heated by the heater cannot rise.
P11.09 radiation
P11.10 infrared, ultraviolet
P11.11 The rate of infrared emission increases.
P11.12 a Matt black is a better absorber. P12.10 a A has the greater frequency.
b Matt black is a better emitter. b A will sound more high-pitched.
c Shiny black is a better reflector. P12.11 Sound waves travel by the vibration of the
P11.13 Lids reduce heat loss by convection. Wooden or particles of a material. There are no particles
plastic surfaces reduce heat loss by conduction. in a vacuum.
P11.14 Feature Reduces Reduces Reduces P12.12 (for example) shout from outside a closed
conduction? convection? radiation? window
double yes yes yes P12.13 In a compression, the particles are closer
glazing (if coated) together than before the wave is formed. In a
rarefaction, the particles are further apart. See
cavity wall yes yes yes
Figure P12.05 in the main text.
insulation
carpet, yes no no
underfloor
Chapter P13  Light
insulation P13.01 a
19
draught no yes no
excluders b This is so that it looks the right way round in a
curtains yes yes no motorist’s rear-view mirror.
loft yes yes yes P13.02 a normal
insulation
(with shiny
mirror
foil) angle of angle of
incidence i reflection r
P11.15 Heat is lost from head by convection, and a hat
greatly reduces this. incident ray reflected ray

b angle of incidence = angle of reflection

Chapter P12  Sound
P13.03 60°
P12.01 all three
P13.04 No light reaches the place at which the image
P12.02 the air in the hollow tube
appears to be formed.
P12.03 a 600 ms = 0.6 s
P13.05
b three-fifths refracted ray
P12.04 They must be in a straight line so that the
distance travelled in the time interval measured angle of
is equal to the separation of the microphones. refraction
glass
P12.05 Light travels faster than sound. For example, air
lightning is seen before thunder is heard.
P12.06 pitch gets higher angle of
incidence
P12.07 loudness decreases incident
P12.08 a 20 Hz to 20 kHz ray
normal
b upper limit in particular decreases
 Answers to questions

P13.06 towards the normal P13.21

TIR TIR
P13.07 a
TIR
TIR
P13.22 Light travelling along the glass will be absorbed
by any impurities present.
P13.23

b It is parallel to its initial direction.

P13.08 a angle of incidence = 0°
b angle of refraction = 0°
P13.09 The angle of refraction is less than the angle of converging diverging
incidence. P13.24 parallel rays focus
P13.10 Rays of light are refracted as they pass through
the raindrops.
P13.11 2.4
P13.12 a Light travels more slowly in material B,
because the ray bends more on entering B.
b material B P13.25 Reverse the arrow on the rays so that they spread
P13.13 a glass out from the focus.
b away from the normal P13.26 It is the point at which rays travelling parallel to
P13.14 1.58 the axis of the lens are made to converge.
P13.15 2.17 × 108 m/s P13.27 Light rays pass through the point at which a 20

P13.16 25.4° real image is formed, and it can be formed on a

screen. For a virtual image, the rays only appear
P13.17 total: 100% of the light is reflected internal:
to emerge from that point, and the image cannot
reflection happens inside the transparent
be formed on a screen.
material
P13.28 The image arrow is below the axis.
P13.18 No, it will not be totally internally reflected
because 45° is less than the critical angle. P13.29 The rays from the image are dashed. They only
appear to be diverging from that point.
P13.19 a c = 48.8°
b See Figure P13.05c in the main text. P13.30 a See ray diagram below.

P13.20 n = 1.56 b 7.5 cm

I F O F
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences

Chapter P14  Properties of waves P14.17

P14.01 The first has distance on its horizontal axis, and
the second has time on its horizontal axis.
P14.02
Displacement

amplitude

Distance
or Time Chapter P15  Spectra
P15.01 yellow, blue
P15.02
The diagram should show that amplitude is
the height of a wave crest above the central spectrum
red orange
(undisturbed) level. white light yellow
green
P14.03 Measure across, say, 10 ripples and find the prism blue
average separation by dividing by 10. violet indigo
P14.04 1.5 cm (or 15 mm) P15.03 Some colours of light are more strongly refracted
P14.05 a 100 Hz b  0.01 s because their speed decreases more.
P14.06 The molecules vibrate up and down. P15.04 a red light b  violet light
P14.07 longitudinal P15.05 a infrared b  red light
P14.08 v = f l (speed v in m/s, frequency f in Hz, P15.06 a gamma rays
wavelength l in m) b radio waves
21
P14.09 300 m/s P15.07 a Both violet light and red light travel equally
P14.10 wavelength 1 m has higher frequency fast in empty space.
P14.11 frequency 90 MHz has longer wavelength b Red light travels faster in glass.
P14.12 a speed decreases P15.08 infrared radiation, microwaves
b wavelength decreases P15.09 Microwaves may transfer signals to and
from satellite; radio waves are broadcast,
c frequency is unchanged
and received by an aerial; remote control
P14.13 reflected uses infrared.
waves

Chapter P16  Magnetism

P16.01 a N S

incident
waves S N
Adjacent N and S poles attract one another
with equal forces.
barrier
b N N
P14.14 Change the depth of the water – shallower water
gives slower ripple speed.
P14.15 Diffraction – ripples spread out into the space
beyond the gap. S S
P14.16 For greatest diffraction effect, the width of the gap The adjacent N poles and the adjacent S
should be equal to the wavelength of the waves. poles repel one another with equal forces.
 Answers to questions

P16.02 a Soft magnetic materials are easier to P17.04

magnetise and demagnetise. Hard magnetic
materials are more difficult to magnetise and rod
also more difficult to demagnetise.
b A permanent magnet made of steel will retain positive charges
its magnetism for a longer time. attracted to rod

P16.03 paper
negative charges
repelled by rod
N S S N P17.05 a negative
b repel
P17.06 The electric force causes the negative charges
(electrons) to repel each other. As a result,
P16.04 Copper and iron are mixed together. some of them move through the wire to the
Pass the electromagnet over the mixture of other sphere, so that it gains a negative charge.
metal. Because copper is not magnetic, the (The charge on the first sphere decreases.)
electromagnet will attract only the iron, pulling
it out of the mixture.
Chapter P18  Electrical quantities
P16.05 a P18.01 a ammeter
b connected in series
c
A
P18.02 a, b  22

N S
A A

current in current out

c Ammeter readings are the same.

P18.03 a (for example) copper, gold, silver
b (for example) glass, Perspex, polythene
b When the current is reversed, the field is P18.04 a ampere, amp (A)
reversed, so the arrows on the field lines are b coulomb (C)
reversed. P18.05 a 1000
b 1 000 000
Chapter P17  Electric charge P18.06 1 A = 1 C/s
P17.01 repel
P18.07 20 A
P17.02 a positive (and equal in size to the negative
P18.08 40 C
charge on the rod)
P18.09 a potential difference
b attract
b volt (V)
P17.03 Individual hairs all have the same charge, so they c voltmeter
repel. Hair and comb have opposite charges, so d
they attract. V
 Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences

P18.10 a e.m.f. (electro-motive force) P19.07 90 Ω

b volt (V) P19.08 4
P18.11 a 6.0 Ω b increase P19.09 A long wire is like two or more short wires
P18.12 20 V connected in series. Their resistances add up to
give the combined resistance.
P18.13 a 10 Ω b  30 V
P19.10 A thick wire is like two or more thin wires
P18.14 14.5 mA (0.0145 A)
connected in parallel. Their effective resistance is
P18.15 a longer wire has greater resistance less than that of an individual wire.
b P19.11 a 0.50 A
b The 20 Ω resistor has the greater p.d.
A wire across it.
P19.12 20 Ω
P19.13 20 Ω
P19.14 5 A; slightly above normal current
V P19.15 a To protect the wiring of the circuits; if an
excessive current flows, the fuse blows and
P18.16 a 80 Ω b  160 Ω
breaks the circuit.
P18.17 The graph is a straight line through the origin.
b An electromagnetic trip switch could be
P18.18 The graph is curved; twice the p.d. gives less than used instead.
twice the current.
P19.16 Heating of wires, leading to melting of insulation
P18.19 watts = volts × amps (poisonous fumes, possibility of fire) and possible
23 P18.20 50 W short-circuit between wires.
P18.21 2.5 A
P18.22 2640 J Chapter P20  Electromagnetic circuits
P20.01 clockwise
Chapter P19  Electric circuits P20.02 The field lines are further apart.
P19.01 a P20.03 It would rotate in the opposite direction
because its poles would be attracted the
b
opposite way round.
P20.04 a If the current was not reversed, the coil
P19.02 1.4 V would turn until its poles were facing their
P19.03 a light-dependent resistor opposites and then stop turning.
b b The commutator reverses the current.
P20.05 A greater current gives a greater turning effect.
c Its resistance decreases when light shines on P20.06 reverse the current; reverse the magnetic field
it. P20.07 force (motion) – thumb
P19.04 a magnetic field – first finger
current – second finger
b used in temperature sensing circuit P20.08 increase the current; increase the magnetic
field strength
c Its resistance changes rapidly when
temperature changes a little. P20.09 zero force
P19.05 40 Ω
P19.06 The same current (1.4 A) flows through resistors B
and C.
 Answers to questions

Chapter P21  Electromagnetic induction P22.07 a The number of protons is the same (and the
P21.01 a heat number of electrons in a neutral atom).
b number of neutrons
electrical
P22.08 a
energy k.e. Nuclide Proton Neutron Nucleon
number, number, number,
b heat Z N A
Nu-1 6 6 12
k.e. electrical Nu-2 7 6 13
energy Nu-3 7 7 14
Nu-4 6 8 14
P21.02 The wire or magnet must move.
Nu-5 5 6 11
P21.03 move the N pole out of the coil; move the S pole
Nu-6 6 7 13
towards the coil
b Nu-1, Nu-4, Nu-6
P21.04 Move the magnet faster; use a stronger magnet.
c Nu-2, Nu-3
P21.05 bigger coil; more turns; stronger magnetic field;
faster movement d boron (B), carbon (C), nitrogen (N)
P21.06 so that less energy is lost during transmission P22.09 radon and thoron gases in atmosphere
P21.07 primary coil; secondary coil; core P22.10 There is less atmosphere above them to absorb
P21.08 step-up cosmic rays from space.
P21.09 step-down P22.11 15% approximately
P21.10 2.5 P22.12 (for example) medical, weapons fallout, air travel,
TV sets, working with radioactive materials,
P21.11 100
nuclear discharges 24
P21.12 a The core transfers the varying magnetic field
P22.13 Geiger counter, photographic film
from the primary coil to the secondary.
P22.14 a a b  b
b Its magnetism must change rapidly.
P22.15 electron
P21.13 The magnetic field in the core does not change,
so no e.m.f. will be induced in the secondary coil. P22.16 g
P21.14 current is less P22.17 a g b  a
P21.15 a 400 kV P22.18 a, b, g, X-rays
b 250 A P22.19 g-rays are uncharged.
c 1.5 MW P22.20 a a
P21.16 a 157 b It is most easily absorbed.
210 206 4
b 1.53 A P22.21 a Po →
84 82
Pb + 2He + energy
c No power is lost in the transformer. b 84 = 82 + 2 c  210 = 206 + 4
P22.22 average (… the average time taken …)
Chapter P22  Atomic physics P22.23 25
P22.01 a protons, neutrons P22.24 55
b electrons P22.25 6000 years
P22.02 There is electrostatic attraction between P22.26 b-radiation is less easily absorbed than
opposite charges. a-radiation.
P22.03 a nucleon number = 17 P22.27 The radiation must penetrate thick metal. a- and
b proton number = 8 b-radiation would be completely absorbed.
210
P22.04 82
Pb P22.28 The plastic is too thin to absorb the g-radiation used.
P22.05 47 protons, 60 neutrons, 47 electrons P22.29 The radiation must penetrate the ground to
P22.06 1840 approximately reach the surface if it is to be detected.