PDF Promotif Dan Edukasi Compress

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_fifa sftu syfrft uetu` kckpcrdica hcifr
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AFIFKFE ]CWEZF\FFE @CF_IJFE _@WJ]_J
Lcehfe jej sfyf kceyftf`fe gfawf s`rjpsj sfyf yfeh gcrnului
’]CIF@_FEFFE ]WDHWFK ]WDKD\JB LFE ]WCRCE\JB LJ
]S_@C_KF_ IFGSAFE GJIJ@ @FGS]F\CE IFGSAFEGF\S \FASE
7=61‛ jej gcscrtf sciurua jsjeyf flfifa gcefr `fryf sfyf sceljrj lfe sfyf tjlf`
kcifù`fe pcenjpif`fe ftfu pcehutjpfe lcehfe ofrf-ofrf yfeh tjlf` scsufj
lcehfe ctj`f `cjikufe yfeh gcrifù lfifk kfsyfrf`ft `cjikufe `coufij yfeh
scofrf tcrtuijs ljfou lfifk efs`fa jej lfe ljscgut lfifk lfbtfr pustf`f.
Kclfe, Nuij 7=61
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]us`cskfs scgfhfj bfsjijtfs pcifyfefe `cscaftfe yfeh kceycicehhfrf`fe

upfyf `cscaftfe
`cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft lfe upfyf `cscaftfe pcrdrfehfe
pcrdrfehfe tjeh`ft pcrtfkf,
lcehfe icgja kcehutfkf`fe upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb uetu` kceofpfj lcrfnft
`cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh sctjehhj-tjehhjeyf lj wjifyfa `crnfeyf. ]cifyfefe
prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb kcrupf`fe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh afrus
icgja ljutfkf`fe lfe ljpcraftj`fe uetu` kcejeh`ft`fe `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft
`cfrfa yfeh icgja gfj`. Spfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb yfeh tcifa ljif`sfef`fe
]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` yfjtu pceyuiuafe tcetfeh LGL, pceyuiuafe @G
pceyuiuafe tcetfeh Fsj C`siusjb, prdkdsj kcehcefj pcefehhuifehfe AJR/FJL_ ,
pcefehhuifehfe LGL yfjtuyfjtu pckgcrfetfsfe sfrfeh eyfku`, lctc`sj ljej jgu afkji
gcrjsj`d, pckgcrjfe Rjtfkje F pflf gfijtf, pckfetfufe gfijtf.
gfijtf.
]cecijtjfe yfeh ljifù`fe gcrsjbft lcs`rjptjb lcehfe kcehhuef`fe lcsfje
pcecijtjfe ùfijtftjb yfeh gcrtunufe uetu` kcehctfauj pcif`sfeffe prdkdtjb lfe
prcvcetjb lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` icgja kcelfifk. Kctdlc pcehukpuife
lftf yfjtu wfwfeofrf kcelfifk lfe dgscrvfsj. Jebdrkfe lfifk pcecijtjfe jej flf
66 drfeh yfjtu `cpfif pus`cskfs, ld`tcr ukuk, ]cefehhueh nfwfg gjlfeh
cscesjfi, pfsjce lfe kfsyfrf`ft.
Afsji pcecijtjfe kceuenu``fe gfawf pcif`sfeffe prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe
prcvcetjb kfsja gciuk kf`sjkfi, afi tcrscgut ljijaft lfrj pcif`sfe ffe yfeh gciuk
kceofpfj tfrhct lfe tjlf` scsufj lcehfe ]DF, kfsja tcrlfpft `crnf rfeh`fp,
tcrnfljeyf `ctcrifkgftfe pceuruefe lfef, ùrfeheyf `ctcrscljffe sfrfef,
prfsfrfef, lfe fift uetu` `chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb. @celfif ifje yfeh
ljaflfpj yfjtu ùrfeheyf pfrtjsjpfsj kfsyfrf`ft lfifk kcehjùtj `chjftfe yfeh
ljguft dica pus`cskfs.
Gcrlfsfr`fe afsji pcecijtjfe, ljafrfp`fe pckcrjetfa kcejeh`ft`fe
ùfijtfs _LK `cscaftfe lcehfe pciftjafe lfe pceljlj`fe, kcif`sfef`fe
pcehfwfsfe tcraflfp pcif`sfeffe `chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lfe
kcejeh`ft`fe sjstck pceuruefe lfef fhfr lfef yfeh ljfehhfr`fe tjlf`
kcehfifkj `ctcrifkgftfe. Gfhj ]u`cskfs scgfjèyf tjlf` flf tcefhf `cscaftfe
yfeh `crnf rfeh`fp tcrutfkf lj gjlfeh cscesjfi fhfr `chjftfe yfeh ljifù`fe
lfpft gcrnfife kf`sjkfi. Gfhj kfsyfrf`ft ljafrfp`fe fhfr icgja f`tjb lfe jùt
gcrpftjsjpfsj lfifk kcehjùtj `chjftfe pus`cskfs.
pus`cskfs.
@ftf @ueoj> ]cif`sfeffe, ]rdkdtjb, ]rcvcetjb, ]us`cskfs
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FG _\
_\WW FO \
]ugijo Acfita
Acfit a Ocetcr fs f acfita scrvjoc
scrvjo c bfojijty taft drhfejzcs tac bbjrst
jrst
pugijo acfita cbbdrts fel pcrsdefi pcfita cbbdrts, wjta prjdrjty prdkdtjvc fel
prcvcetjvc cbbdrts
cbb drts td foajcvc tac ajhacst icvci
icv ci db pugijo acfita je jts wdr`jeh frcf.
]rdkdtjdefi fel prcvcetjvc scrvjocs frc pugijo acfita scrvjocs taft saduil gc
hjvce prjdrjty fel fttcetjde td jkprdvc pugijo acfita tdwfrls tac gcttcr.
]rdkdtjde fel prcvcetjvc cbbdrts taft afvc gcce jkpickcetcl ]ugijo Acfita
Ocetcr Ifguafe Gjij` js oduescijeh fgdut LAB, cxtcesjde @G cxtcesjde fgdut
Cxoiusjvc Fsj, prdkdtjde db AJR / FJL_ prcvcetjde, lcehuc bcvcr prcvcetjde,
kdsqujtd ecst kjtjhftjde, cfriy lctcotjde db prchefet wdkce ft rjs`, hjvjeh
Rjtfkje F je tdllicr, kdejtdrjeh db tdllicrs.
\ac rcscfroa odeluotcl js lcsorjptjvc gy usjeh qufijtftjvc rcscfroa
lcsjhe taft fjks td èdw tac jkpickcetftjde db prdkdtjvc fel prcvcetjvc ft
pugijo acfita ocetcr db Ifguafe Gjij` kdrc lcpta. Kctadls db lftf odiicotjde frc
je-lcpta jetcrvjcw fel dgscrvftjde. Jebdrkfets je tajs stuly tacrc frc 66 pcdpic,
tacy frc Acfl db ]ugijo acfita ocetcrs, Hcecrfi ]rfotjtjdecr, je oafrhc db
csscetjfi frcfs, pftjcets fel sdojcty.
\ac rcsuits sadwcl taft tac jkpickcetftjde db prdkdtjvc fel prcvcetjvc
prdhrfks js stjii edt kfxjkfi, jt js scce brdk tac jkpickcetftjde taft afs edt
rcfoacl tac tfrhct fel edt je foodrlfeoc wjta tac ]DF, tacrc frc stjii lupijoftc
wdr`, tac lcify db lcorcfsjeh buels, ifo` db bfojijtjcs, jebrfstruoturc fel tddis bdr
prdkdtjvc fotjvjtjcs fel prcvcetjvc. Fedtacr dgstfoic bfocl js tac ifo` db
odkkuejty pfrtjojpftjde je bdiidwjeh fotjvjtjcs kflc gy ]ugijo Acfita Ocetcr..
Gfscl de tac rcsuit db tac rcscfroa, jt js adpc taft tac hdvcrekcet wjii wj ii
jkprdvc tac qufijty db aukfe rcsdurocs wjta trfjejeh fel cluoftjde, td supcrvjsc
tac jkpickcetftjde db prdkdtjvc fel prcvcetjvc fotjvjtjcs fel td jeorcfsc tac
systck db bueljeh rcluotjde sd taft tac gulhctcl buels. Bdr ]ugijo Acfita Acfit a Ocetcr
, tacrc saduil gc ed acfita wdr`crs wad wdr` je lupijoftc cspcojfiiy je tac
csscetjfi bjcil sd taft fotjvjtjcs ofe gc rue kfxjkfiiy. Bdr tac odkkuejty js
cxpcotcl td gc kdrc fotjvc fel pfrtjojpftc je pfrtjojpftjeh je tac fotjvjtjcs db
]ugijo Acfita Ocetcr.
ywdrr ls> J kpic

@ cywd ick
kcetf
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vc, ] r cvc
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etjvc, ]
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]unj lfe syuùr

syuùr pceuijs uofp`fe `cpflf \uafe Zfeh
Zfeh Kfaf
Kfaf Csf ftfs
gcr`ft rfakft lfe `fruejfEyf pceuijs lfpft kceycicsfj`fe pceuijsfe s`rjpsj jej
lcehfe nului ’]cif`sfeffe

’ ]cif`sfeffe ]rdhrfk ]rdkdtjb lfe ]rcvcetjb lj ]us`cskfs
Ifguafe Gjij` @fgupftce Ifguafegftu \faue 7=61‛, huef kckceuaj sfifa sftu
syfrft uetu` kckpcrdica hcifr _frnfef @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft. _`rjpsj jej sfyf
pcrsckgfa`fe uetu` `cluf drfehtuf. \crjkf `fsja ftfs ldf, efsjaft, `fsja sfyfeh
tuius, scrtf schfif luùehfe lfifk gcetu` fpfpue yfeh tcifa Fyfa lfe Jgu
gcrj`fe `cpflf pceuijs sctjfp sfft. ]ceuijs gfeyf` kcelfpft gjkgjehfe, gfetufe
lfe luùehfe lfrj gcrgfhfj pjaf` kuifj lfrj fwfi pceyusuefe s`rjpsj ajehhf
fàjr scicsfjeyf s`rjpsj jej. Dica scgfg jtu pflf `csckpftfe jej lcehfe schfif
`crcelfafe aftj, pceuijs kcehuofp`fe tcrjkf `fsja yfeh scgcsfr-gcsfreyf
`cpflf>
6. ]rdb. Lr. Wuetueh _jtcpu, _.A, K.Auk scifù Wc`tdr Sejvcrsjtfs _ukftcrf
Stfrf.
7. ]rdb. Lr. Lrf. Jlf Zustjef, K._j scifù Lc`fe Bfùitfs @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft
Sejvcrsjtfs _ukftcrf Stfrf.
?. Lr. Lrs. ûibcelrj, K.@cs scifù @ctuf Lcpfrtckce Flkjejstrfsj lfe
@cgjnf`fe @cscaftfe Bfùitfs @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft Sejvcrsjtfs _ukftcrf
Stfrf.
<. Lr. Nufejtf _.C, K.@cs scifù Ldsce ]ckgjkgjeh lfe @ctuf
@ctuf ]cehunj _`rjpsj
yfeh tcifa gfeyf` kciufeh`fe wf`tu uetu` kckgcrj`fe gjkgjehfe lfe
frfafe `cpflf pceuijs lfifk pceuijsfe s`rjpsj jej.
v

3. Lr. Lrs. _uryf Stfkf, K._ scifù Ldsce ]cehunj J _`rjpsj yfeh tcifa gfeyf`
kciufeh`fe wf`tu uetu` kckgcrj`fe sfrfe, gjkgjehfe lfe frfafe `cpflf
pceuijs lfifk pceyckpureffe s`rjpsj jej.
2. lr. Wuskfifwfty, K.@cs scifù Ldsce ]cehunj JJ _`rjpsj yfeh tcifa gfeyf`
kciufeh`fe wf`tu uetu` kckgcrj`fe sfrfe, gjkgjehfe lfe frfafe`cpflf
pceuijs lfifk pceyckpureffe s`rjpsj jej.
8. ]rdb. Lr. Figjecr _jfhjfe Jr. K._j scifù Ldsce ]ckgjkgjeh F`flckj` yfeh
tcifa kckpcraftj`fe pceuijs scifkf kcehjùtj pceljlj`fe lj B@K S_S.
1. _ciurua Ldsce Lcpfrtckce F@@, sciurua Ldsce lfe _tfb B@K S_S yfeh
tcifa kckgcrj`fe jiku, gjkgjehfe scrtf luùehfe kdrfi `cpflf pceuijs
scifkf kcehjùtj pcrùijfafe lj B@K S_S.
:. \crjstjkcwf uetu` drfeh tuf, tcrjkf `fsja ftfs ldf, efsjaft, `fsja sfyfeh,
pcraftjfe, kdtjvfsj scrtf luùehfe lfifk gcetu` fpfpue `cpflf pceuijs lfifk
pceycicsfjfe s`rjpsj jej.
]ceuijs kceyflfrj gfawf kfsja flf `cùrfehfe lfifk pceuijsfe s`rjpsj
jej, gfj` lfrj schj jsj kfupue gfafsf. Kf`f pceuijs kcehafrfp`fe `rjtj` lfe
sfrfe yfeh kckgfehue lfrj sckuf pjaf` lckj pceyckpureffe s`rjpsj jej.
Fàjr `ftf, pceuijs gcrafrfp fhfr s`rjpsj jej lfpft gcrkfebfft gfhj `jtf.
Kclfe, Nuij 7=61
@afjrui Skkf
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LFB\FW J_J
Afifkfe
AFIFKFE ]CWEZF\FFE @CF_IJFE _@WJ]_J ................................. ................................. j
AFIFKFE ]CEHC_FAFE ...........................................
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6.6. Iftfr Gcif`feh ............................................
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6.7.Wukusfe Kfsfifa ...........................................
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6.? \unufe ]cecijtjfe ............................................
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6.<.Kfebfft ]cecijtjfe .............................................
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GFG 6J\JENFSFE ]S_\F@F ...................

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7.6 ]us`cskfs .........................................
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7.6.6 \unufe ]us`cskfs...........................................
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7.6.7 Buehsj ]us`cskfs ...........................................
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7.6.? Fsfs ]cehcidiffe ]us`cskfs ..........................................
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7.6.< \cefhf @cscaftfe ...........................................
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7.7 ]cifyffefe @cscaftfe ..........................................
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7.7.6 Lcbjejsj ]ciyfeffe @cscaftfe ............................................
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7.7.7 Spfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb ............................................
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7.7.? \jeh`ft-tjeh`ft pceochfafe pceyf`jt .....................
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7.? Spfyf ]ceycicehhfrffe `cscaftfe ............................................
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7.< @cgjnf`fe tcr`fjt Nfkjefe @cscaftfe Efsjdefi ..................... ................................
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7.3 Bdùs ]cecijtjfe ..........................................
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GFG JJJ KC\DLC ]CECIJ\JFE .............................

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?.6 Ncejs ]cecijtjfe ............................................
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?.7 Id`fsj lfe Xf`tu ]cecijtjfe ..........................................
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?.7.6 Id`fsj ]cecijtjfe ...........................................
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?.7.7 Xf`tu ]cecijtjfe ...........................................
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?.? Jebdrkfe ]cecijtjfe .............................................
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?.< Kctdlc ]cehukpuife Lftf ...........................................
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?.3 Jestrukce ]cehfkgjife Lftf ....................................................
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?.2 \rjfehuifsj ...........................................

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?.8 \cèj` Fefijsf Lftf .............................................
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GFG JR AF_JI LFE ]CKGFAF_FE...................

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<.6 Hfkgfrfe Skuk ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` ........................
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<.7 @frf`tcrjs`tj` Jebdrkfe ..........................................
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<.? ]cif`sfeffe prdkdtjb lfe ]rcvcetjb ...........................................
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<.< ]ife Db Fotjde ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` .....................
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<.3 @chjftfe ]rdkdtjb lfe ]rcvcetjb Gcrlfsfr`fe ]crkce`cs 83/7=6< . 23
GFG R @C_JK]SIFE LFE _FWFE ............... ......................................

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LFB\FW ]S_\F@F ......................

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LFB\FW \FGCI
\fgci 7.6 Spfyf @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft lj @fwfsfe ]clcsffe ..................... 7=
\fgci <.6 Nukifa pcelulu` lj wjifyfa `crnf ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` \faue
7=62 ..........................................
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\fgci <.7 Lftf \cefhf @cscaftfe lj Xjifyfa @crnf ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`
\faue 7=62 ..........................................
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\fgci <.? Lftf _frfef @cscaftfe lj Xjifyfa Xjifyfa @crnf ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`
\faue 7=62 ..........................................
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\fgci <.< Lftf Bfsjijtfs Hclueh ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` \faue 7=62
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\fgci <.3 @frf`tcrjstj` Jebdrkfe .........................................

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\fgci <.2 ]DF ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` ...........................................

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\fgci <.8 @chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb yfeh lj ifù`fe lj ]us`cskfs

Ifguafe Gjij` \faue 7=62 gcrlfsfr`fe ]crkce`cs Ed.83 tfaue 7=6<
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Afifkfe
Hfkgfr 7.6 @crfeh`f @descp ]cecijtjfe ..........................................
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LFB\FW J_\JIFA
_jeh`ftfe >_jehf`ftf
>_jehf`ftfe
e lfrj
G]N_ >Gflfe ]ceycicehhfrf Nfkjefe _dsjfi
GD@ >Gjfyf Dpcrfsjdefi @cscaftfe
B@\] >Bfsjijtfs @cscaftfe \jeh`ft ]crtfkf
N@E >Nfkjefe @cscaftfe Efsjdefi
@G >@ciufrhf Gcrceofef
@JF >@cscaftfe Jgu lfe Fef`
]AG_ >]crjifù Ajlup Gcrsja lfe _caft
]us`cskfs >]usft @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft
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S@K >Spfyf @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft
S@] >Spfyf @cscaftfe ]crscdrfehfe
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LFB\FW IFK]JWFE
Ifkpjrfe 6 > ]cldkfe wfwfeofrf
Ifkpjrfe 7 > Kftrj`s wfwfeofrf
Ifkpjrfe ? > Ickgfr Dgscrvfsj
Ifkpjrfe < > _urft ]crkdadefe Jzje ]cecijtjfe
Ifkpjrfe 3 > _urft Jzje ]cecijtjfe lfrj Ljefs @cscaftfe Ifguafegftu

Ifguafegftu
Ifkpjrfe 2 > _urft ]creyftffe \cifa Kcif`sfef`fe ]cecijtjfe
Ifkpjrfe 8 > Ldùkcetfsj
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LFB\FW WJXFZF\ AJLS]
]ceuijs gcrefkf @afjrui Skkf, ifajr pflf tfehhfi 61 _cptckgcr 6::2
lj Ifguafegjij`, gcrfhfkf Jsifk, tjehhfi lj Nfife ]fehijkf _uljrkfe @cofkftfe
]fefj \cehfa, @fgupftce Ifguafegftu. ]ceuijs kcrupf`fe fef` `c ? lfrj 2
gcrsfulfrf lfrj pfsfehfe Gfpf` Afsfeullje lfe Jgu Wdafyf.
Ncenfeh ]celjlj`fe Bdrkfi _LE 6677== (7==7-7==1), _K] Echcrj 6
]fefj \cehfa (7==:-7=66), _KF Echcrj 6 ]fefj \cehfa (7=66-7=6<), lfe
pceuijs kceckpua pceljlj`fe _6 lj Jiku @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft ]ckjeftfe
Flkjejstrfsj lfe @cgjnf`fe @cscaftfe Bfùitfs @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft
Sejvcrsjtfs _ukftcrf Stfrf tfaue 7=6<.
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GFG J
]CELFASISFE
6.6 Iftfr Gcif`feh
@cscaftfe kcrupf`fe kcrupf`fe af` fsfsj kfeusjf lfe sfifa sftu uesur
`cscnfatcrffe lcehfe ojtf-ojtf Gfehsf Jeldecsjf yfeh afrus ljwunul`fe lfifk
gcetu` pckgcrjfe gcrgfhfj pcifyfefe `cscaftfe `cpflf sciurua kfsyfrf`ft
kcifiuj pceycicehhfrffe pckgfehuefe `cscaftfe uetu` kcejeh`ft`fe `csflfrfe,
`ckfufe, lfe `ckfkpufe ajlup scaft gfhj sctjfp drfeh fhfr tcrwunul
lcrfnft `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh sctjehhj-tjehhjeyf (SS Ed. ?2/7==:).
Kcejeh`fteyf ukur afrfpfe ajlup, kceurueeyf feh`f `ckftjfe jgu,
feh`f `ckftjfe ecdeftfi, feh`f `ckftjfe gfyj, lfe feh`f `ckftjfe gfijtf tjlf`
tcricpfs lfrj pcrfe pckcrjetfa yfeh tcifa gcrafsji pflf fspc` pceycljffe sfrfef
pcifyfefe `cscaftfe lfsfr scpcrtj pus`cskfs. ]cifyfefe `cscaftfe lfsfr afrus
tcrscicehhrf ftfu tcrscljf uetu` kcenfkje af` fsfsj sckuf drfeh uetu` ajlup
scaft. ]ceycicehhfrffe ftfu pceycljffe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe lfsfr jej afrus
scofrf eyftf kceuenu``fe `cgcrpjaf`feeyf `cpflf `cidkpd` kfsyfrf`ft rjsj`d
tjehhj tcrkfsu` lj lfifkeyf `cidkpd` kfsyfrf`ft kjs`je. Gfa`fe icgja nfua
ifhj, rufeh ijehùp pcifyfefe `cscaftfe lfsfr tcrscgut afrus kceofùp sctjfp
upfyf `cscaftfe yfeh kcenflj `dkjtkce `dkuejtfs hidgfi, rchjdefi, efsjdefi,
kfupue id`fi (Lcp`cs WJ, 7=6=).
]us`cskfs flfifa bfsjijtfs `cscaftfe yfeh kceycicehhfrf`fe Spfyf
@cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft (S@K) lfe Spfyf @cscaftfe ]crdrfehfe (S@]) tjeh`ft
pcrtfkf, lcehfe icgja kcehutfkf`fe upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb, uetu`

kceofpfj lcrfnft `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh sctjehhj-tjehhjeyf lj wjifyfa
`crnfeyf. Flfpue upfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft tcrscgut> 6) pcifyfefe prdkdsj
`cscaftfe0 7) pcifyfefe `cscaftfe ijehùehfe0 ?) pcifyfefe `cscaftfe jgu, fef`,
lfe `ciufrhf gcrceofef0 <) pcifyfefe hjzj0 3) pcifyfefe lfe pceochfafe lfe
pcehcelfijfe pceyf`jt. _clfeh`fe upfyf `cscaftfe pcrdrfehfe tjeh`ft pcrtfkf
ljfi`sfef`fe lfifk gcetu`> 6) rfwft nfife0 7) pcifyfefe hfwft lfrurft0 ?)
pcifyfefe sftu afrj (dec lfy ofrc)0

ofrc)0 <) adkc ofrc0 lfe/ftfu 3) rfwft jefp
gcrlfsfr`fe pcrtjkgfehfe `cgutuafe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe (]crkce`cs WJ Ed. 83
\faue 7=6<).
Spfyf prdkdtjb flfifa suftu `chjftfe ftfu scrfeh`fjfe `chjftfe
pcifyfefe `cscaftfe yfeh icgja kcehutfkf`fe `chfjftfe yfeh gcrsjbft prdkdsj.
_clfeh`fe upfyf prcvcetjb flfifa suftu `chjftfe pceochfafe suftu kfsfifa
`cscaftfe/pceyf`jt lfe hfehhufe `cscaftfe. ]cifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb
kcrupf`fe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh afrus icgja ljutfkf`fe lfe
ljpcraftj`fe uetu` kcejeh`ft`fe `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft `cfrfa yfeh icgja gfj`
(SS Ed. ?2/7==:).
Gcrlfsfr`fe survcj fwfi yfeh ljlfpft pcecijtj lfrj tcefhf `cscaftfe
]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`, upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb gfj` lj lfifk kfupue
iufr hclueh lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` tfaue 7=62 jfifa gcrupf pceyuiuafe
`cscaftfe, pcifyfefe `cscaftfe jgu lfe fef` scpcrtj `cifs jgu afkji, pcifyfefe
`ciufrhf gcrceofef, pcifyfefe `cscaftfe ijehùehfe, pcifyfefe hjzj kfsyfrf`ft,
]ceochfafe lfe ]cehcelfijfe ]ceyf`jt Kceuifr yfjtu gcrupf pceyuiuafe
AJR/JK_. ]rdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb yfeh flf lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`

gfeyf` tjlf` tcrif`sfef lcehfe gfj` tcrutfkf pflf gjlfeh upfyf `cscaftfe
kfsyfrf`ft yfeh cscesjfi, afi tcrscgut ljfsuksj`fe `frcef gfeyf` bf`tdr yfeh
kckcehfruaj gfj` lfrj pctuhfs `cscaftfe pus`cskfs jtu sceljrj kfupue
kfsyfrf`ft gfa`fe bf`tdr pceluùeh tcrif`sfefeyf `chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe
prcvcetjb.
@chjftfe prdkdtjb pcifyfefe `cscaftfe jgu lfe fef` yfeh ljifù`fe dica
pctuhfs @JF lj iufr hclueh gcrupf pceyuiuafe tcetfeh kfebfft pdsyfelu yfeh
ljifù`fe sfft `chjftfe pdsyfelu, lfe `chjftfe `cifs jgu afkji. @chjftfe
prdkdtjb lfifk hclueh gcrupf

gc rupf pceckpcife pdstcr-pdstcr kcehcefj Fsj C`siusjb
lj ljeljeh pus`cskfs tcrutfkf lj rufeh tuehhu. F`fe tctfpj ljijaft sfft survcj
pcelfauiufe pdstcr tcrscgut tjlf` ljgfof dica pfsjce yfeh lftfeh. Afi jej
ljfsuksj`fe `frcef ùrfeheyf `cjehfefe kfsyfrf`ft uettu` kcehctfauj
jebdrkfsj-jebdrkfsj tcetfeh `cscaftfe.
Gcrlfsfr`fe ]rdbji ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` \faue 7=62, ofùpfe
ùenuehfe jgu afkji (@J) 13,67% lfe (@<) 1?,23% tjlf` kceofpfj lfrj tfrhct
:3% lfe ]crsfijefe yfeh ljtdideh dica tcefhf `cscaftfe 8?,=<% lfrj tfrhct :=%.
@chjftfe ]rcvcetjb gcrupf jkuejsfsj. @celfif yfeh ljaflfpj sfft gcrtfeyf lcehfe
pctuhfs @JF jfifa nfrf` tckpua uetu` lcsf yfeh nfua lfrj wjifyfa `crnf
pus`cskfs yfeh suijeh lj nfeh`fu. Afi jej ljfsuksj`fe `frcef nfife yfeh rusf`
yfeh kceycgfg`fe tcrafkgfteyf pcif`sfeffe `chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb
gjlfeh @JF.
@chjftfe ]rdkdtjb pcifyfefe `ciufrhf gcrceofef yfeh ljifù`fe gfj`
lj lfifk lfe iufr hclueh dica pctuhfs @G yfjtu pceyuiuafe tcetfeh ncejs-ncejs

<
@G `cpflf kfsyfrf`ft lfe `descijeh tcetfeh fift-fift @G `cpflf pfsfehfe usjf
sugur. Ljijaft lfrj prdbji ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`, ofùpfe ]cscrtf @G f`tjb
kfsja rcelfa <1,1=% lcehfe tfrhct 8=%. @chjftfe prcvcetjb pcifyfefe @G
gcrupf pckfsfehfe fift @G (]rdbji ]us`cskfs Ifguafe

Ifguafe Gjij` \faue 7=62).
@chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb pcifyfefe `cscaftfe ijehùehfe yfeh
ljifù`fe lj iufr hclueh dica pctuhfs `cscaftfe ijehùehfe yfjtu pceyuiuafe
nfkgfe scaft, pckcrj`sffe lfe pcehfwfsfe nfkgfe, pckcrj`sffe ùfijtfs fjr

fj r
kjeuk, pcehfwfsfe \]K (]rdbji ]us`cskfs Ifguafe

Ifguafe Gjij` \faue
\f aue 7=62).
@chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb pcifyfefe hjzj kfsyfrf`ft yfjtu
pckgcrjfe ]K\ uetu` gfijtf GHK, pceyuiuafe tcetfeh Fsj C`siusjb, kc

kcifù`fe
ifù`fe
`descijeh lj `cifs jgu afkji, pceyuiuafe tcetfeh pckfetfufe gfijtf, sdsjfijsfsj
pckgcrjfe Rjtfkje F. Gcrlfsfr`fe prdbji ]u`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` tfaue 7=62
kfsja ljtcku`fe `fsus hjzj guru` scgfeyf` 7 drfeh lfe ofùpfe Fsj C`sìusjb
kfsja rcelfa yfjtu ?:,13% lfrj tfrhct 1=%. Ofùpfe pckgcrjfe vjtfkje F
18,?8% lfe pckgcrjfe tfgict Bc uetu` jgu afkji 12,86% (]rdbji ]us`cskfs
Ifguafe Gjij` \faue 7=62).
Gcrlfsfr`fe wfwfeofrf yfeh ljifù`fe lcehfe pctuhfs pceochfafe lfe
pcehcelfijfe pceyf`jt
pceyf`jt kcehftf`fe gfawf `chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb yfjtu
pceyuiuafe `cpflf kfsyfrf`ft pceyuiuafe AJR/FJL_ lfe LGL scrtf
pcefehhuifehfeeyf.
pcefehhuifehfeeyf. @celfif yfeh ljaflfpj
ljaf lfpj ]ctuhfs sfft kcifù`fe pceyuiuafe
gcrlfsfr`fe wfwfeofrf yfeh ljlfpft sfft suvcj pcelfauiufe flfifa ùrfeheyf
pfrtjsjpfsj kfsyfrf`ft uetu` kcehafljrj `chjftfe pceyuiuafe tcrscgut. @celfif
ifje flfifa sfft pctuhfs yfeh f`fe kcifù`fe pceyuiuafe tjlf` lfpft afljr afi

jej ljfsuksj`fe `frcef nfgftfe rfeh`fp yfeh kcehf`jgft`fe tcr`celfifeyf suftu
`chjftfe. scifje jtu lfef `chjftfe yfeh ljrfsf ùrfeh kckguft `chjftfe kcenflj
tcrafkgft (]rdbji ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` \faue 7=62).

tcrafkgft
Gcrlfsfr`fe wfwfeofrf lcehfe @cpfif ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`
kcehftf`fe gfawf `celfif yfeh ljaflfpj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` lfifk
kcif`sfef`fe upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb sfifa sftueyf flfifa pcrjifù
kfsyfrf`ft. _cgfhfj pus`cskfs `fwfsfe pclcsffe lcehfe kfydrjtfs pcelulu`
gc`crnf scgfhfj pctfej, `csflfrfe kfsyfrf`ft uetu` kckfebfft`fe pcifyfefe
prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb kfsja ùrfeh lfe ocelcrueh tjlf`

t jlf` pcluij pflf pcifyfefe
jej. Kfsyfrf`ft kfsja kcehfehhfp pus`cskfs afeyf tckpft gcrdgft gfhj drfeh
sf`jt, lfe tjlf` flf sfrfe-sfrfe lfrj kfsyfrf`ft kcehcefj prdhrfk yfeh tcifa
ljifù`fe. _fft ljifù`fe pceyuiuafe kfsyfrf`ft scrjeh tjlf` kcehjùtj sfkpfj
fàjr scajehhf kfsyfrf`ft tjlf` kckpcrdica jebdrkfsj scpceuaeyf.
_cgciuk ljgcrifù`feeyf N@E, sukgcr gjfyf pflf pcifyfefe prdkdtjb
lfe prcvcetjb, gfj` lfifk upfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft kfupue pcrdrfehfe flfifa
Gjfyf Dpcrfsjdefi @cscaftfe (GD@). Kcifiuj N@E, pckcrjetfa afeyf f`fe
gcrtfehhueh nfwfg uetu` pckceuafe upfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft, sckcetfrf
upfyf `cscaftfe pcrdrfehfe ljluùeh dica lfef `fpjtfsj lfrj G]N_ (@ckce`cs
WJ, 7=6?).
_ckcetfrf jtu, kceurut pcecijtjfe Skkjyue (7=63) lj ]us`cskfs \fpjfe
Ldid` kceyftf`fe gfawf jkpickcetfsj pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb gciuk
kf`sjkfi `frcef scpceuaeyf tjlf` gcrifelfs`fe pflf `cgjnf`fe gcrifù,
kfefnckce pus`cskfs tjlf` ljpfafkj scofrf gfj` dica @cpfif ]us`cskfs, lfe

ofùpfe upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb gciuk kcrftf `c sckuf lcsf yfeh flf lj
wjifyfa `crnf pus`cskfs.
Lckj`jfe pflf pcecijtjfe scgciukeyf yfeh ljifù`fe Eddr (7=62), tcetfeh
fefijsjs pcif`sfeffe prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb uetu` pceyf`jt J_]F lj
]us`cskfs Gu`jt @fpur @dtf Lukfj kceyftf`fe gfawf pcifyfefe prcvcetjb lfe
prdkdtjb uetu` pceyf`jt J_]F gciuk gcrnfife kf`sjkfi lj`frcefè kfsja tjlf`
gfjèyf sjstjk `dkuej`fsj fetfrf `cpfif pus`cskfs lfe pctuhfs, sukgcr lfyf
yfeh tcrgftfs, stru`tur gjrd`rfsj yfeh tjlf` tcr`ddrljefsj, pus`cskfs kfsja
tcrbdùs lcehfe pcehdgftfe lfrjpflf pceyuiuafe.
Dica `frcef jtu ljpcriu`fe pcecijtjfe uetu` kcehctfauj pcif`sfeffe
pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj ]us`cskfs

]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`.
6.7 ]crukusfe Kfsfifa
Flfpue rukusfe kfsfifa gcrlfsfr`fe iftfr gcif`feh flfifa gfhfjkfef
pcif`sfeffe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj ]u`cskfs Ifguafe

Ifguafe Gjij` \faue
\f aue
7=614.
6.? \unufe ]cecijtjfe
Setu` kcehctfauj pcif`sfeffe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj
]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` \faue 7=61.
6.< Kfebfft ]cecijtjfe
Flfpue kfebfft lfrj pcecijtjfe jej flfifa scgfhfj gcrjùt >
6. Gfhj pcecijtj lfpft kcefkgfa wfwfsfe `cjikufe lfe pcehfifkfe scrtf
`ctcrfkpjife lfifk kcifù`fe pcecijtjfe àususeyf tcetfeh pcif`sfeffe
prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb.

7. _cgfhfj gfafe kfsu`fe gfhj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` lfifk upfyf
pcejeh`ftfe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb.

prcvcetjb.
?. Lfpft ljnflj`fe scgfhfj rcbcrcesj `cpflf pjaf`-pjaf` lj gjlfeh `cscaftfe
kfsyfrf`ft àususeyf lj gjlfeh Jiku Flkjejstrfsj lfe @cgjnf`fe
@cscaftfe.

GFG JJ
\JENFSFE ]S_\F@F
7.6 Lcbjejsj ]us`cskfs
Bfsjijtfs pcifyfefe `cscaftfe flfifa suftu tckpft yfeh ljhuef`fe uetu`
kceycicehhfrf`fe upfyf pcifyfefe `cscaftfe, gfj` prdkdtjb, prcvcetjb, ùrftjb,
lfe rcafgjijtftjb yfeh ljifù`fe dica pckcrjetfa, pckcrjetfa lfcrfa lfe/ftfu
kfsyfrf`ft. ]usft @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft yfeh scifenuteyf ljscgut ]us`cskfs
flfifa bfsjijtfs pcifyfefe `cscaftfe yfeh kceycicehhfrf`fe Spfyf @cscaftfe
Kfsyfrf`ft (S@K) lfe Spfyf @cscaftfe ]crdrfehfe (S@]) tjeh`ft pcrtfkf,
lcehfe icgja kcehutfkf`fe upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb ueu` kceofpfj lcrfnft
`cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh sctjehhj-tjehhjeyf lj wjifyfa `crnf (]crkce`cs Ed.83
\faue 7=6<).
7.6.6 \unufe ]us`cskfs
]ckgfehuefe `cscaftfe yfeh ljscicehhfrf`fe lj ]us`cskfs gcrtunufe
uetu` kcwunul`fe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh>
f. Kckjij`j pcrjifù scaft yfeh kcijputj `csflfrfe, `ckfufe lfe
`ckfkpufe ajlup scaft
g. Kfkpu kcenfeh`fu pcifyfefe `cscafte yfeh gcrkutu
o. Ajlup lfifk ijehùehfe scaft
l. Kckjij`j lcrfnft `cscaftfe yfeh dptjkfi, gfj` jeljvjlu, `ciufrhf,
`cidkpd` lfe kfsyfrf`ft (]crkce`cs Ed.83 \faue 7=6<).

7.6.7 Buehsj pus`cskfs
Buehsj pus`cskfs lfifk kcif`sfef`fe tuhfseyf, pus`cskfs
kcycicehhfrf`fe buesj yfjtu pceycicehhfrffe Spfyf @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft
(S@K) tjeh`ft pcrtfkf lj wjifyfa `crnfeyf lfe Spfyf @cscaftfe ]crdrfehfe
(S@]) tjeh`ft pcrtfkf ljwjifyfa `crnfeyf. ]us`cskfs kckjijj wcwcefeh lfifk
kcif`sfef`fe buehsjeyf yfjtu>
f. Kcif`sfef`fe pcreofeffe gcrlfsfr`fe fefijsjs kfsfifa `cscaftfe
kfsyfrf`ft lfe fefijsjs `cgutuafe pcifyfefe yfeh ljpcriu`fe0
g. Kcif`sfef`fe flvd`fsj lfe sdsjfijsfsj `cgjnf`fe `cscaftfe0
o. Kcif`sfef`fe `dkuej`fsj lfe, jebdrkfsj, clu`fsj, lfe pckgcrlfyffe
kfsyfrf`ft gjlfeh `cscaftfe0
l. Kcehhcrf``fe kfsyfrf`ft uetu` kcehjlcetjbj`fsj lse kceycicsfj`fe
kfsfifa `cscaftfe pflf sctjfp tjeh`ft pcr`ckgfehfe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh
gc`crnfsfkf lcehfe sc`tdr ifje tcr`fjt0
c. Kcif`sfef`fe pckgjeffe tcèjs tcraflfp nfrjehfe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe
lfe upfyf `cscaftfe gcrgfsjs kfsyfrf`ft0
b. Kcif`sfef`fe pcecjeh`ftfe `dkpctcesj sukgcr lfyf kfeusjf pus`cskfs0
h. Kckfetfu pcif`sfeffe pckgfehuefe fhfr gcrwfwfsfe `cscaftfe0
a. Kcif`sfef`fe pceoftftfe, pcifpdrfe, lfe cvfiufsj tcraflfp f`scs, kutu,
lfe ofùpfe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe0 lfe
j. Kckgcrj`fe rc`dkcelfsj tcr`fjt kfsfifa `cscaft kfsyfrf`ft, tcrkfsu`
luùehfe tcraflfp sjstck `cwfspflffe ljej lfe rcspde pcefehhuifehfe
pceyf`jt (]crkce`cs Ed.83 \faue 7=6<).

6=
Buehsj pus`cskfs scgfhfj pcehhcrf` pckgfehuefe gcrwfwfsfe
`cscaftfe yfjtu pus`cskfs scifiu gcrupyf kcehhcrf``fe lfe kckfetfu
pceycicehhfrffe pckgfehuefe ijetfs sc`tdr tcrkfsu` dica kfsyfrf`ft lfe
luejf usfaf lj wjifyfa `crnfeyf. Spfyf yfeh ljifù`fe pus`ckfs flfifa
kcehutfkf`fe pckcijafrffe pceochfafe pceyf`jt tfepf kcehfgfj`fe
pcecyckguafe pceyf`jt
pceyf`jt lfe pckuijafe `cscaftfe (_uaflj lfe Wfjs, 7=63).
7.6.? Fsfs ]cehcidiffe
_cgfhfj sfrfef pcifyfefe `cscaftfe tjeh`ft pcrtfkf lj Jeldecsjf,
pcehcidiffe prdhrfk `crnf pus`cskfs gcrpcldkfe pflf

pflf < (ckpft) fsfs pd`d`>
6. Fzfs ]crtfehhuehnfwfgfe Xjifyfa
]us`cskfs gcrtfehhueh nfwfg uetu` kcejeh`ft`fe lcrfnft `cscaftfe
kfsyfrf`ft yfeh tjehhfi lj wjifyfa `crnfeyf.

`crnf eyf.
7. Fsfs ]crfe _crtf Kfsyfrf`ft
Fsfs pcrfe scrtf kfsyfrf`ft kcrupf`fe upfyf-upfyf yfeh ljifù`fe
pctuhfs `cscaftfe lj pus`cskfs uetu` scgjsf kueh`je kckgcrlfyf`fe
kfsyfrf`ft fhfr gcrpcrfe f`tjb lfifk kceycicehhfrf`fe prdhrfk `crnf
pus`cskfs. Odetdaeyf
Odetdaeyf yfjtu pciftjafe `flcr-`flcr pdsyfelu.
?. Fsfs @ctcrpflufe
Fsfs `ctcrpflufe gcrtunufe uetu` kcehftfsj `ctcrgftfsfe sukgcr lfyf
scrtf ljpcrdicaeyf afsji yfeh dptjkfi, pceycicehhfrffe sctjfp upfyf pus`cskfs
afrus ljscicehhfrf`fe scofrf tcrpflu. Spfyf jej kckflu`fe `chjftfe-`chjftfe
kfsyfrf`ft lcehfe prdhrfk `cscaftfe ifje (ijetfs prdhrfk lfe ijetfs sc`tdrfi).
<. Fsfs Wunu`fe

66
]us`cskfs scgfhfj sfrfef `cscaftfe tjeh`ft pcrtfkf kckjij`j
`ckfkpufe yfeh tcrgftfs. Lfifk kckgfetu pus`cskfs kceycicsfj`fe gcrgfhfj
kfsfifa `cscaftfe lfe uetu` kcejeh`ft`fe cbjsjcesj, kf`f pceycicehhfrffe
sctjfp upfyf pus`cskfs afrus ljtdpfeh dica fsfs runu`fe. (Fzwfr, 7=6=) .
7.6.< \cefhf @cscaftfe
Kceurut Selfeh-Selfeh Ed. ?2 \faue 7=6< tcetfeh tcefhf `cscaftfe,
tcefhf `cscaftfe flfifa sctjfp drfeh yfeh kcehfglj`fe ljrj lfifk gjlfeh
`cscaftfe scrtf kckjij`j pcehctfaufe lfe/ftfu `ctcrfkpjife kcifiuj pceljlj`fe
lj gjlfeh `cscaftfe yfeh uetu` ncejs tcrtcetu kckcriu`fe `cwcefehfe uetu`
kcifù`fe upfyf `cscaftfe. _ukgcr lfyf kfeusjf pus`cskfs tcrljrj ftfs tcefhf
`cscaftfe lfe tcefhf ede `cscaftfe. Ncejs lfe nukifa tcefhf `cscaftfe lfe
tcefhf ede `cscaftfe ljajtueh gcrlfsfr`fe fefijsjs gcgfe `crnf, lcehfe
kckpcrtjkgfeh`fe nukifa pcifyfefe yfeh ljscicehhfrf`fe, nukifa pcelulu`
lfe pcrscgfrfeeyf, `frf`tcrjstj` wjifyfa `crnf, iufs wjifyfa `crnf, `ctcrscljffe
bfsjijtfs pcifyfefe `cscaftfe tjeh`ft pcrtfkf ifjeeyf lj wjifyfa `crnf, lfe
pckgfhjfe wf`tu `crnf. Ncejs \cefhf @cscaftfe scgfhfjkfef pfijeh sclj`jt
tcrljrj ftfs>
f. ld`tcr ftfu ld`tcr ifyfefe prjkcr0
g. ld`tcr hjhj0
o. pcrfwft0
l. gjlfe0
c. tcefhf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft0
b. tcefhf `cscaftfe ijehùehfe0

ijehùehfe0

67
h. faij tcèdidhj ifgdrftdrjuk kclj`0
a. tcefhf hjzj0 lfe
j. tcefhf `cbfrkfsjfe.
\cefhf ede `cscaftfe afrus lfpft kceluùeh `chjftfe `ctftfusfaffe,
flkjejstrfsj `cufehfe, sjstck jebdrkfsj, lfe `chjftfe dpcrfsjdefi ifje lj
]us`cskfs. \cefhf @cscaftfe lj pus`cskfs afrus gc`crnf scsufj lcehfe stfelfr
prdbcsj, stfelfr pcifyfefe, stfelfr prdsclur dpcrfsjdefi, ctj`f prdbcsj,
kcehadrkftj af` pfsjce, scrtf kcehutfkf`fe `cpcetjehfe lfe `cscifkftfe
pfsjce lcehfe kckpcraftj`fe `cscifkftfe lfe `cscaftfe ljrjeyf lfifk gc`crnf.
_ctjfp tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh gc`crnf lj pus`cskfs afrus kckjij`j surft jzje
prf`tj` scsufj `ctcetufe pcrfturfe pcruelfeh-uelfehfe

pcruelfeh-uelfehfe (@ckce`cs WJ, 7=62).
7.7 ]cifyfefe @cscaftfe
7.7.6 Lcbjejsj ]cifyfefe @cscaftfe
]cifyfefe `cscaftfe flfifa suftu wflfa ftfu bfsjijtfs kckpcrdica
pcifyfefe `cscaftfe yfeh ljbfsjijtfsj dica pckcrjetfa. \unufeeyf

\unufeeyf uetu` kcifyfej
kfsyfrf`ft yfeh kckgutua`fe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe, kckuft < (ckpft) uesur
pcifyfefe utfkf yfeh tcrljrj

tcr ljrj lfrj uesur pcifyfefe `cscaftfe prcvcetjb, prdkdtjb,
ùrftjb, lfe rcafgjijtftjb. @c-ckpft pcifyfefe `cscaftfe ljkf`sul kcrupf`fe
unueh tdkgf` pcifyfefe lfsfr yfeh kceyciurua (odkprcacesjvc) lfe kcrupf`fe
bfsjijtfs pcifyfefe `cscaftfe tcrlcpfe pflf tjeh`ft `cofkftfe yfjtu ]us`cskfs
(_fikfa, 7=6?).
Wfeh`f pckceuafe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe yfeh ljlfsfr`fe pflf
`cgutuafe lfe `deljsj kfsyfrf`f. ]us`cskfs lfpft lj`ftchdrj`fe gcrlfsfr`fe

6?
`frf`tcrjs`tj` wjifyfa `crnfeyf lfe `ckfkpufe pceycicehhfrffe. Gcrlfsfr`fe
`frf`tcrjs`tj` wjifyfa `crnfeyf pus`cskfs lj`ftchdrj`fe kcenflj pus`cskfs
`fwfsfe pcr`dtffe, pus`cskfs `fwfsfe pclcsffe lfe pus`cskfs `fwfsfe
tcrpceoji.
6. ]us`cskfs `fwfsfe pcr`dtffe
f. F`tjvjtfs icgja lfrj 3=% pceluluèyf pflf sc`tdr ede fhrfrjs,
tcrutfkf jelustrj, pcrlfhfehfe lfe nfsf0
g. Kckjij`j bfsjijtfs pcr`dtffe fetfrf ifje sc`difa rfljus 7,3 `k, pfsfr
rfljus 7 `k, kckjij`j rukfa sf`jt rfljus ùrfeh lfrj 3 `k, gjds`dp,
ftfu adtci0
o. Icgja lfrj :=% rukfa tfehhf kckjij`j ijstrj` lfe/ftfu0
l. \crlfpft f`scs nfife rfyf lfe trfespdrtfsj kceunu bfsjijtfs pcr`dtffe.
7. ]us`cskfs `fwfsfe pclcsffe
f. F`tjvjtfs icgja lfrj 3=% pceluluèyf pflf sc`tdr fhrfrjs0
g. Kckjij`j bfsjijtfs pcr`dtffe fetfrf ifje sc`difa rfljus 7,3 `k, pfsfr
lfe pcr`dtffe rfljus 7 `k, tjlf` kckjij`j gjds`dp, ftfu adtci0
o. Wukfa tfehhf kckjij`j ijstrj` ùrfeh lfrj :=%.
?. ]us`cskfs `fwfsfe tcrpceoji
f. Gcrflf lj wjifyfa yfeh suijt ljnfeh`fu ftfu rfwfe gceofef, puifu `coji,
huhus puifu, ftfu pcsjsjr0
g. F`scs trfespdrtfsj ukuk rutje 6 `fij lfifk 6 kjehhu, nfrf` tckpua
puifeh pcrhj lfrj jgu`dtf `fgupftce kckcriu`fe wf`tu icgja lfrj 2

6<
nfk, lfe trfespdrtfsj yfeh flf scwf`tu-wf`tu lfpft tcrafifeh jìjk
ftfu oufof0
o. @csuijtfe pckceuafe gfaf pd`d` lfe `deljsj `cfkfefe yfeh tjlf`
stfgji.
7.7.7 Spfyf ]rdkdtjb lfe ]rcvcetjb
]rdkdsj `cscaftfe flfifa suftu prdscs uetu` kckpu`fe kfsyfrf`ft
lfifk kckcijafrf lfe kcejeh`ftf`fe `cscaftfe kcrc`f, lcehfe prdkdsj
`cscaftfe `ftf ifje flfifa upfyf yfeh ljifù`fe tcraflfp kfsyfrf`ft scajehhf
kfsyfrf`ft kfu lfe kfkpu uetu` kckcijafrf lfe kcejeh`ft`fe `cscaftfe
kcrc`f sceljrj (Edtdflkdlnd, 7==8).
Kceurut Selfeh-Selfeh Ed.?2 \faue 7==: upfyf prcvcetjb flfifa suftu
`chjftfe pceochfafe tcraflfp suftu kfsfifa `cscaftfe pceyf`jt.
Kceurut Afrtded (7=6=) gfeyf` pciufeh uetu` kcif`sfef`fe prdkdsj
`cscaftfe dica pus`cskfs. _cofrf ukuk pciufeh jtu lfpft lj`ftchdrj`fe scgfhfj
gcrjùt.
6. Lj Lfifk Hclueh
Lj lfifk hclueh pus`cskfs, prdkdsj `cscaftfe ljif`sfef`fe scjrjeh
lcehfe pcifyfefe yfeh ljscicehhfrf`fe pus`cskfs. Lcehfe lckj`jfe lfpft
lj`ftf`fe gfawf lj lfifk hclueh tcrlfpft pciufeh-pciufeh>

pci ufeh-pciufeh>
f. ]rdkdsj `cscaftfe lj tckpft pcelfbtfrfe, yfjtu lj tckpft
pfsjce/ìjce afrus kcifpdr/ kcelfbtfr scgciuk kcelfpft`fe pcifyfefe
`cscaftfe.

63
g. ]rdkdsj `cscaftfe lfifk pcifyfefe kcljs lj pdijìjej`, lj
pcifyfefe @JF & @G, lfe lj rufeh pcrfwftfe

pcrfwft fe (uetu` pus`cskfs lcehfe
tckpft pcrfwftfe).
o. ]rdkdsj `cscaftfe lfifk pcifyfefe pceuenfeh kcljs, yfjtu lj
`fkfr dgft/fpdtj` lfe lj ifgdrftdrjuk.
l. ]rdkdsj `cscaftfe lfifk pcifyfefe ìjej`-ìjej` àusus scpcrtj
ìjej` sfejtfsj.
c. ]rdkdsj `cscaftfe lj tckpft pckgfyfrfe rfwft, yfjtu lj rufeh lj
kfef pfsjce rfwft jefp afrus kceycicsfj`fe pckgfyfrfe gjfyf rfwft
jefp, scgciuk kcejehhfi`fe pus`cskfs (uetu` pus`cskfs lcehfe tckpft
pcrfwftfe).
b. ]rdkdsj `cscaftfe lj ijehùehfe pus`cskfs, yfjtu lj tckpft
pfr`jr, afifkfe, ljeljeh, `fetje/`jds, tckpft jgflfa, lfe pfhfr afifkfe
pus`cskfs.
7. Lj Kfsyfrf`ft (lj iufr hclueh)
Gfeyf` tftfefe lj kfef pus`cskfs lfpft kcifù`fe prdkdsj `cscaftfe lj
kfsyfrf`ft, yfèj>
f. \ftfefe rukfa tfehhf, yfjtu lj pcku`jkfe pcelulu` kjsfieyf lj
`dkpic`-`dkpic` pcrukfafe, Lfsf Xjskf, Wuùe \ctfehhf/Wuùe
Xfrhf lfe ifje-ifje.

62
g. \ftfefe sfrfef pceljlj`fe, yfjtu lj sc`difa-sc`difa, kflrfsfa, pdeld`
pcsfetrce, ùrsus-ùrsus, pcrhurufe tjehhj

tjehhj lfe ifje-ifje.
o. \ftfefe tckpft `crnf, yfjtu lj pfgrj`-pfgrj`, `fetd-`fetdr, `dpcrfsj-
`dpcrfsj, ajkpuefe pctfej, pcicifehfe j`fe, `dkpic`s pcrtd`dfe, lfe ifje-

ifje -
ifje.
l. \ftfefe tckpft ukuk, yfjtu lj tcrkjefi, stfsjue, lcrkfhf/pcifguafe,
pfsfr, rcstfurfe, pcehjefpfe, lfe ifje-ifje (Afrtded, 7=6=).

7=6=).
7.7.? \jeh`ft-tjeh`ft pceochfafe pceyf`jt
Kceurut Icfvcii lfe Oifr` (6:31) flf ijkf tjeh`ft pceochfafe pceyf`jt
yfjtu scgfhfj gcrjùt>
6. ]cejeh`ftfe `cscaftfe (Acfita prdkdtjde)0

prdkdtjde)0
7. ]crijeluehfe ukuk lfe àusus tcraflfp pceyf`jt-pceyf`jt tcrtcetu
(Hcecrfi fel spcsjbj` prdtcotjde)0
?. Kcechf``fe ljfhedsf scofrf ljej lfe pcehdgftfe yfeh ocpft lfe tcpft
(Cfriy ljfhedsjs fel prdkpt trcftkcet)0
<. ]ckgftfsfe `cofoftfe (Ljsfgjijty ijkjtftjde)0
3. ]ceyckguafe `cscaftfe (Wcafgjijtftjde).
Afi tcrscgut lj ftfs ljnfgfr`fe lfifk upfyf-upfyf pceochfafe scgfhfj
gcrjùt>
f. Spfyf pcejeh`ftfe `cscaftfe
Zfjtu upfyf pceochfafe yfeh ukukeyf gcrtunufe kcejeh`ft`fe tfrfb
`cscaftfe jeljvjlu/`ciufrhf/kfsyfrf`ft, kjsfieyf>

68
6. ]ceyuiuafe `cscaftfe, pcrgfj`fe hjzj, pceyusuefe pdif hjzj kckflfj,
pcehfwfsfe pcrtukguafe fef` gfijtf lfe usjf rckfnf0
7. ]crgfj`fe pcrukfafe yfeh kckeuaj syfrft `cscaftfe0
?. @csckpffe kckpcrdica ajgurfe scaft yfeh kckueh`je`fe pcechkgfehfe
`cscaftfe kcetfi lfe sdsjfi0
<. ]celjlj`fe `cpcelulu`fe, efsjaft pcr`fwjefe, pceljlj`fe sc`s, lfe
scgfhfjeyf0
3. ]cehcelfijfe bf`tdr ijehùeh

ij ehùehfe
fe
g. ]crijeluehfe ukuk lfe àusus
Hdidehfe kfsyfrf`ft tcrtcetu scrtf `cflffe tcrtcetu yfeh scofrf ifehsueh
ftfu tjlf` ifehsueh lfpft kckcehfruaj `cscaftfe. Spfyf-upfyf yfeh tcrkfsu`
pcrijluehfe ukuk lfe àusus

àusus feftfrf ifje>
6. ]cejeh`ftfe ajhjec pcrdrfehfe lfe pcrijeluehfe tcraflfp ijehùehfe yfeh
tjlf` kcehuetueh`fe.
7. ]crijeluehfe tcefhf `crnf tcraflfp sctjfp `ckueh`jefe tjkguieyf pceyf`jt
f`jgft `crnf.
?. ]crijeluehfe tcraflfp gfafe-gfafe gcrfoue, `drdsjb, ficrhce lfe scgfhfjeyf.
<. ]crijeluehfe tcraflfp sukgcr-sukgcr pceocreffe.
o. Spfyf pceochfafe scùelcr
]flf peochfafe scùelcr tcrkfsu` upfyf yfeh gcrsjbft ljfhedsjs ljej lfe
pcehdgftfe schcrf (cfriy fel prdkpt trcftkcet)

trcftkcet) kcijputj kceofrj `fsus scljej
kueh`je.
6. Kcifù`fe hcecrfi oaco` up rutje

up rutje pflf sctjfp jeljvjlu.

61
7. Kcifù`fe gcrgfhfj survcj (survcj sc`difa, rukfa tfehhf) lfifk rfeh`f
pckgcrfetfsfe pceyf`jt kceuifr.
?. ]cehfwfsfe dgft-dgftfe, tcrkfsu` dgft tcrifrfeh yfeh ljpcrlfhfeh`fe gcgfs,
hdidehfe efr`dtj`f, psj`dbfrkf`f lfe dgft-dgftfe gjus ifjeeyf.
l. Spfyf pceochfafe tcrsjcr
]ceochfafe tcrsjcr gcrupf peochfafe tcrnfljeyf `dkpij`fsj pceyf`jt yfeh
icgja pfrfa. Gcrtunufe kceurue`fe feh`f `cnfljfe ofoft bjsj` kfupue kcetfi,
kcijputj upfyf-upfyf scgfhfj gcrjùt>
6. ]ceyckpureffe ofrf pcehdgftfe scrtf pcrwftfe ifenut.
7. Wcafgjijtfsj sckpuref sctcifa pceyckguafe pceyf`jt
?. Kcehusfaf`fe pcehurfehfe gcgfe sdsjfi pcelcrjtf, scajehhf keochfa
`kueh`jefe tcrputuseyf `cifenutfe pcehdgftfe scrtf `cifenutfe rcafgjijtfsj
lfe scgfhfjeyf (_yfbrulje, 7==:).
7.? Spfyf ]ceycicehhfrffe @cscaftfe
]us`cskfs kceycicehhfrf`f upfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft tjeh`ft pcrtfkf
lfe upfyf `cscaftfe pcrdrfehfe tjeh`ft pcrtfkf. Spfyf `cscaftfe yfeh
ljif`sfef`fe scofrf tcrjetchrfsj lfe gcr`csjefkguehfe. Spfyf `cscaftfe
kfsyfrf`ft tjeh`ft pcrtfkf scgfhfjkfef ljkf`sul kcijputj upfyf `cscaftfe
kfsyfrf`ft lfe upfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft pcehckgfehfe (]crkce`cs Ed.83
\faue 7=6<).
Spfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft cscesjfi flfifa scgfhfj gcrjùt>
f. ]cifyfefe prdkdsj `cscaftfe0
g. ]cifyfefe `cscaftfe ijehùehfe0

6:
o. ]cifyfefe `cscaftfe jgu, fef` lfe `ciufrhf gcrceofef0
l. ]cifyfefe hjzj0 lfe
c. ]cifyfefe pceochfafe lfe pcehcelfijfe pceyf`jt.
Spfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft cscesjfi afrus ljscicehhfrf`fe lj sctjfp
pus`cskfs uetu` kceluùeh pceofpfjfe stfelfrt pcifyfefe kjejkfi
`fgupftce/`dtf gjlfeh `cscaftfe. Spfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft pcechckgfehfe
yfeh ljkf`sul kcrupf`fe upfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh `chjftfeeyf
kckcriu`fe upfyf yfeh sjbfteyf jedvftjb lfe/ftfu gcrsjbft c`stcesjbj`fsj lfe
jetcesjbj`fsj pcifyfefe, ljscsufj`fe lcehfe prjdrjtfs kfsfifa `cscaftfe,
`càususfe wjifyfa `crnf lfe pdtcesj sukgcr lfyf yfeh tcrscljf lj kfsjeh-
kfsjeh pus`cskfs (]crkce`cs Ed.83 \faue 7=6<).
Flfpue upfyf `ccscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft lj pus`cskfs `fwfsfe pclcsffe
kceurut ]crkce`cs Edkdr 83 \faue 7=6< tcetfeh ]us`cskfs pflf tfgci 7.6
\fgci 7.6 Spfyf @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft lj ]us`cskfs @fwfsfe ]clcsffe
Ed Spfyf @chjftfe ]us`cskfs @fwfsfe ]clcsffe

6 ]cifyfefe ]ceyuiuafe 6. ]rdkdsj `cscaftfe lj
]rdkdsj sc`difa pceljlj`fe lfsfr
@cscaftfe 7. ]rdkdsj pckgcrlfyffe
kfsyfrf`ft ljgjlfeh
`cscaftfe.
?. ]ceyuiuafe `cscaftfe njwf
kfsyfrf`ft & efpzf.
<. ]ceyuiuafe `cscaftfe njwf
gfhj jgu afkji lfe
kceyusuj.
3. ]ceyuiuafe pflf `cidkpd`
ftfu kfsyfrf`ft tcetfeh
pcrjifù kcenfhf `cgcrsjafe
ljrj
2. ]ceyuiuafe @cscaftfe Hjhj
lfe Kuiut pflf jgu afkji,
fef` gfijtf, fef`, rckfnf,

7=
lcwfsf, ifesjf (pcelc`ftfe

sjìus `cajlupfe)
8. ]ceyuiuafe pcejeh`ftfe
`csflfrfe kfsyfrf`ft
tcetfeh Jkuejsfsj
1. @descijeh `cscaftfe
rcprdlu`sj pflf `cidkpd`
fef` rckfnf.
:. ]cejeh`ftfe pcehctfaufe
`dkprcacesjb kfsyfrf`ft
tcetfeh pceochfafe
pceuifrfe AJR-FJL_ lfe
JK_ .
6=. ]cejeh`ftfe pcehctfaufe
lfe `cpcluijfe kfsyfrf`ft
tcetfeh pceyf`jt ljfrc, tjbdjl
lfe acpftjtjs .
66. Clu`fsj lfe `descijeh
]ckgcrjfe Kf`fefe Gfyj
lfe Fef` (]KGF) kcijputj
F_J lfe K]-F_J uetu`
gfijtf scaft,gfijtf ùrfeh
hjzj, lfe gfijtf hjzj guru`
rfwft nfife
67. Clu`fsj lfe `descijeh
kcehcefj pdif kf`fe,
pcrjifù kf`fe lfe f`tjbjtfs
bjsj` gfhj fef` usjf sc`difa
6?. Clu`fsj lfe `descijeh
kcehcefj pdif kf`fe,
pcrjifù kf`fe gfhj gukji
@C@/@urus
6<. @descijeh Ljctctj`
63. @chjftfe Clu`fsj lfe
@descijeh tcetfeh
_wfkclj`fsj lfe
]cehhueffe Dgft
]ckgcrlfyffe 6. Kckdtjvfsj td`da

kfsyfrf`ft kfsyfrf`ft lfifk
pckgcetu`fe `flcr
`cscaftfe ftfu pckgcetu`fe
`cidkpd` yfeh pcluij
tcraflfp `cscaftfe.
7. Kckgcetu` ncnfrjeh lfifk
pckgcetu`fe ]AG_
]AG_ lj

76
kfsyfrf`ft.
?. ]cehhcrf`fe `cidkpd`
kfsyfrf`ft lfifk
pckfebfftfe ]dsyfelu
<. @chjftfe ]ckgcrlfyffe
Kfsyfrf`ft uetu`
]cejeh`ftfe ]cehhueffe
Dgft Wfsjdefi kcifiuj
Kctdlc Ofrf Gcifnfr Jesfe
F`tjb (OGJF).
]ciftjafe 6. Kciftja `flcr `cscaftfe

tcetfeh pcrfwftfe ljrj lfe
kckprf`tj``fe ]AG_
7. Kciftja `flcr `cscaftfe
lfifk kceyfkpfj`fe
jebdrkfsj pflf `cidkpd`
ftfu kfsyfrf`ft tcetfeh
pcrfwftfe ljrj lfe
kckprf`tj``fe ]AG_ lj
lfcrfa gjeffe
?. Kciftja @flcr tcetfeh
_wfkclj`fsj lfe
]cehhueffe Dgft kcifiuj
Kctdlc Ofrf Gcifnfr Jesfe
F`tjb (OGJF)
Flvd`fsj 6. Kcehflvd`fsj kfsyfrf`ft

lfe ijetfs tcr`fjt lfifk
prf`tj` ]AG_ lfe
lfe
pcefehhuifehfe kfsfifa
`cscaftfe tcrtcetu
7. Flvd`fsj td`da kfsyfrf`ft
lfifk kckgcetu`
`cidkpd` swfgfetu tcr`fjt
pcrfwftfe kfsfifa hjzj
7. ]cifyfefe ]ckfetfufe tckpft tckpft

`cscaftfe ukuk, pcehcidiffe kf`fefe,
ijehùehfe lfe sukgcr fjr gcrsja
?. ]cifyfefe 6. ]cifyfefe jkuejsfsj lj

@JF & @G `cidkpd` ftfu kfsyfrf`ft.
7. _`rjejeh `cscaftfe sjswf
sc`difa pceljlj`fe lfsfr

77
?. ]ceyuiuafe @G scsufj

prdhrfk pckcrjetfa pflf
`cidkpd` usjf sugur ftfu
kfsyfrf`ft
< ]cifyfefe Lctc`sj ljej 6. Kcifù`fe lctc`sj
Hjzj ljej/pceckufe `fsus hjzj
lj kfsyfrf`ft
7. _urvcjifes Hjzj
]cifyfefe 6. Kcifù`fe fsuafe

`cpcrfwftfe pflf `fsus
hjzj lj `cidkpd` ftfu
kfsyfrf`ft.
3. ]cifyfefe 6. ]ceochfaf ]dsgjelu ]\K

pceochfafe e lfe
lfe pcehcelfij
pcehcelfijf fe pceyf`jt
e pceyf`jt tjlf`
kceuifr
7. ]ceochfaf 6. ]cehcelfijfe bjifrjfsjs*

e lfe 7. ]cehcelfijfe `cofojehfe
pcehcelfij ?. ]cehcelfijfe jebc`sj
fe pceyf`jt lcehuc/LGL*
kceuifr <. ]cehcelfijfe kfifrjf*
3. ]cehcelfijfe ^ddedsjs*
2. ]cehcelfijfe AJR/FJL_*
8. ]cehcelfijfe Jebc`sj
Kceuifr _c`sufi
1. ]cehcelfijfe ]ceyf`jt
yfeh lfpft ljochfa
lcehfe jkuejsfsj
7.< @cgjnf`fe \cr`fjt lcehfe Nfkjefe @cscaftfe Efsjdefi
]cifyfefe `cscaftfe pflf Nfkjefe @cscaftfe Efsjdefi ljftur lfifk
]crfturfe Kcetcrj @cscaftfe Ed.86 \faue 7=6? tcrtcrf ]fsfi 6? ljscgut`fe
gfawf pcscrtf N@E gcraf` kcelfpft`fe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb,
’_ctjfp ]cscrtf gcraf` kckpcrdica pcifyfefe `cscaftfe yfeh kceofùp

7?
pcifyfefe prdkdtjb, prcvcetjb, ùrftjb, lfe rcafgjijtftjb tcrkfsu` pcifyfefe dgft
lfe gfafe kcljs afgjs pf`fj scsufj lcehfe `cgutuafe kcljs yfeh ljpcriu`fe‛
ljpcriu`fe‛..
Kfebfft Nfkjefe @cscaftfe scgfhfjkfef ljftur lfifk ]crfturfe ]rcsjlce
Ed.67
Ed.67 \faue 7=6? tcetfeh Nfkjefe @cscaftfe ]fsfi 76 yfjtu ’Kfebfft pcifyfefe
prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb kcijputj pckgcrjfe pcifyfefe> pceyuiuafe `cscaftfe
pcrdrfehfe0 jkuejsfsj lfsfr0 `ciufrhf gcrceofef0 lfe s` rjejeh

rjejeh `cscaftfe.‛
@ckuljfe ]fsfi 77 kceycgut`fe gfawf pcifyfefe `cscaftfe tjeh`ft pcrtfkf
kcijputj pcifyfefe `cscaftfe ede spcsjfijstj`

spcsjfi jstj` yfeh kceofùp>
6. Flkjejstrfsj pcifyfefe0
7. ]cifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb0
?. ]ckcrj`sffe, pcehdgftfe, lfe `desuitfsj kcljs0
<. \jelf`fe kcljs ede spcsjfijstj`, gfj` dpcrftjb kfupue ede dpcrftjb0
3. ]cifyfefe dgft lfe gfafe kcljs afgjs pf`fj0
2. \rfesbusj lfrfa scsufj lcehfe `cgutuafe kcljs0
8. ]ckcrj`sffe pceuenfeh ljfhedstj` ifgdrftdrjuk tjeh`ft pcrtfkf0 lfe
1. Wfwft jefp tjeh`ft pcrtfkf scsufj lcehfe jelj`fsj.
Gcrlfsfr`fe ]crkce`cs WJ Ed. 76 tfaue 7=62 tcetfeh pcehcidiffe
pckfebfftfe lfef `fpjtfsj N@E pflf B@\] kjij` pckcrjetfa lfcrfa kceyftf`fe
gfawf Nfsf pcifyfefe `cscaftfe lj B@\] ftfu pus`cskfs ljtctfp`fe

ljtctfp`f e scùrfeh
ùrfeheyf 2=% (cefk puiua pcrsce) lfrj tdtfi pcecrjkffe lfef `fpjtfsj N@E, lfe
sjsfeyf ljkfebfft`fe uetu` luùehfe gjfyf dpcrfsjdefi pcifyfefe `cscaftfe
yfeh kcijputj gjfyf dgft, fift `cscaftfe, gfafe kcljs afgjs pf`fj, lfe luùehfe
gjfyf dpcrfsjdefi pcifyfefe `cscaftfe ifjeeyf. Gjif tcrlfpft lfef sjsf, kf`f

7<
ljkfebfft`fe uetu` tfaue fehhfrfe gcrjùteyf. \ctfpj afrus tctfp sfkf gfawf
sjsf lfef pdrsj nfsf pcifyfefe afeyf uetu` nfsf pcifyfefe, lfe scgfijèyf lcehfe
gjfyf dpcrfsjdefi
7.3 Bdùs ]cecijtjfe
Bdùs pcecijtjfe jej gcrtunufe uetu` kcijaft gfhfjkfef pcif`sfeffe
pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb . Dica `frcef jtu, bdùs pcecijtjfe ljsusue
scgfhfj gcrjùt>
]rdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe

prcvcetjb lfifk Spfyf ]cif`sfeffe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe
@cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft prcvcetjb ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`
Cscesjfi lj ]us`cskfs
Ifguafe Gjij`
Hfkgfr 7.6 Bdùs ]cecijtjfe
Gcrlfsfr`fe hfkgfr lj ftfs, lfpft ljrukus`fe lcbjejsj bdùs pcecijtjfe scgfhfj
gcrjùt>
6. ]cifyfefe prdkdtjb flfifa `chjftfe yfeh ljifù`fe pus`cskfs lfifk
upfyf kcejeh`ft`fe lcrfnft `cscaftfe jeljvjlu, `ciufrhf, `cidkpd`, lfe
kfsyfrf`ft.
7. ]cifyfefe ]rcvcetjb flfifa `chjftfe yfeh ljifù`fe pu`scskfs lfifk
upfyf pceochfafe pceyf`jt lfe hfehhufe `cscaftfe tcraflfp jeljvjlu,
`ciufrhf, `cidkpd` lfe kfsyfrf`ft.

73
?. ]rdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb Spfyf @cscaftfe Kfsyrf`ft Cscesjfi
kcijputj ]cifyfefe prdkdsj `cscaftfe, @cscaftfe Ijehùehfe, @cscaftfe
Jgu lfe Fef` lfe @ciufrhf Gcrceofef, ]cifyfefe Hjzj lfe ]cifyfefe
]ceochfafe lfe ]cehcelfijfe ]ceyf`jt.
f ]cifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj Gjlfeh @JF-@G flfifa
pcifyfefe yfeh ljgcrj`fe uetu` kceyjfp`fe rckfnf lfe pfsfehfe
usjf sugur, jgu afkji, gcrsfije lfe ejbfs fhfr kfkpu kcifajr`fe
hcecrfsj yfeh scaft lfe gcrùfijtfs, kcenfkje `cifehsuehfe ajlup,
tukgua `ckgfeh lfe tcrpceuajeyf af` `cscaftfe scofrf dptjkfi,
kceochfa lfe kcehurfehj feh`f `csf`jtfe lfe `ckftjfe jgu, gfyj
gfru ifajr, gfyj lfe fef` gfijtf.
g ]cifyfefe ]rdkdtjb lfe ]rcvcetjb gjlfeh @cscaftfe Ijehùehfe
flfifa `chjftfe pceycaftfe ijehùehfe scpcrtj pfehfe, fjr gcrsja,
sfejtfsj, nfkgfe `ciufrhf, tckpft-tckpft ukuk, pcrukfafe lfe
ijehùehfe
ijehùehfe `cscaftfe.
`cscaftf e.
o ]cifyfefe ]rdkdtjb lfe ]rcvcetjb lj gjlfeh hjzj kfsyfrf`ft flfifa
`chjftfe uetu` kceuenfeh upfyf pceuruefe feh`f `ckftjfe gfijtf
lfe kcejeh`ft`fe `ckfkpufe kfsyfrf`ft huef kcwunul`fe lcrfnft
`cscatfe yfeh dptjkfi, kcifiuj pcejeh`ftfe stftus hjzj.
l ]cifyfefe ]rdkdtjb lfe ]rcvcetjb lj gjlfeh ]ceochfafe lfe
]cehcelfijfe pceyf`jt flfifa `chjftfe pceochfafe lfe pcehcelfijfe
yfeh kcijputj jeljvjlu lfe/ftfu `cidkpd` kfsyfrf`ft gfj` gcrjsj`d
]\K kfupue yfeh tjlf` gcrjsj`d.

GFG JJJ
KC\DLC ]CECIJ\JFE
?.6 Ncejs ]cecijtjfe
]cecijtjfe yfeh ljhuef`fe gcrsjbft lcs`rjptjb lcehfe pcelc`ftfe ùfijtftjb,
fhfr lj`ctfauj scofrf ncifs lfe icgja kcelfifk tcetfeh ]cif`sfeffe prdhrfk
prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` @fgupftce Ifguafegftu

Ifguafegftu
tfaue 7=61.
?.7 Id`fsj lfe Xf`tu ]cecijtjfe
?.7.6 Id`fsj ]cecijtjfe
]cecijtjfe ljifù`fe lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` @fgupftce Ifguafe
gftu.
?.7.7 Xf`tu ]cecijtjfe
Xf`tu pcif`sfeffe pcecijtjfe ljifù`fe scnf` guife Nfeufrj 7=61 sfkpfj
lcehfe scicsfj.
?.? Jebdrkfe ]cecijtjfe
]ckjijafe jebdrkfe gcrlfsfr`fe fsfs `cscsufjfe (fpprdprjftcecss

( fpprdprjftcecss)) lfe
fsfs `couùpfe (flcqufoy

(flcqufoy).
). ]ckjijafe jebdrkfe gcrlfsfr`fe fsfs `cscsujfe
flfifa jebdrkfe yfeh kckjij`j pcehctfaufe yfeh gcr`fjtfe lcehfe tdpj`
pcecijtjfe. ]ckjijafe jebdrkfe gcrlfsfr`fe fsfs `couùpfe flfifa jebdrkfe yfeh
lfpft kcehhfkgfr`fe sciurua bcedkcef yfeh gcr`fjtfe lcehfe tdpj` pcecijtjfe.

pcecijtjf e.
]frf jebdrkfe pcecijtjfe jej flfifa>
6. 6 jebdrkfe @cpfif ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`
7. 6 jebdrkfe Ld`tcr Skuk
72

78
?. ]chfwfj Gjlfeh

Gjlfeh Spfyf Xfnjg
Xfnjg (Cscesjfi) pus`cskfs, yfjtu 7 jebdrkfe
gjlfeh @JF/@G, 6 jebdrkfe `cscaftfe ijehùehfe, 6 jebdrkfe hjzj
kfsyfrf`ft, lfe
lfe 6 Jebdrkfe gjlfeh pceochfafe lfe pcehcelfijfe
pceyf`jt.
<. 7 jebdrkfe ]fsjce lfe 7 jebdrkfe kfsyfrf`ft
f. ]fsjce flfifa drfeh yfeh lj lfifk hclueh /yfeh sclfeh gcrùenueh
(gcrdgft `c pus`cskfs).
g. Kfsyfrf`ft flfifa drfeh yfeh kcelfpft`fe `chjftfe lfrj pus`cskfs
?.< Kctdlc ]cehukpuife Lftf
\cèj` pcehukpuife lftf kcrupf`fe ofrf yfeh ljhuef`fe pcecijtj uetu`
kcelfpft`fe lftf lfifk suftu pcecijtjfe. ]flf pcecijtjfe jej pcecijtj kckjija
ncejs pcecijtjfe ùfijtftjb kf`f lftf yfeh ljpcrdica afrusifa kcelfifk, ncifs, lfe
spcsjbj`.
6. Xfwfeofrf kcelfifk (jelcpta jetcrvjcw) yfjtu kcifù`fe tfeyf nfwfg
tcraflfp jebdrkfe yfeh tcifa ljtctfp`fe scgciukeyf.
7. ]cehfkftfe (dgscrvfsj) yfjtu kcehfkftj `chjftfe, sfrfef lfe prfsfrfef
`chjftfe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`.
?.3 Jestrukce ]cecijtjfe
]cecijtj kcehhuef`fe jestrukce wfwfeofrf kcelfifk (jelcpt jetcrvjcw)

jetcrvjcw)
gcrupf lfbtfr pcrtfeyffe yfeh ljsusue scsufj tdpj` yfeh f`fe ljgjofrf`fe lfe
pcehfkftfe scfofrf ifehsueh (dgscrvfsj). Setu` kckpcrncifs jebdrkfsj yfeh
f`fe ljpcrdica, pcecijtj kcehhuef`fe fift gfetu gcrupf fift tuijs lfe fift
pcrc`fk sufrf (tfpc rcodrlcr).

rcodrlcr).

71
?.2 \rjfehuifsj
\rjfehuifsj ljhuef`fe scgfhfj tcèj` pckcrj`sffe lfe `cfgsfafe lftf.
\rjfehuifsj yfeh ljifù`fe flfifa trjfehuifsj sukgcr, yfjtu lcehfe kckjija
jebdrkfe yfeh lfpft kckgcrj`fe nfwfgfe scsufj lcehfe pcrtfeyffe yfeh
ljfnu`fe (Kdicdeh, 7==8).
?.8 \cèj` Fefijsf Lftf
Kceurut _uhjyded (7=6=) fefijsf lftf ùfijtftjb ljifù`fe scofrf sjkuitfe
lcehfe prdscs pcehukpuife lftf, jetcrprctfsj lftf lfe ljguft kftrj`s uetu`
kckpcrkulfa lfifk kcijaft lftf scofrf icgja sjstckftjs. Lftf yfeh sulfa
tcrùkpui f`fe ljgfafs scofrf kcelfifk lfifk gcetu` efrftjb ftfu kcenfgfr`fe
lfifk uejt-uejt. Afi jej uetu` kcencifs`fe kcehcefj pcif`sfeffe pcifyfefe
prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe

Ifguafe Gjij` ljifù`fe scofrf
ùfijtftjb gcrlfsfr`fe `ctcrfehfe scrtf fifsfe yfeh ljey

ljeyftf`fe
ftf`fe dica jebdrkfe
jebdrkfe..

GFG JR
AF_JI LFE ]CKGFAF_FE
<.6 Hfkgfrfe Skuk ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`
]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` ljljrj`fe scnf` tfaue 6:=8, yfeh tcrictf` lj
Nfife @cscaftfe @ciurfafe Ifguafe Gjij` @cofkftfe ]fefj \cehfa @fgupftce
Ifguafe gftu. _cnf` tfaue 7==? ]us`ckfs Ifguafe Gjij` sulfa kcenflj rfwft
jefp. Ictf` ]us`cskfs gcrscgcifafe lcehfe `fetdr Ickgfhf ]crkfsyfrf`ftfe
Ifguafe Gjij` @cofkftfe ]fefj \cehfa lfe _K]E 6 ]fefj \cehfa yfeh gcrflf
tcpft lj gcif`feh pus`cskfs.
@cofkftfe ]fefj \cehfa kcrupf`fe sfifa sftu lfcrfa yfeh gcrflf
lj @fwfsfe ]fetfj \jkur _ukftcrf Stfrf. _cofrf hcdhrfbjs @cofkftfe ]fefj
\cehfa gcrflf pflf 7= 78‚<7.81‛E Ijetfeh Stfrf lfe 6== = 6<?6.<:‛C Ijetfeh
_ciftfe lcehfe `ctjehhjfe =-8== kctcr lj ftfs pcrku`ffe ifut. @cofkftfe ]fefj
7.
\cehfa kceckpftj frcf sciufs
sci ufs <1?,8< @k
Flfpue gftfs gftfs wjifyfa @cofkftfe ]fefj \cehfa flfifa scgfhfj
gcrjùt>
f. _cgcifa Stfrf > Gcrgftfsfe lcehfe @cofkftfe ]fefj Ajijr
g. _cgcifa \jkur > Gcrgftfsfe lcehfe Wjfu
o. _cgcifa _ciftfe > Gcrgftfsfe lcehfe @cofkftfe @fkpueh Wf`yft
l. _cgcifa Gfrft > Gcrgftfsfe lcehfe @cofkftfe Gjifa Ajijr
7:

?=
\fgci <.6 Nukifa Lcsf, Lusue, lfe Iufs (@k)7 lj @cofkftfe ]fefj \cehfa
tfaue 7=62
If`j- Nia Iufs

Ed Efkf lcsf Nia `` ]crckpufe Lusue
if`j ]celulu` wjifyfa
6 Ifguafegjij` :22 6:13 6:<2 ?:?6 8 ?8,==
7 \cifhf _u`f 2?2 6168 63:= ?<=8 2 <6,==
? _cj _jfrtj 628: <82? <28= :<?? 66 ?:,==
< _cj Efadlfrjs 327 631: 6?:7 7:16 8 <8,8<
3 _cj Wf`yft :2< 7321 736? 3=16 8 <<,<=
2 _cj ]cifeofeh ?1< :2< :3= 6:6< 6? <8,?=
8 _cift Gctjeh :71 7<36 773= <8=6 3 <8,3=
1 Gfhfe Gjifa 862 6372 6366 ?=?8 6= <3,3=
: _cj Kcrlc`f 2?2 ::2 ::8 6::? 3 2:,==
6= ]fsfr \jhf <3: 6733 67?3 7<:= 2 23,==
N u k i f a 822: 6::6< 6:.=3< ?1:21 87 <1?,8<
_ukgcr> ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` 7=62
]flf tfaue 7=62 pcelulu` @cofkftfe ]fefj \cehfa gcrnukifa ?1.:21
njwf lcehfe rjeojfe

r jeojfe 6:.:6< njwf yfeh gcrncejs `cifkje if`j-if`j lfe 6:.=3< njwf
gcrncejs `cifkje pcrckpufe. Nukifa rukfa tfehhf yfeh flf lj @cofkftfe ]fefj
\cehfa scgfeyf` 8.22: @@.
\fgci <.7 Lftf \cefhf @cscaftfe lj Xjifyfa @crnf ]us`cskfs Ifguafe

Gjij` \faue 7=62
Ed. \cefhf @cscaftfe Nukifa

6. Ld`tcr Skuk 2
7. Ld`tcr Hjhj 6
?. ]crfwft ?2
3. Gjlfe 6<
2. \cefhf @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft 7

?6
8. \cefhf Faij _fejtfsj 6

1. \cefhf \cèjsj Kcljs (Ifg) 6
:. Fpdtc`cr 6
Nukifa 27
\cefhf @cscaftfe flfifa sctjfp drfeh yfeh kcehfglj`fe ljrj lfifk
gjlfeh `cscaftfe scrtf kckjij`j pcehctfaufe lfe ftfu `ctcrfkpjife kcifiuj
`cwcefehfe uetu` kcifù`fe upfyf `cscaftfe yfeh tcrljrj lfrj tcefhf `cscaftfe
lfe tcefhf ede `cscaftfe (]crkce`cs WJ Ed. 83 \faue 7=6<).
Gcrlfsfr`fe tfgci lj ftfs lfpft ljijaft gfawf tcefhf `cscaftfe ]us`cskfs
Ifguafe Gjij` tcrljrj lfrj Ld`tcr Skuk scgfeyf` 2 drfeh, Ld`tcr Hjhj 6 drfeh,
]crfwft ?2 drfeh, Gjlfe 6< drfeh, \cefhf @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft 7 drfeh,
\cefhf Faij _fejtfsj 6 drfeh, \cefhf \cèjsj Ifg 6 drfeh, lfe Fpdtc`cr 6 drfeh.
Efkue, afi yfeh tjlf` scsufj ljijaft lfrj ]crkce`cs Ed. 83 tfaue 7=6< flfifa
scafruseyf pus`cskfs kckjij`j tcefhf hjzj scgfeyf`

scgf eyf` 7 drfeh f`fe tctfpj bf`tfeyf
pus`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` tjlf` kckjij`j tcefhf hjzj, uetu` \cefhf @cscaftfe
Kfsyfrf`ft pus`cskfs sulfa kckjij`j 7 drfeh tcefhf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft.
\cefhf `cscaftfe yfeh flf lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` nuhf ljldkjefsj dica
tcefhf `cscaftfe kcljs scajehhf icgja kcehutfkf`fe upfyf `cscaftfe yfeh
kcec`fe`fe pflf pceyckguafe pceyf`jt.
\fgci <.? Lftf _frfef @cscaftfe Ifjeeyf lj Xjifyfa @crnf ]us`cskfs

Ifguafe Gjij` \faue 7=62
Ed _frfef @cscaftfe Ifjeeyf Nukifa

6. ]us`cskfs ]ckgfetu 3
7. ]dijelcs/]ds`cslcs :
?. ]dsyfelu 28
_ukgcr> ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` \faue 7=62

?7
\fgci <.< Lftf Bfsjijtfs Hcl

Hclueh
ueh ]us`cskfs Ifg
Ifguafe
uafe Gjij` \faue 7=62
Ed. Bfsjij
Bfsjijtfs
tfs Hclueh Nukifa
6. Wufeh @cpfif ]us`cskfs 6 gufa
7. Wufeh ]crj`sf Hjhj lfe Kuiut 6 gufa
?. Wufeh `cscaftfe ijehùehfe 6 gufa
<. Wufeh Fpdtj` 6 gufa
3. Wufeh @JF /@G/K\G_/HJ^J 6 gufa
2. Wufeh Ifgdrftdrjuk 6 gufa
8. Wufeh ]dij ukuk/ `frtu/ SHL 6 gufa
1. Wufeh Wfwft jefp 6 gufa
:. Wufeh \ftf Ssfaf 6 gufa
6=. Wufeh jevcetfrjs gfrfeh/survcjifes 6 gufa
66. Wufeh ]decl 6 gufa
67. Wufeh pcrtckufe 6 gufa
6?. \djict 3 gufa
6<. Wufeh G]N_ 6 gufa
63. Wufeh ]7K 6 gufa
62. Wufeh GD@ 6 gufa
68. Wufeh Hulfeh Dgft 6 gufa
<.7 @frfstcrjstj`
@frfstcrjstj ` Jebdrkfe
@frf`tcrjstj` lfrj kfsjeh-kfsjeh jebdrkfe pflf pcecijtjfe jej, lfpft
ljijaft pflf tfgci gcrjùt>
\fgci <.3 @frf`tcrjstj`

@frf`tcrjstj ` Jebdrkfe
Ed Jebdrkfe Ncejs Skur ]celjlj`fe Nfgftfe

@cifkje (tfaue)
6. Jrkf pcrckpufe <3 _6- Jiku @cpfif ]us`cskfs
_uryfej, `cscaftfe
Kfsyfrf`ft
7. lr. Fivj ]crckpufe ?? _6- Ld`tcr
@afjruej @cld`tcrfe
?. Kjif ]crckpufe 37 L6 _ppa ]chfwfj gjlfeh
Zuskjtf ]rdkdsj @cscaftfe,
@cscaftfe Ijehùehfe.
Ijehùehfe.
<. _fiwfej ]crckpufe << L< @cgjlfefe ]chfwfj gjlfeh @JF
3. \utj ]crckpufe <7 L< @cgjlfefe ]chfwfj gjlfeh @G

??
2. Acrfwftj ]crckpufe ?2 L? ]chfwfj gjlfeh Hjzj

@cpcrfwftfe
8. _rj Kurej ]crckpufe ?1 L? @cgjlfefe ]chfwfj gjlfeh
Est ]ceochfafe lfe
]cehcelfijfe ]ceyf`jt
1. Fyu Lcwj ]crckpufe 77 _K] ]fsjce
_uelfrj
:. Afkjkfa ]crckpufe ?3 _L ]fsjce
6=. Ejtf ]crckpufe <= _K] Kfsyfrf`ft
66. Lfyfa ]crckpufe ?7 _K] Kfsyfrf`ft
Gcrlfsfr`fe tfgci lj ftfs lfpft ljijaft gfawf nukifa jebdrkfe lfifk
pcecijtjfe
pcecijtjfe jej flfifa scgfeyf`
scgfeyf` 67 jebdrk
jebdrkfe,
fe, tcrljrj lfrj 6 jebdrkfe @
@cpfif
cpfif ]us`csk
]us`cskfs
fs
Ifguafe Gjij` yfeh gcrusjf <3 tfaue lcehfe pceljlj`fe _6 @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft, 6
jebdrkfe Ld`tcr Skuk gcrusjf ?? tfaue lcehfe pceljlj`fe _6 @cld`tcrfe, 3
jebdrkfe lfrj sctjfp upfyf wfnjg pus`cskfs yfeh tcrljrj lfrj 6 jebdrkfe lfrj
pcefehhueh nfwfg gjlfeh ]rdkdsj @cscaftfe lfe @cscaftfe Ijehùehfe

Ijehùehfe yfeh
gcrusjf 37 tfaue lcehfe pceljlj`fe L6 _c`difa ]ckgfe

]ckgfetu
tu ]cejij` Ayhjcec, 6
jebdrkfe lfrj pcefehhueh nfwfg @cscaftfe Jgu lfe Fef` (@JF) gcrusjf << tfaue
lcehfe pceljlj`fe L< @cgjlfefe, 6 jebdrkfe lfrj pcefehhueh nfwfg gjlfeh
@ciufrhf Gcrceofef (@G) gcrusjf <7 tfaue lcehfe pceljlj`fe L< @cgjlfefe, 6
Jebdrkfe lfrj pcefehhueh nfwfg gjlfeh Hjzj gcrusjf ?2 tfaue lcehfe pceljlj`fe L?
@cpcrfwftfe, 6 jebdrkfe lfrj gjlfeh ]ceochfafe lfe ]cehcelfijfe ]ceyf`jt gcrusjf
?1 tfaue lcehfe pceljlj`fe L? @cgjlfefe, 7 drfeh pfsjce lfe 7 drfeh lfrj `fifehfe
kfsyfrf`ft.
<.? ]cif`sfef
]cif`sfeffe
fe prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb ]us`ckfs Ifguafe Gjij`
Gcrlfsfrf`fe afsji wfwfeofrf lcehfe @cpfif ]us`cskfs kceyftf`fe gfawf
pcif`sfeffe prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe

Ifguafe Gjij` gciuk

?<
gcrnfife kf`sjkfi afi jej scsufj lcehfe afsji wfwfeofrf lcehfe `cpfif
]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` yfeh kceyftf`fe gfawf>
’]cif`sfeffeeyfflf yfeh lj lfifk flf yfeh lj iufr.ùrftjbeyf tctfp

gfeyf`. _c`frfeh lj crf N@E flf prdhrfk tfkgfafe yfjtu prdifejs f`fe
tctfpj `chjftfe tcrscgut tjlf` gcrnfife lcehfe kf`sjkfi `frcef gciuk
scsufj lcehfe pcrceofeffe, pceyusuefe rceofef `chjftfe lj pus`cskfs jej
flf. _cgciukeyf lj fwfi tfaue ljguft ]DF eyf uetu` `chjftfe ftfu
prdhrfk yfeh f`fe ljifù`fe. \fpj `ceyftffeeyf yf tctfp sfnf
pcif`sfeffeeyf jtu hf` scsufj lcehfe nflwfi yfeh tcifa ljtcetu`fe.
Gcetu`-gcetu` lfrj pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb yf lc`, `fifu
`chjftfe prdkdtjb yfeh `fkj ifù`fe Spfyf lfifk kcefehhuifehj LGL
yfjtu pceyuiuafe pckgcrfetfsfe sfrfeh eyfku`, `fifu lj gjlfeh @JF/
@G flf pceyuiuafe `cpflf jgu afkji, pceyuiuafe @G. Setu` lj hjzj flf
pceyuiuafe tcetfeh Fsj C`siusjb, pceyuiuafe tcetfeh pcetjeheypcetjeheyff
pckgcrjfe vjtfkje F. @fifu gjlfeh pceyuiuafe pecochfafe
lfe pcehcelfijfe pceyf`jt kceuifr flf gcetu` prdkdsj kcehcefj
pcefehhuifehfe AJR/ FJL_. @fifu `chjftfe prcvcetjbeyf flf pckfetfufe
Ncetj` eyfku`, Gjlfeh @JF/ @G flf scpcrtj lctc`sj ljej jgu afkji
gcrjsj`d, upfyf pcifyffefe @G, uetu` gjlfeh Hjzj flf
f lf pckgcrjfe Rjtfkje
F pflf gfijtf, ]ckfetfufe gfijtf GHK‛ (Jebdrkfe 6).
]cif`sfeffe prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj gjlfeh `cscaftfe ijehùehfe,
gcrlfsfr`fe afsji wfwfeofrf lcehfe pctuhfs `cscaftfe ijehùehfe

ijehùehfe kceyftf`fe
gfawf>
’@fifu `fkj pcif`sfeffeeyf ljkuifj lfrj KKL luiu lc` sfkpfj _KL,
jlcetjbj`fsj kfsfifa lfrj ijetfs prdhrfk lfe sc`tdrfi. Lfrj jlcetjb`fsj
kfsfifa jtuifa ifiu ljguft ]DF. @fifu `fkj gjfsfeyf kcifù`fe
pceyuiuafe tcetfeh pcif`sfeffe pdsyfelu `cpflf pfrf `flcr, pceyuiuafe
tcetfeh pcrjifù ajlup gcrsja lfe scaft, kcif`sfef`fe pckgjeffe ]AG_
lj rukfa tfehhf, kckfetfu pcif`sfeffe `chjftfe lj pdsyfelu lfe
kdejtdrjeh lcsf sjfhf, `fyf` hjtuifa lc` gjfsfeyf. Jgu pue `crnfeyf jej
rfeh`fp sfkf `cscaftfe ijehùehfe kf`feyf `flfeh gjehueh lfe `flfeh
prdhrfk ifje tcrafkgft, `fifu `chjftfe `cscatfe ijehùehfe yfeh jgu
pchfeh scpcrtj pckcrj`sffe/ pcehfwfsfe nfkgfe, kckcrj`sf sfejtfsj
sc`difa, pcehfwfsfe \]K, pckcrj`sffe ùfijtfs fjr kjeuk lfe kf`fefe.
]DF eyf flf, `fkj guft sceljrj lc`. \fpj tjlf` sckuf tcrif`sfef scsufj
]DF yfeh ulfa `fkj guft. @fref tcr`flfeh gfeyf` `celfifeyf lc`.
@fifu gjsf icgja ljtjeh`ft`fe ifhj, tcrutfkf lfifk kcijgft`fe ijetfs
sc`tdrfi. Nfehfe flf ifhj yfeh `crnf rfeh`fp tcrutfkf pckchfeh prdhrfk
gjlfeh cscesjfi. _frfef prfsfrfefeyf `fifu gjsf lj iceh`fpj. @fifu gjsf
_@K eyf l ljguft
jguft sftu pckchfeh prdhrfk upfyf
upfyf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft
kfsyfrf`ft

?3
gjlfeh cscesjfi
csc esjfi eyf lc` fhfr icgja ehcrtj, `fref `fifu ljsjej
ljsj ej tcefhf _@K
ljguft scgfhfj pckchfeh GD@, lfe sftu ifhj scgfhfj @cpfif ]us`cskfs
ljsjej lc`‛ (Jebdrkfe ?)
]cif`sfeffe prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj gjlfeh @JF-@G, afsji
wfwfeofrf ljlfpft flfifa scgfhfj gcrjùt>
’]cif`sfeffeeyf tcrif`sfef lc` scpcrtj `chjftfe `cifs jgu afkji, flf

gjfsfeyf lctc`sj jgu afkji gcrcsj`d, lfe pceckpcife pdstcr-pdstcr hjtuifa
lc`. \ctfpj scgfhjfe flf nuhf yfeh ehhf` tcrif`sfef lc` `frcef `flfeh
gfeyf` `celfifeyf. \cr`flfeh lfrj kfsyfrf`fteyf. ]DF flf, `fifu lj
ifpfehfe tjlf` pcrefa tcrif`sfef sckuf, `fifu lj lfifk flf nuhf tjlf`
tcrif`sfef. Lj ifpfehfe flf fnf `celfifeyf . @ckfrje pflfafi `fkj flf
`cifs jgu afkji tfehhfi 62 tfpj tjlf` lj if`sfef`fe `fref ijgur kfu guife
pufsf `fe. Gcsd` nuhf tfehhfi 62 gcrjùtkyf guife lcpfe hf` tcrif`sfef
`fref icgfrfe, `flfeh aunfe hf` nflj `fref gcoc` lc`. @fifu gjsf ljsjej flf
pcefkgfafe _@K jtu if lc`, nfifeeyf nuhf `fifu gjsf ljpcrgfj`j, supfyf
`fkj nuhf tjlf` tcrafkgft lfifk kcifù`fe `chjftfe `frcef nfifeeyf yfeh
rusf` jtu‛ ( Jebdrkfe <)
<)
’@fifu jgu gjfsfeyf prdkdtjb eyf scpcrtj `fsj pceyuiuafe tcetfeh @G lj

pdsyfelu jùt sfkf gu wfej gfhjfe @JF, jtu `fifu yf yfeh
eh lj iufr hclueh, `fifu
lj lfifk hclueh jgu gjfsfeyf kcehjehft`fe sfkf pfsjce yfeh gfru
kcifajr`fe, tctfpj `flfeh flf nuhf yfeh hf` tcrif`sfef `fifu lj iufr hclueh,
`flfeh tfrhct `fkj `c 6= lcsf, tfpj afeyf 3-2 lcsfifa yfeh gjsf `fkj ùenuehj.
]DF `fifu lj pus`cskfs jej flf lc`, fwfi tfaue flf `fkj guft jtu lc` ‛
(Jebdrkfe 3)
]cif`sfeffe prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj gjlfeh Hjzj, afsji
wfwfeofrfeyf flfifa scgfhfj gcrjùt>
’ @ fifu
fifu pcif`sfeffeeyf flf yfeh ljlfifk hclueh lc`, flf nuhf yfeh
ljiufr, `fifu prdkdtjbeyf `fyf` pceyuiuafe hjtu lc`, `fifu yfeh prcvcetjb
kjsfieyf `fyf` pckgcrjfe vjtfkje F, `f`f` nuhf ùrfeh pfafk sfkf
prdhrfk jej, sdfieyf `f`f` gfru 6 tfaue pchfeh prdhrfk jej lc`. @fifu
]DF eyf ulfa flf lc`, tfpj jtu ifa wfifu pue sulfa ljguft ]DF `flfeh
flf nuhf yfeh hf` tcrif`sfef scsufj ]DF. @fifu gjsf flf pciftjafe scgciuk
`c ifpfehfe, sfrfef prfsfrfefeyf ljiceh`fpj‛
ljiceh`fpj ‛ (Jebdrkfe 2)
]cif`sfeffe prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj gjlfeh pceochfafe lfe
pcehcelfijfe pceyf`jt kceuifr, afsji wfwfeofrf yfeh ljlfpft lcehfe pctuhfs
gjlfeh ]7K kceyftf`fe

kceyftf`fe gfawf>

?2
’@fkj ehflf`fe pceyuiuafe `c 6= lcsf lc`, `flfeh pceyuiuafeeyf

ljifù`fe lj pdsyfelu, tcku wfrhf. ]ceyuiuafeeyf scpcrtj LGL,
pceyuiuafe ]\K. ]dsgjelu, ]ceyuiuafe AJR/FJL_, pcehuùrfe lfe
pcejkgfehfe gcrft gflfe. @fifu ]DF flf lc`, `fkj yfeh guftguft‛‛
(Jebdrkfe 8)
Gcrlfsfr`fe pcreyftffe lj ftfs lfpft lj`ctfauj gfawf pcif`sfeffe
pcifyfeffe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe

Ifguafe Gjij` pcif`sfeffeeyf
ljkuifj lfrj jlcetjbj`fsj kfsfifa-kfsiffa `cscaftfe yfeh flf lj wjifyfa `crnf
pus`cskfs. _ctcifa kcecku`fe prjdrjtfs kfsfifa kf`f ljguft ]DF `chjftfe.

`chjftfe.
@chjftfe prdkdtjb lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` gcrupf yfjtu pceyuiuafe
tcetfeh LGL. Gjlfeh @JF/@G scpcrtj pceyuiuafe `cpflf jgu afkji, pceyuiuafe
@G lfe uetu` gjlfeh hjzj scpcrtj pceyuiuafe tcetfeh Fsj C`siusjb, pceyuiuafe
tcetfeh pcetjeheyf
pcetjeheyf pckgcrjfe Rjt. F.
F. @chjftfe
@chjftfe prdkdtjb g
gjlfeh
jlfeh pceyuiuafe
pceochfafe lfe pcehcelfijfe pceyf`jt kceuifr scpcrtj gcetu` prdkdsj kcehcefj
pcefehhuifehfe AJR/FJL_ lfe pcefehhuifehfe LGL yfjtu pckgcrfetfsfe
sfrfeh eyfku` .
@chjftfe prcvcetjb yfeh flf lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` scpcrtj
pckfetfufe Ncetj` eyfku`, Gjlfeh @JF/@G flf scpcrtj lctc`sj ljej jgu afkji
gcrjsj`d, upfyf pcifyffefe @G, uetu` gjlfeh Hjzj yfjtu gcrupf pckgcrjfe
Rjtfkje F pflf gfijtf, ]ckeftfufe gfijtf GHK. F`fe tctfpj `ceyftffeeyf,
pcif`sfeffe prdhrfk tcrscgut gciuk kf`sjkfi `frcef gciuk scsufj lcehfe
tfrhct-tfrhct lfe rceofef-rceofef yfeh tcifa ljtctfp`fe dica pus`cskfs. Afi jej
scsufj lcehfe pcecijtjfe Figcrtad (7=6<) kceyftf`fe gfawf pcrceofeffe
kckjij`j pcehfrua lfe kcrupf`fe sfifa sftu tfafpfe prdscs uetu` kceofpfj
prdhrfk yfeh kf`sjkfi.

?8
]cif`sfeffe prdhrfk prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb gciuk gcrnfife gfj`
lj`frcef`fe ùrfeheyf sfrfef, prfsfrfef lfe pcrfiftfe, pcelfeffe `chjftfe
prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb _LK yfeh kfsja ùrfeh scrtf rcelfaeyf rcelfaeyf
pfrtjsjpfsj lfrj kfsyfrf`ft wjifyfa `crnf ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`. Afi jej nuhf
scsufj lcehfe wfwfeofrf yfeh ljifù`fe yfeh kceyftf`fe gfawf>
’Lfrj schj nukifa tcefhf `cscaftfe gfeyf`, ljsej nuhf flf prdkdtdr
tfkgfafe yfeh lj lfefj lfrj GD@. ljf lfrj gjlfe, jej if yfeh kckgfetu
prdk`cs, ljsjej tjlf` flf faij hjzj, prdk`cs hf` s`k, gu`fe gfsjoeyf
gfsjo eyf ljf
afeyf lfrj sppa `fifu gjsf `fe scgcefreyf s`k uetu` pckchfeh prdk`cs
gjfr icgja pfafk. Ljsjej kcrfeh`fp `crnfeyf. @fifu ljsjej kfsyfrf`ft
susfa lj fnf` jùt `chjftfe, drfeh jtu tfueyf pus`cskfs jej afeyf tckpft
gcrdgft sfnf. @fifu kfsfifa lfef, `ctj`f kcifù`fe `chjftfe flfeyf
tfkgfafe lfef lfrj N@E, \feyf fnf eclj kfsfifa pcelfeffe jtu, sc`frfeh
nuhf flf prdifejs scgfhfj tfkfgfafe lfrj N@E,N @E, `chjftfe
`chjftf e jtu lj lfefj dica
gpns f`fe tctfpj pcscrtf nè eyf nuhf suijt lfe tjlf` pcluij
pcluij uetu` kcehjùtj
`chjftfe tcrscgut.‛
tcrscgut.‛ (Jebdrkfe 6)
’kfsyfrf`ft nuhf ùrfeh pfrtjsjpfsjeyf lfifk kcehjùtj `chjftfe lfe

kcehfehhfp pus`cskfs afeyf tckpft gcrdgft sfnf lc` , `fifu flf hrftjs
gfru rfkfj lftfeh, scifje jtu lc`, `celfif ifjeeyf flfeyf `crnfeyf
rfeh`fp jej `flfeh kckguft tcrafkgft `chjftfe jgu yfeh ifje, tcrus
kfsfifa pcelfeffe yfeh ifkf ofjr, `fifu uetu` ifptdp nuhf hf` flf
ljscljfèf lc`, jebdùs flf 6, tfpj jtu pue rcgutfe, Gfijad flf, `fifu
icfbicteyf ehhf` flf lc` ‛ (Jebdrkfe ?)
?)
’nfife yfeh rusf` jtuif pfyfa lj icwftj. @fifu aunfeaunfe `fkj tjlf` nflj
kcifù`fe `chjftfe `c ifpfehfe `frcef nfife hf` gjsf lj tckpua sfkf
sc`fij, tcrus `flfeh ljsjej pfsfeh nflj `flfeh hf` nflj pjhj nuhf lc`, `fref
hf` gjsf icwft ‛ ( Jebdrkfe <)
’tfetfehfe jetcrefieyf tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh kfsja ùrfeh, kfsfifa nfife

yfeh rusf` `fifu tfetfehfe lj iufr, `fkj nuhf pf`fj `crctf sceljrj tjlf`
flf lfrj ljefs, kfsyfrf`ft yfeh ùrfeh pfrtjsjpfsjeyf lfifk kcehjùtj
`chfjftfe,, `fifu flf pckgfhjfe hrftjs gfru gfeyf` yfeh lftfeh lc`‛
`chfjftfe
( Jebdrkfe
Jebdrkfe 3)
’fpf yf lc`, `celfif-`celfifeyf `fifu lfcrfa yfeh nfua gcoc` kf`feyf

`flfeh `fkj hf` nflj kcifù`fe `chjftfe, `flfeh ljsjej nuhf pfsfeh `fe
`fref `jtf lc`ft lcehfe ifut, `fifu ulfa pfsfeh flc` tfu `fe ifkf
suruteyf ljsjej, `flfeh afkpjr sftu kjehhu, nflj `chjftfe `jtf pue
tcrafkgftif. Flf nuhf `ckfrje `fkj nukpfj gfijtf hjzj guru` flf 7 ftfu

?1
tjhf hjtu. \fpj nfua `fij rukfaeyf, uetu` `csfef gutua pcrnufehfe if lc`.
Slfa jtu `fifu kceurut `f` `fref `f` gu`fe gfsjoeyf lj hjzj nflj icgja
susfa ljsjej tcefhf hjzjeyf hf` flf lc` sftupue hf` flf yfeh gcefr-gcefr
drfeh hjzj, pciftjafe nuhf hf` flf ljgcrj`fe scifje jtu tfetfehfe
jetcrefieyf ifkf pceofjrfe lfef GD@. nflj `fifu `fkj kfu kcifù`fe
`chfjftfe pf`fj ufeh `fkj luiu lc` , efetj lj hfetj sfkf pus`cskfs jtuif
yfeh lj fkgji lfrj GD@, tfpj lfef jtu pue ifkf tturueey
urueeyf‛
f‛ (Jebdrkfe 2)
’`celfif `fkj yfeh ifje wf`tu kcifù`fe pceyuiuafe

pceyuiuafe kfsyfrf`fteyf
sulfa puifeh scgciuk `chjftfe scicsfj, tcr`flfeh pue yfeh lftfeh afeyf
sclj`jt‛ ( Jebdrkfe
Jebdrkfe 8)
_frfef lfe prfsfrfef kcrupf`fe suftu fspc` tcrpcetjeh lfifk kceofpfj
tfrhct-tfrhct lfrj prdhrfk-prdhrfk yfeh ljguft dica ]us`cskfs. Efkue
`ceyftffeeyf yfeh tcrnflj lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` pcraftjfe pckcrjetfa
tcraflfp `ciceh`fpfe sfrfef, prfsfrfef scrtf pcrfiftfe lfifk kcif`sfef`fe
upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb kfsja ùrfeh.

ùrfeh. Gcrlfsfr`fe pcreyftffe lj ftfs
gfawf gjif ljijaft nuhf lfrj schj sfrfef, prfsfrfef, lfe pcrfiftfe ]us`cskfs
Ifguafe Gjij` ùrfeh kceluùeh gfj` pflf sfft pceyuiuafe lfe trfespdrtfsj
nuhf ùrfeh `ctj`f kcif`sfef`fe `chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb. \fetfehfe
c`stcrefi yfeh ljaflfpj yfjtu nuhf scrjeheyf tcrnflj gfenjr pfsfeh `frcef `cflffe
hcdhrfbjs yfeh lc`ft lcehfe ifut, lfe `csuijtfe f`scs `c lfcrfa/ id`fsj pcelulu`
uetu` kcehflf`fe pceyuiuafe. @deljsj hcdhrfbjs sfehft gcrpcehfrua tcraflfp
pcif`sfeffe `chjftfe pus`cskfs scgfhfj odetda `fsus hjzj guru` yfeh kfsja
ljtcku`fe, afi jej lj`frcef`fe ùrfeheyf upfyf pcrgfj`jfe hjzj kfsyfrf`ft yfeh
kcrupf`fe upfyf `cscaftfe wfnjg tcrutfkf uetu` lfcrfa yfeh nfua lfrj wjifyfa
`crnf pus`cskfs.
Setu` pcif`sfeffe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb, scpcrtj pceyuiuafe,
tcefhf `cscaftfe lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` kfsja `cgfeyf`fe tcefhf

?:
`cscaftfe yfeh kcifù`fe pceyuiuafe lcehfe ofrf kfeufi, gcrlfsfr`fe
wfwfeofrf yfeh ljifù`fe lcehfe pctuhfs @JF/@G lfe Hzj kceyftf`fe gfawf>
’`fifu kceurut jgu ùrfeh, ljsjej gfeyf` gjlfe pcrfwft, s`keyf kfsja
ùrfeh. @fifu `csjfpfe tcefhf `cscaftfe sc`clfr ljifpfehfe kfsja gjsf.
@fu jebdùs ehhf` pcrefa `fkj gfwf `cifpfefhfe, `fkj afeyf pf`fjyfeh
ickgfr gfij` jtu fnf. ]ceyuiuafe yfeh `fkj ifù`fe ljsjej nuhf kfsja
kfeufi‛
kfeufi ‛ (Jebdrkfe <).
<).
’Hjkfef yf lc`, `fifu kceurut `f`f` ùrfeh, `fref kckfeh gutua yfeh
gfsjoeyf hjzj, `fifu `f` `fe ùrfeh ehcrtj. Ljsjej hf` flf pciftjafe,
`flfeh gu `fpus jùt nuhf lj `chjftfe `fkj, ljf if yfeh kckgcrj`fe
pceyuiuafe. _frfef prfsfrfef ùfrfeh, `fifu gjsf lj `fsj `crctf, `flfeh
rusf` `crctf `jtf, `jtf nuhf yfeh kcefehhueheyf, `fifu jebdùs gjfsfeyf
`fifu ld`tcr jùt `c ifpfefhfe gfru gfwf jebdùs, jtu pue jebdùseyf
afeyf 6 `flfeh gcrcgut. @fifu drfeh `f` pceyuiuafeey
pce yuiuafeeyff tjlf` pf`fj pf`fj
fpf-fpf‛(Jebdrkfe
fpf-fpf ‛(Jebdrkfe 2)
2)
Kcljf prdkdsj `cscaftfe tcrscgut ljrfsf`fe gciuk gchjtu kf`sjkfi uetu`
ljhuef`fe lfifk pceyuiuafe tcefhf `cscaftfe. \cefhf @cscaftfe lj ]us`cskfs
Ifguafe Gjij` kfsja kcifù`fe pceyuiuafe lcehfe ofrf kfeufi, pcraftjfe
pckcrjetfa tcraflfp `ciceh`fpfe sfrfef, prfsfrfef scrtf pcrfiftfe lfifk
kcif`sfef`fe upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb kfsjeh ùrfeh odetdaeyf ifptdp,
icfbict, jebdous, kcljf prdkdsj, lfe nfife yfeh rusf` yfeh kcehafkgft
`cifeofrfe `chjftfe. _cifje jtu, afi yfeh sfehft ljrfsf`fe dica tcefhf `cscaftfe
kcehcefj sfrfef lfe prfsfrfef yfeh kfsja ùrfeh flfifa trfespdrtfsj yfeh gciuk
kckflfj. ]us`cskfs afeyf kckjij`j `celfrffe ljefs yfjtu 6 fkguifeoc lfe 6
`crctf Ljefs. @deljsj hcdhrfbjs wjifyfa `crnf ]us`cskfs sfehft iufs lfe nfrf`
fetfr lcsf sfehft gcrnfuafe lfe ukukeyf tcrictf` lj lfcrfa pcidsd`, scajehhf
kckgutuaf`fe trfespdrtfsj yfeh kckflfj uetu` kcif`sfef`fe `chjftfe
pceyuiuafe `c lcsf kjsfieyf. Efkue `celfrffe ljefs yfeh ljkj

ljkjij`j
ij`j ]us`cskfs
tjlf` sctjfp sfft flf lj ]us`cskfs lj`frcef`fe ljhuef`fe uetu` `cpcriufe ifje,

<=
kcehf`jgft`fe tjkgui `celfif uetu` kcif`sfef`fe pceyuiuafe `c kfsyfrf`ft
yfeh ictf` lcsf eyf sfehft nfua lfrj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`.
\rfespdrtfsj yfeh tjlf` kckflfj kckf`sf tcefhf `cscaftfe uetu`
kcehhuef`fe `celfrffe prjgflj, tfpj tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh gcrtuhfs lcehfe
kcehhuef`fe `celfrffe prjgflj pflf ukukeyf nflj kckjija lcsf yfeh tcrlc`ft
lcehfe ]us`cskfs uetu` kcif`sfef`fe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb kcifiuj
S@K. Lcehfe lckj`jfe kceycgfg`fe tjlf` kcrftfeyf pcif`sfefeffe pcifyfefe
`cscaftfe uetu` sckuf kfsyfrf`ft yfeh tjehhfi lj lcsf-lcsf yfeh gcrflf pflf
wjifyfa `crnf pus`cskfs scajehhf pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb tjlf`
tcrif`sfef scofrf kf`sjkfi lfe afsji ofùpfeeyf pue kfsja rcelfa. _frfef
prfsfrfef kcrupf`fe suftu

suft u fspc` tcrpcetjeh
t crpcetjeh lfifk kceofpfj tfrhct
tfr hct lfrj `chjftfe-
`chjftfe yfeh ljguft dica pus`cskfs. Afi jej scsufj lcehfe pcecijtjfe Acrkjyfetj
(7=62) yfeh kceyftf`fe flfeyf bfsjijtfs/sfrfef ljpdsjsj`fe scgfhfj bf`tdr
pceluùeh uetu` `cgcrafsjife suftu `chfjftfe.
\cefhf @cscaftfe flfifa sctjfp drfeh yfeh kcehfglj`fe ljrj lfifk
gjlfeh `cscaftfe scrtf kckjij`j pcehctfaufe lfe `ctcrfkpjife kcifiuj
pceljlj`fe lj gjlfeh `cscaftfe yfeh uetu` ncejs tcrtcetu kckcriu`fe
`cwcefehfe uetu` kcifù`fe upfyf `cscaftfe. _ukgcr lfyf kfeusjf ]us`cskfs
tcrljrj ftfs \cefhf @cscaftfe lfe tcefhf ede `cscaftfe (]crkce`cs WJ Ed.83
\faue 7=6<). _cgfhfj pcif`sfef upfyf `cscaftfe, ljpcriu`fe sukgcr lfyf
kfeusjf `cscaftfe yfeh kceouùpj lfifk nukifa, ncejs lfe ùfijtfseyf, scrtf
tcrljstrjgusj scofrf flji lfe kcrftf, scsufj tuetutfe `cgutuafe pckgfehuefe
`cscaftfe. ]us`cskfs Ifguafe

Ifguafe Gjij` yfeh
yfeh kceycljf`fe bfsjijtfs rfwft jefp jej

<6
kckjij`j 2 ld`tcr ukuk, 6 ld`tcr hjhj, ]crfwft ?2 drfeh, Gjlfe 6< drfeh,
\cefhf @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft 7 drfeh, \cefhf Faij _fejtfsj 6 drfeh, \cefhf
\cèjsj Ifg 6 drfeh, lfe Fpdtc`cr 6 drfeh.
Nukifa tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh kcif`sfef`fe prdhrfk prdkdtjb lfe
prcvcetjb gciuk kceouùpj lj`frcef`fe kfsja tcrlfpft `crnf rfeh`fp yfjtu
pckchfeh gjlfeh prdkdsj `cscaftfe nuhf scgfhfj pckchfeh prdhrfk gjlfeh
`cscaftfe ijehùehfe yfeh kceycgfg`fe tcrafkgfteyf `chjftfe yfeh
ljif`sfef`fe. _ukgcr lfyf kcrupf`fe bf`tdr pcetjeh uetu` pcif`sfeffe prdhrfk
supfyf cbc`tjb. Fpfgjif pcif`sfef `cùrfehfe sukgcr lfyf kf`f prdhrfk tjlf`
f`fe gcrnfife cbc`tjb. Afi jej scsufj lcehfe pcelfpft _ugfrsded (7==1) gfawf
`ctcrscljffe sukgcr lfyf f`fe gcrpcehfrua tcraflfp `cgcrafsjife jkpickcetfsj.
@celfif yfeh ljaflfpj yfjtu flfeyf nfgftfe buehsjdefi yfeh tjlf` scsufj
lcehfe tupd`sj kfsjeh-kfsjeh scrtf tjlf` flfeyf pciftjafe `cpflf tcefhf
`cscaftfe lj pus`cskfs scgciuk kcif`sfef`fe tcrscgut. Afi tcrscgut gcrlfkpf`
pflf ùfijtfs `ckfkpufe scajehhf ùrfeh dptjkfi `ctj`f tcrnue ifehsueh `c
kfsyfrf`ft uetu` kcif`sfef`fe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe. Kceurut jebdrkfe
kceyftf`fe gfawf uetu` tcefhf hjzj lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` nuhf tjlf` flf,
kceuruteyf nfgftfe yfeh jf pchfeh tjlf` scsufj lcehfe tupd`sjeyf yfeh
kceycgfg`fe ùrfeh kckfafkj lfrj prdhrfk tcrscgut scrtf pciftjafe nuhf tjlf`
flf. Afi jej scsufj lcehfe pcecijtjfe Eflyf, l`` (7=6?) kceyftf`fe gfawf
ùrfeheyf tcefhf `cscaftfe àusus lfe tjlf` flfeyf pciftjafe scgciuk `chjftfe
tcrscgut gcrifehsueh f`fe kckguft `chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb gcrnfife
ùrfeh kf`sjkfi.

<7
Kceurut Lcp`cs (7==?) tcetfeh `cgjnf`fe lfe strftchj lcscetrfijsfsj
Gjlfeh @cscaftfe ljscgut`fe gfawf lfifk kckfetfp`fe sjstck kfefnckce
sukgcr lfyf kfeusjf `cscaftfe pcriu ljifù`fe pcejeh`ftfe lfe pckfetfpfe
pcrceofeffe, pcehflffe tcefhf `cscaftfe, pcelfyfhueffe

pcelfyfhueffe lfe pckgcrlfyffe
prdbcsj `cscaftfe. Lfifk kcejeh`ftfe ùfijtfs `ckfkpufe tcefhf `cscaftfe
lfpft ljifù`fe lcehfe kckgcrj`fe pceljlj`fe lfe pciftjafe gfhj tcefhf
`cscaftfe yfeh sulfa

sulfa flf. ]cehckgfehfe pceljlj`fe `cscaftfe ljfrfa`fe uetu
uetu`
`
kcehafsji`fe tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh kckjij`j `ckfkpufe yfeh gcrùfijtfs
lfifk kcif`sfef`fe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb. Kceurut @cpfif
]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` `csjfpfe lfrj tcefhf `cscaftfe gciuk kf`sjkfi `frcef
`ckfkpufe ftfu s`jii _LK yfeh flf lj ]us`cskfs lfifk kckgcrj`fe pcifyfefe
prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb kfsja pcriu ljtjeh`ft`fe

ljtjeh`ft`fe ifhj.
_cifje jtu, kceurut pcreyftffe gcgcrfpf jebdrkfe, tcefhf pceyuiua
`cscaftfe tcrutfkf tcefhf `cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft kfsja gciuk kceouùpj
kceycgfg`fe `chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb gcrnfife ùrfeh dptjkfi. \cefhf
`cscaftfe scafruseyf lfifk kckgcrj`fe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe kckjij`j
`dkpctcesj yfeh gcrùfijtfs lfe tfft lcehfe prdsclur. Ljijaft lfrj pcehfkftfe
ljlfpft gfawf sfft jej kfsja gfeyf` kfsyfrf`ft yfeh kcecrjkf pcifyfefe
`cscaftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb tjlf` kckceuaj syfrft yfeh ljncifs`fe
scgciukeyf.
@ctcrgftfsfe `ckfkpufe ftfu s`jii lfrj tcefhf `cscaftfe lfifk
kcif`sfef`fe upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb kcifiuj S@K tcrnflj `frcef
ùrfeheyf tcefhf `cscaftfe scsufj lcehfe `dkpctcesj lfe ùrfeheyf pciftjafe

<?
yfeh ljgcrj`fe dica ]ckcrjetfa

]ckcrjetfa tcr`fjt. @urfeheyf pcehctfaufe lfe rcelfaeyf
pcehfwfsfe scrjeh kcenflj`fe pcif`sfeffe pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj
pus`cskfs gciuk lj`crnf`fe scofrf gfj`. Kfsyfrf`ft pue ocelcrueh kcenflj
kcecrjkf `deljsj tcrscgut `frcef `ctjlf`tfaufe lfe `ctcrpf`sffe.
Xfifupue pckcrjetfa tcifa kcifù`fe pcrgfj`fe kutu pcifyfefe
`cscaftfe gfj` kcifiuj pcrfturfe stfelfr `dkpctcesj tcefhf `cscaftfe kfupue
kceycljf`fe pciftjafe ftfu prdhrfk pcejeh`ftfe pcehctfaufe lfe `ckfkpufe
tcefhf `cscaftfe scrtf pckcrftffe ljstrjgusj tcefhf `cscaftfe lfifk kcehflf`fe
upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb scgfhfj odetda kcif`sfef`fe

kcif`sfef`fe pceyuiuafe `c sckuf
sckuf
lcsf yfeh flf lj wjifyfa `crnf pus`cskfs tfepf fifsfe ictf` hcdhrfbjs ftfu nfrf`
lcsf yfeh
yfeh nfua lfrj pus`cskfs, tctfpj gciuk
gciuk pfstj sciuruaeyf
sciuruaeyf tcefhf `cscaftfe
kceluùeh.
Afi tcrscgut lj ftfs tcr`fjt lcehfe tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh kfsja
kceyjkpfeh lfrj tunufe fwfi `cgcrflffeeyf lfifk kcejeh`ft`fe lcrfnft
`cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft, scrtf gciuk kceluùeh lfe tjlf` kcif`sfef`fe pcifyfefe
prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb scofrf kf`sjkfi. _cajehhf pcifyfefe ùrftjb kfsja
kckjkpje sclfeh`fe fspc` upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lfifk pcifyfefe
`cscaftfe yfeh scafruseyf icgja ljutfkf`fe gciuk ldkjefe tcrif`sfef.
]crjifù scaft kfsyfrf`ft pue kcehjùtj pfrfljhkf scaft yfeh lj`fifa`fe
dica pcrjifù sf`jt, yfjtu kckfebfft`fe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe afeyf pflf sfft
sf`jt. Efkue, kckfeh lj sjej tcefhf `cscaftfe afrus gcrnufeh `crfs lfifk
kcif`sfef`fe pcifyfefe prcvcetjb. Fpfifhj gcraflfpfe lcehfe kfsyfrf`ft yfeh
c`dedkj lfe pceljlj`fe yfeh rcelfa sfehft ljfùj susfa sc`fij uetu` kcrugfa

<<
pcrjifù ajlup gcrsja lfe scaft. _cgfhfj tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh gcrtuhfs
ljafrfp`fe kcifù`fe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe tcpft sfsfrfe scpcrtj kcif`sfef`fe
pceyuiuafe `cscaftfe tcraflfp kfsyfrf`ft lj lcsf.
\cefhf `cscaftfe yfeh flf lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` ljldkjefsj dica
tcefhf `cscaftfe kcljs scajehhf icgja kcehutfkf`fe upfyf `cscaftfe yfeh
kcec`fe`fe pflf pceyckguafe pceyf`jt. _cgfijèyf tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh
kcec`fe`fe kfsfifa upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb yfjtu _@K lj pus`cskfs jej
kfsja sfehft kjejk sc`fij. ]cehcidiffe upfyf `cscaftfe lfe pckgjeffe
kfsyfrf`ft yfeh scaft kckcriu`fe pcelc`ftfe adijstj` yfeh icgja iufs,
kceyciurua, lfe ljifù`fe tcraflfp kfsyfrf`ft scofrf `dic`tjb lfe tjlf`
jeljvjlufi.
]flf `ceyftffeeyf lfifk upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb lj ]us`cskfs
Ifguafe Gjij` gciuk ljluùeh dica tcefhf `cscaftfeeyf sceljrj. \crijaft lj
ifpfehfe gfawf tcefhf `cscaftfeeyf

`cscaftf eeyf gciuk gcrafsji uetu` kcehfnf`, kckdtjvfsj
lfe kckgcrlfyf`fe kfsyfrf`ft, lfe kfsja ùrfeh kcijgft`fe `crnf sfkf ijetfs
sc`tdrfi, scrtf kcehcidif sjstck pcifyfefe `cscaftfe yfeh gciuk cbc`tjb lfe
cbjsjce. _cgfhfj odetda `ctj`f pcecijtj kcijaft pcif`sfeffe gcgcrfpf ]dsyfelu
lj ifpfehfe, ljlfpftj gfawf tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh gcrtuhfs kcif`sfef`fe
]dsyfelu lftfeheyf sfehft ifkf lfe tjlf` scsufj lcehfe wf`tu yfeh lj tctfp`fe.
_cajehhf kfsyfrf`ft yfeh sulfa lftfeh uetu` jkuejsfsj kcrfsf tcefhf
`cscaftfeeyf tjlf` gfj` lfifk kckgcrj`fe pcifyfefeeyf, `frcef kcrc`f sulfa
tcrifiu ifkf kceuehhu fàjreyf kcrc`f puifeh. ]ceyuiuafe yfeh scafruseyf

<3
ljgcrj`fe rutje lj ]dsyfelu nuhf tjlf` tcrijaft ljif`sfef`fe. Gfa`fe tcefhf
`cscaftfe afeyf kckgcrj`fe jkuejsfsj lfe ocelcrueh jehje ocpft-ocpft puifeh.
@chjftfe ftfu prdhrfk lfrj pcifyfefe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb yfeh
ljgcetu` dica pus`cskfs kcifiuj S@K gciuk ljif`sfef`fe scofrf cbc`tjb lfe
cbjsjce dica tcefhf `cscaftfe pus`cskfs scajehhf gciuk kceofpfj afsji yfeh
kf`sjkfi. _cifje jtu pceyuiuafe yfeh ljgcrj`fe `c kfsyfrf`ft lcehfe tcrnue
ifehsueh `c lcsf pflf eyftfeyf tjlf` kckgcrj`fe afsji yfeh gfhus. Afi jtu
tcrnflj `frcef fetfrf tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh flf lj pus`cskfs lcehfe kfsyfrf`ft
tcrlfpft afkgftfe lfifk pceycicehhfrffe

pc eycicehhfrffe upfyf prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb.
\cefhf-tcefhf `cscaftfe yfeh ljpcrgfetu`fe lj pus`cskfs gjfsfeyf
tcrljrj lfrj drfeh-drfeh yfeh tcrpcifnfr lfe gu`fe gcrfsfi lfrj lfcrfa ftfu lcsf
tckpft ljflf`feeyf pceyuiuafe, scajehhf kfsyfrf`ft kcehfehhfpeyf scgfhfj
drfeh fsjeh. Fpfifhj nj`f tcefhf `cscaftfe kcehhuef`fe gfafsf yfeh tjlf`
ljkcehcrtj dica kfsyfrf`ft, kf`f f`jgfteyf kfsyfrf`ft cehhfe uetu` lftfeh
lfifk `chjftfe S@K

S@K yfeh ljif`sf`fe dica pus`cskfs scrtf kfsyfrf`ft
kfsyfrf`ft nuhf
tjlf` tcrifiu kcefehhfpj `descijeh yfeh ljgcrj`fe dica tcefhf `cscaftfe.
@descijeh yfeh scafruseyf ljgcrj`fe `cpflf pfsjce ftfu kfsyfrf`ft yfeh
lftfeh `c pus`cskfs jej tjlf` gchjtu ljpcraftj`fe lfe pcif`sfeffeeyf nuhf
kfsja ùrfeh gfj`. Lj`ftf`fe lckj`jfe `frcef tcefhf `cscaftfe kfsja
kcehcsfkpjeh`fe lfifk pckgcrjfe pceyuiuafe `cscaftfe pcrscdrfehfe ftfu
@JC `cpflf pfsjce pflf `cflffe pus`cskfs `clftfehfe

`clftf ehfe gfeyf` pfsjce yfeh jehje
kcehhuef`fe pcifyfefe ùrftjb yfjtu pcehdgftfe. _cajehhf tcefhf `cscaftfe
]us`cskfs icgja kcehutfkf`fe kcifyfej upfyf ùrftjbeyf.

<2
Kfsyfrf`ft kfsja ùrfeh pfrtjsjpfsj uetu` kcehjùtj `chjftfe yfeh
ljif`sfef`fe dica pus`cskfs, kfsyfrf`ft kfsja kcehfehhfp pus`cskfs afeyf
scgfahfj tckpft gcrdgft sfnf lfe kfsyfrf`ft icgja f`tjb kcehjùtj `chjtffe
pus`cskfs fpfgjif flf pckgfhjfe hrftjs, scprtj pcehdgftfe

pcehdgftfe hrftjs. Wcelfaeyf
pfrtjsjpfsj lfrj kfsyfrf`ft wjifyfa

wj ifyfa `crnf ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`. Afi jej scsufj
lcehfe pcecijtjfe Kuijyfetd (7=67) kceyftf`fe gfawf sfifa sftu `celfif
pcif`sfeffe upfyf `cscaftfe flfifa rcelfaeyf pfrtjsjpfsj kfsyfrf`ft gfj` lfrj
schj ùrfeheyf pcehctfaufe kfsyfrf`ft.
_jstck pcelfeffe uetu` `chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb gfj` upfyf
`cscaftfe kfsyfrf`ft lfe upfyf `cscaftfe pcrdrfehfe lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe
Gjij` gcrfsfi lfrj Gfetufe Dpcrsjdefi @cscaftfe lfe Nfkjefe @cscaftfe
Efsjdefi. _cgciuk crf N@E

N @E lfef ljfpft lfrj GD@ gfj` uetu` `chjftf
`chjftfee S@K lfe
S@]. Gfetufe Dpcrfsjdefi @cscaftfe (GD@) kcrupf`fe upfyf kfsyfrf`ft
lfifk gcetu` gfetufe lfef lfrj pckcrjetfa kcifiuj @ckcetcrjfe @cscaftfe
lfifk kckgfetu pckcrjetfafe lfcrfa kcif`sfef`fe pcifyfefe `cscaftfe scsufj
lcehfe _tfelfr ]cifyfefe Kjejkfi (_]K) @cscaftfe.
_ctcifa gcrifù Nfkjefe @cscaftfe Efsjdefi (N@E), kf`f tcrnflj
pcrugfafe pflf sjstck pckgjfyffe lj ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij`. Kcifiuj N@E,
pckcrjetfa afeyf f`fe gcrtfehhuehnfwfg

gcrtfehhuehnfwfg uetu` pckceuafe pckgjfyffe Spfyf
@cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft (S@K), sckcetfrf Spfyf @cscaftfe ]crdrfehfe (S@])
gcrsukgcr lfrj lfef `fpjtfsj N@E. Lfe sfifa sftu prdhrfk tfkgfafe lfrj
pus`cskfs lj lfef `fpjtfsj dica G]N_ yfjtu

yfjtu `chjftfe ]rdifejs.

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BF@SI\F_ @C_CAF\FE KF_ZFWF@F\

SEJRCW_J\F_ _SKF\CWF S\FWF

_`rjpsj jej ljfnu`fe scgfhfj

BF@SI\F_ @C_CAF\FE KF_ZFWF@F\

SEJRCW_J\F_ _SKF\CWF S\FWF

AFIFKFE ]CWEZF\FFE @CF_IJFE _@WJ]_J

Lcehfe jej sfyf kceyftf`fe gfawf s`rjpsj sfyf yfeh gcrnului

’]CIF@_FEFFE ]WDHWFK ]WDKD\JB LFE ]WCRCE\JB LJ

]S_@C_KF_ IFGSAFE GJIJ@ @FGS]F\CE IFGSAFEGF\S \FASE

kcif`u`fe pcenjpif`fe ftfu pcehutjpfe lcehfe ofrf-ofrf yfeh tjlf` scsufj

Kclfe, Nuij 7=61

]us`cskfs scgfhfj bfsjijtfs pcifyfefe `cscaftfe yfeh kceycicehhfrf`fe

@ftf @ueoj> ]cif`sfeffe, ]rdkdtjb, ]rcvcetjb, ]us`cskfs

ywdrr ls> J kpic

]unj lfe syu`ur

lcehfe nului ’]cif`sfeffe

`crcelfafe aftj, pceuijs kcehuofp`fe tcrjkf `fsja yfeh scgcsfr-gcsfreyf

Sejvcrsjtfs _ukftcrf Stfrf.

@cgjnf`fe @cscaftfe Bf`uitfs @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft Sejvcrsjtfs _ukftcrf

yfeh tcifa gfeyf` kciufeh`fe wf`tu uetu` kckgcrj`fe gjkgjehfe lfe

frfafe `cpflf pceuijs lfifk pceuijsfe s`rjpsj jej.

kciufeh`fe wf`tu uetu` kckgcrj`fe sfrfe, gjkgjehfe lfe frfafe `cpflf

pceuijs lfifk pceyckpureffe s`rjpsj jej.

kciufeh`fe wf`tu uetu` kckgcrj`fe sfrfe, gjkgjehfe lfe frfafe`cpflf

pceuijs lfifk pceyckpureffe s`rjpsj jej.

tcifa kckpcraftj`fe pceuijs scifkf kcehj`utj pceljlj`fe lj B@K S_S.

tcifa kckgcrj`fe jiku, gjkgjehfe scrtf lu`uehfe kdrfi `cpflf pceuijs

scifkf kcehj`utj pcr`uijfafe lj B@K S_S.

pceycicsfjfe s`rjpsj jej.

]ceuijs kceyflfrj gfawf kfsja flf `c`urfehfe lfifk pceuijsfe s`rjpsj

Kclfe, Nuij 7=61

GFG 6 ]CELFASISFE ......................

GFG 6J\JENFSFE ]S_\F@F ...................

GFG JJJ KC\DLC ]CECIJ\JFE .............................

?.2 \rjfehuifsj ...........................................

GFG JR AF_JI LFE ]CKGFAF_FE...................

GFG R @C_JK]SIFE LFE _FWFE ............... ......................................

LFB\FW ]S_\F@F ......................

\fgci 7.6 Spfyf @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft lj @fwfsfe ]clcsffe ..................... 7=

\fgci <.3 @frf`tcrjstj` Jebdrkfe .........................................

\fgci <.2 ]DF ]us`cskfs Ifguafe Gjij` ...........................................

\fgci <.8 @chjftfe prdkdtjb lfe prcvcetjb yfeh lj if`u`fe lj ]us`cskfs

G]N_ >Gflfe ]ceycicehhfrf Nfkjefe _dsjfi

GD@ >Gjfyf Dpcrfsjdefi @cscaftfe

B@\] >Bfsjijtfs @cscaftfe \jeh`ft ]crtfkf

N@E >Nfkjefe @cscaftfe Efsjdefi

@JF >@cscaftfe Jgu lfe Fef`

]AG_ >]crjif`u Ajlup Gcrsja lfe _caft

]us`cskfs >]usft @cscaftfe Kfsyfrf`ft

]DF >]ife Db Fotjde

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