KPATKHI KYPC AHAJIUTHYECKON PEOMET PH HB Edroe OPIABJIEHHE YACTb IIEPBAA AHAJINTHYECKAS PEOMETPHS! HA IWIOCKOCTH Tava 1. Koopanmarsi xa npawolt ana TulockocrH § 1. Oce a orpeskit oct § 2. Koopmemarsr na mpawott. Yntcmoas ocb § 3. JlekapTorsi npamoyrorpusie KOopmMHarbt Ha TuIocKOCTH. HonarHe 0 JlekApTOREIX KOcoyTOABHEN KoopmNUTATAX § 4, Tonapxre kooparmarst Prana 2, Ipocrefimte 2ataat aHasITiuecKoll reoMerpHH Ha THIOcKOCTH § 5. TIpoexumm orpezia, Paccroanne Moxy RyMA TOUKAML § 6, Burmcnerme miomayst rpeyromrnoca § 7. JJenesme orpeaxa x. Janno orHomentt § 8. TlpeoSpaonanne nexapronsrx ROOpIHHar MIpH TapaulembHoM ceure ocelt § 9. Tipeo6pmonanne nexapronerx TIpaMOYTOMTBHBIX KOOPANHAT MpH TOBOpOTE ocert § 10. Mpeodpasonarme nexapronerx TpsMOyPOIbHEIX KOOpHIHHaT pH HOMeHeHHHL Hauasia H MoRopore oceft Tana 3. Ypannenme monar § 11. House ypansrerns sama. Hpracepst saaniia neti § 12. [Iproepsr sumoga ypasnerttt sapariee AHR SABAH § 13. Saxaya o nepecesernm anyx moni § 4, Hapamerpavecsie ypamiennis mano § 15. AnreSpartieckie sisH01 Tuava 4. Jiwuut nepgoro nopayxa § 16. Vraonof xoofipngienr § 17. Vpannerite npamoil ¢ yrronsim xoodbbrnarenrom, § 18. Berarenerme yrna seayy aeyaes TIpaMbIMEH, YerOBHA TraparienbHOCTH H TleprlenaHIKYAAPHOCTH ABYX TIpAMETX § 19. [Ipamaa xax summit nepsoro nopayxa OGmee yparrexte mpaoit § 20. Hertomoe ypazsterate riepaott crerrerat. ‘Ypaunenute npamoll @ orpesxax» § 21. Conmecrroe necsrezonanne ypazsestt apyX mpm § 22. Hopmansxice ypaznerne npamort 12 15 19 23 29 31 36 43 31 34 35 37 59 59 61 67 8 1 4 Saat BEULCTeNHEA paccTOmMLA OF TOUKIL HO mpaMort § 23. Ypannerie nyuxa npasmx Tuana 5. Peomerpiteexne cvoficria HH? Broporo niopaika § 24. Onmme. Onperenerme sxmmea Ht BbIROM €FO KAHOHHMECKOTO YpAaBHeHIU § 25. Heenenonarme dopa szummea § 26. Oxerenrprerrer sumtHmca § 27. Panwonanbunre BErpaKerta SboxaTbHEEx Pawtyeon omcremea § 28, Hocrpoerme oammea no Toukax. Tlapamerprteckne yparvextia smmmca § 29, Soumme KaK pocket oKpy>RHOCTH Ha Tlockocts. S:DUMTIe KAK ceueHHe KpyrIOrO MHOIEpA § 30, PrmepGona. Onpegenenme rimepSomt 1 [BDIBOA. ee KaHOHHMecKOTO ypaBHtentHt § 31, Hecueqozanme dbopmir ramepGosrst § 32. SxeriertpHerer runepSomst § 33. Pannonarbrnre nBiparKertin dboxambrTsx Paatycon rmtepGostsr § 34, Tuperrpnest ommmea rc rimepGosmst § 35, TlapaSona, Bumon Kanoniueckoro ypannexua napaSomt § 36. Heenenonarne bopsr rapaGomt § 37. Tlomaproe ypanrerme sxmmmca, rrmepGorm 4 napaGortst § 38. J[uamerper si eropore nopaaKa § 39. Onririeckne, cgoitcrza smmmca, rumepGou 1 apaGont § 40, Siumme, rnmepGona 1 napaGora KaK ovitueckite covert Taana 6. TIpeoSpasonarme ypannennit np ipMeHeHH KOOpARIAT § 41. TIprmrepsr nprsenenia o6uero YPABHeHHa HHH BTOporo MopatKa K KaHOHHueCKOMY BHUTY § 42. rmepGoma Kax rpacpuK oSparroit MportopyoratbHocrH. MapaGosta kax rp BagpatHoro Tpex'crera YACTb BTOPAS AHAJINTHYECKAS TEOMETPHA B HPOCTPAHCTBE Tuaza 7. Hexoropste mpocrefinme sagauit aHamTItiecKoll reoMeTpHit B MpocTpaHcrBe § 43. Jlexaprozst mpawoyrompesie 86 89 90 o1 100 107 108 109 113 116 9 120 126 128 129 129 139 143 143KOOpAHHArkI 8 Mpocrpanerne § 44. Tlonarne czoGoqHoro nextopa. Tpoextaat nextopa 1a oct § 45. IIpoexupm zexropa Ha oc KoopaHHar § 46, Hanparimoue Kocunyest § 47. Paccrosmmte Mencly ARYMA TOKAMEL Jlesenue orpe2ka ® 1aHHoM oTHOMIEHHI Tapa 8. Jiretrore onepaua wan, BexropaMnt § 48. Onpenestenme miefinrx onepauttt § 49. Ocrosnbre cnotiersa smmettinsrx onepanaat § 50, PasHocrp Bextopos § 51. Ocronrre Teopest o MpoeK MTX § 52. Pasnoxtenne RekTOpor Ha KOMMOHeHT EI Tana 9, Ckanaprioe mporrmpenentie nextopon § 53. CkanapHoe npornmerente 1 ero OCHOBHBIC CBOHCTEa § 54. Bupaxenie ckanaporo nporsbexermus eped KOOpILHHRTHI MepeMHoaeM six BeKTOpOR Tuapa 10, Bexropsice m cmemannoe nporezeenme nextopon § 55. Bextoprioe mporsnenerme mt ero OCHOBHEe CBOFCTBA § 56, Bupaxerme nextopHoro nporsneentia ‘Mepe3 ROOpILHHIATEI TepeMHO7c.eMBIX ReKTopor § 57. Cmemansioe nporsnenere Tpex BeRTOpOR § 58. Burpaxermte cmemransoro portzmeneHiia wepes KoopAHHATHL TlepeMHozme six BeKTOpoR Prana 11. Ypasnenne nonepxnocra 1. panne una § 59. Vpagnenne nonepxHocrnt § 60. Vpannenna sina. Saas o TlepeceeHHit Tpex nozepxHocrell § 61. Ypannenne inommmprseckort TioRepxHOcTH c 06 pasyromtenMt, 147 151 154 155 1387 187 158 162 164 167 190 194 196 196 198 199 TIPEMC.IOBHE K IECTOMY H13{AHTIO B Hacroatitem H3/aHHH MpOHSBEREHDI CeNyOMIMe HEMeHEHHA: 1, 3HaummenbHo coxpaniteHa rapa 6, TlocnaMenriag oOmeMY YpaRHeHrTo THK BTOpoTO MopAMKa. Jleno B TOM, 40 MpMMeNeHHe K KAHOHICIECKOMY BILLY TaKoTO YpanHeHHiA caMO To ceSe sBiMeTeH BTLOe Mpocrolt sqqauell, KpoMe Toro, 9Ta 2aatla HE HACTONIBKO HACTO RCTPeMMeTA, MTOGKI HMEIO CMBICI 2ANOMMHATS [UA Hee rorozste opmymt, [ostomy 3ecb AOCTATOUHO PAIBACHITS CYIUOCTS MeTOMA, HTO H cHesTaHO. 2. B Koniie ramet 8 oGaweHit 12a HeGONbLLIK MyHKTa 0 pasilo%keiHi BeKTOpa M10 KcOMY GaZzicy. 3. Heckompxo ynpomeno raioxeHHe oTsleMBHBIX MecT aKbt 13. 4, Hexmovent sarepuan, coxepacumiica 2 §§ 77—81 mpegsimymero imganma (uprmenenne x KaHOHIEeCKOMY BILLY OOIero ypaRHeHIHA ToRepXHOCTH ETOporo TIopAAKA). aparvienbHAIME OHOTL 18 KOOp/EHATHED oceii § 62. AnreSparmecktie nonepxsioerit Purana 12, [nockoers kak nonepxiocts mlepgoro ropayka. Vpannenna npamott § 63. TlocKocTs Kak llokepxHocTe Mepkoro nopaaa § 64, Hentomnte ypantieraut rutoexocrelt ‘Ypaprenne motockocrH «B orpexkax» § 65. Hopsarbioe ypapntenste ruocKoerH. Paccromine oF TOUKH J10 TETOCKOCTHE $66. Vpasnenna mpamort § 67. Hanpannmompit Bexrop mpasott. Kanormecxne ypanrernia mpamoti. Tlapamerprecknie yparnentia npastort § 68. Hexoropsre xortomrrestbHIe Tipe omer 1 IpHMepET Purana 13, [osepxnocrn sroporo nopaaa § 69, Suumcony 4 rarepGonoHEsL § 70. Konye eroporo riopaaxa § 71. TapaGonortsn § 72. Lumps Broporo nopamka § 73. Tipawosmmettimte oSpasyrourre oaHonosioetHoro remepGos1or4a. Konerpyxumm B. I. Llyxona Tiproxkermre. Suementrs1 TeopHi, onpeyemrenett § 1. Onpenesmresn: eroporo nopayka 1 CHETEMBL UBYX ypaBHeHHH rlepBoH crereHHt € BY Mat HeresBecTHEIM, § 2. Oanopomias crcrema yx ypansestt TrepBoil crerteH ¢ Tpema HENCBeCTHBIMIL § 3. Onpenemmem rpersero nopaxa § 4, AnreSpanieckie ZomomeHiGl 4 MMOH § 5. Pemtenne 1 necneonanne cHetemst Tpex ‘ypanrienitl meppoll crerterut ¢ Tpessx HeraBecTHBIMEH § 6, TlonaTe onpesesrrens snoGoro niopaxka 202 204 204 24 218 223 229 229 235 237 241 243 2 a 247 252 255 259 263 a7Taxvim oSpatom, & KHHPe OCTAR/eHBI JIMIIS Te ROMPOCH, KOTOPSIe COOTRETCTRYIOT OCHOBHEM pazjlesaMt MIPOrpaMMBI 110 MATeMATHKE [IA BBICHINX TeXHFMeCKHX YUeOHBIX 3aReqeHHii B WACTH aHAmHTHuecKoil eomerprat 1 TeopHit ompegemrenett. ‘Teneps ro nokoay mporzzeqeHHEIX coKpamenuti. OHH Kacarores oGuteli TeopHH KpHEBIX 11 MoBepxHocTelt Broporo Nopayixa, HsT0keHHe STHX ROMpOCoR B MPEBUYILEM HILANHA KTH OPHEHTHPORAIO’ TOADKO Ha pellleHHe onpeyeneHHEr 3ala4 aHAUCTecKoli reomerpHH. Meagty Tem, Ad NpHNO-AeRHMH TpeSyiorer MHOrHe ROMpocsi alreGpsl, KOTOpble TecHO cRTzaHBI Cc aHAIMTHMUecKol reoMerprell. Tosromy aHalHTHueckyo TeOMETPHO CHELYEr IBTACITH TAK, MOGI BAAHBIC BIreSpAeCKHE NOHATHA HOMy'WUNE B Heli AocTATOMHYKO axueHTHposky. B ¥YacTHOCTH, B TeOPHH KPHBEIX H ToRepXHocrell Broporo TopaLKa LOKI TONyYHTS WOcrarounoe ocBelleHHe OCHORHBIe cBoficTBa KBagparHynbIX opm. Cioma MpHMbrkaloT Tame mete npeoSparonania M Marprup. Bee 9TH BONpocI HRTOKEHEL HAMM B OT/eNHOM HeGombIIO! KHEDKKE («Kpagpararore bopamr 1 MarpiimD), KoTopad rBpaetea B cepHH «llsGparnbre ragbt BbIcuTef MaTeMaTHKH JUL HIOREHEPOR H CTYseHTOE BFY3OBD. 28 neKaGpa 1961 r. H. Egpumos Hactommee (qeeatoe) inane we ormeuaetes or mpegstaymrero (1967r:)4YACTb TEPBAS AHAJIHMTHYUECKAA TEOMETPHS HA NJIOCKOCTH rHABA 1 KOOPHHATbI HA MPAMOM HW HA NAOCKOCTH § 1. Ocb nm orpeskn ocu 1. PaccmotpHm mponssonbuyio mpamylo. Ona weet apa B34HMHO MPOTHBONONOXHEIX HanpaBnenns. VH3aGepem no cBoemy *KeAHHIO ONHO H3 HHX H Ha30BEM e€FO NONOKHTCIBHBIM (a mpo- THBONONOKHOE HanpaBlenne — OTPHLATeIBHLIM). Tpsamyto, Ha KOTOPOH «HasHayeHO» NONOKHTeNBHOe HalipaB- Nene, MEI 6ymem HaablBaTe ocoio, Ha veptexkax nonoKUTenbHOe HanpapneHHe OCH yKa3LipaeTcH CTpenKOH (cM., HanpuMep, puc. 1, rae w3s06paxkena Och a). 4_& A B OD ¢ a et Puce, 1. 2. [lycTb maa Kakas-wH6yb OCb H, KpoMe TOTO, yKa3att MacuTabHoUul OTpesoK, T. e. MMNeHHAN eCHHHUa, C MOMOLLbIO KOTOpOH 060% OTpe30K MOKeT ObITh H3MePeH H TEM CaMBIM WIA mo60TO OTpe3ska MOKET OLITS ONpemeneHna ero WAHHA. Bo3spmem Ha Janno OCH OBE NPOHSBONbHEIe TOUKH H TOMeTHM ux 6yKBamn A, B. Orpesox, oepaxusexnoui rouxamu A, B, HA3bIGAETCA HANPABACHHOLM, ECAU CKA3QHO, KAKAA U3 ITUX TONeK cuuTaeTcaA Ha“anom oTpesKa, Kakan Konyom. Hanpasnenuem oTpeska c4uuTaeTcA Hanpaenenue OT HaYaAA K KOHYY. B ganbuehiem Tekctre nanpaBnennblt OTpe3z0K OOo3snayaeTcCA msyma GykBaMH C 4YepTOH Hay HHMH, HMeHHO TeMH xKe OyKBaMH, KaKHMH MOMeYeHL! OFpaHH4HBaloulHe ero TOYKH; NpH 9TOM GykBa, KOTOPOH MomeyeHO Hayao, CTaRHTCA Ha MepBom mectTe. TaKHm10 KOOPAHHATH HA NPHMOH H HA MNOCKOCTH [ra. 1 o6pa3om, AB oGosnayaeT nanpaprershiA OTpesok, orpann¥ennul Toukamu A, B, Hayanom KOTOporO HBNHeTCH TOUKa A; BA 060- 3HayaeT HaNpaBnennnh oTpesoK, orpannuenHbl Toukama A, B, HayanoM KOTOPOrO sBaaeTcA TouKa B. B nanbnefiiiem, paccmMatTpusas vanpaBnenupe oTpesKu ocn, MBI 4acTO GyJeM HaSLIBATh HX MPOCTO OTpeskamu, OMyCcKan COBO «HanpaBneHHblh» . Ycaosumca HKazpieaTs Beauuunod orpeska AB nexoropoi ocu 4ucaO, paskoe e20 Oaune, B3ATOU CO 3HAKOM NAIOC, eCcAU HaNpa- BNeHUe STOZO OTPeSKA COBNadaeT C NOAOMUTEAHEIM HANpasse- HUeM OCL, U CO SHAKOM MuHYC, ecru OKO CoBnadaeT Cc oTpuYa- TeAbHOIM HaNpasAenuem ocu. Benuwuny oTpe3ka AB mn 6ynem o6o3sHauaTb CumMponom AB (6e3 yeptpi). Mul ne ncKmIo¥aem cry- yan, Korga TouKH A wu B copnagawt; torga orpesoK AB nasti- BaeTCa Hyzesblm, TAK KaK BeqnunHa ero AB pana xymto. Hanpas- neune HysieBOrO OTpe3sKa HeONMpeenecHHO H, TaKHM OOpa3om, Ha3bBaTb TAKOH OTPe3OK HaNPaBNEHHLIM MOXKKHO JUL yCAOBHO. Bennuunha orpeska, B OTMHYHE OT e€rO ANHHH, eCTb MUCNO OTHOCUTeAbHOe; OYCBHAHO, ANHHa OTPeska ECTb MO/Lyb ero sernunne*), NosTOMy, B COrnacHH Cc MpHHATHM B anreépe cnocoGom O6o3Ha4¥aTb MONYAb YHCNa, WIA O6O3HAYCHHA ZIHHEL otpeska AB mul Gynem ynotpeGanth cumpon | AB|. Scuo, uto | AB| wn |BA| oGo3nayator onHo vu To xe uHcHO. HanpotHs, camm Benuuunst AB uy BA otanyaloTca 3HaKOM, TaK ¥TO AB=— BA, Ha puc. 1 u3z06paxenm ocb a nv Ha He# TouKH A, B, C, D; E,E, — macuita6uui otpesox. Tourn A, B, C, Dnpennonaratorcs PacnONOKeHHIMH TaK, 4YTO paccTosine mexny A vu B pasno asym, Mexny C 1 D— tpem. Hanpasnenne ot A K B cosnanaer C HONOKHT EI HbIM HanpaBienHem OCH, HanpaBlenne OT CxD NPOTHBONONOKHO NONOKHTeIBHOMy HanpaBieHHlo OCH. B JaHHOM cnyyae MbI HMeeM, CeqOBaTeNbHO, AB=2, CD=—3, HH BA=—2, DC=3. *) Cnozo «mogyab» o3HayaeT To xe, YTO HM «aOcOMOTHAN BeAHUHHAD,§ OCb H OTPE3KH OCH iW Kpome Toro, MOwKHO HanHcaTb |4B|=2, [CD|=3. 3. [pu so6om pacnoromenuu touex A, B, C- Ha ocu BEAULUHEL OT Pe3KOE AB, BC u AC CBAZQHbL cooTKomenuem * AB-+ BC= AC; . ay 9TO COOTHOWeHHe MBI OyeM Ha3bIBaTh OCHOGHbIM TOMOeCTGOM. Tlokaxkem ocHopHoe ToxZecTBO. Wpennonokum cHayana, YTO oTpe3kn AB u BC, Oyayun HeHyHeBLIMH, HMeIOT ONHHAKO- Be Hanpapnenna (pac. 2, Bepx); TOrma OTPe30K AC umeer quimuy, paBHylo cyMMe znHH oTpeskos AB, BC w nanpasnen omunakopo c numu. B stom cayyae pce TpH uncna AB, BC u AC HMeIOT OAWHAKOBLIe 3HaKH H YNCIO AC paspHo cymme uncen AB, BC, tT. @. Townectso (1) cnpapeamueo. Tpennionoxum Teneps, yo orpesku AB u BC, Gynyun ue- Hy/lepbIMH, HMeIOT pa3Hbe Hanpapnenus (puc. 2, nua). Torna otpesox AC HMeCT JJIHHY, PaBHyYIO Ppa3HOCTH JH OTpe3kKOB AB, BC uw wanpasnes Tak xe, Kak Gonee auimHinH Ha Hux. B 3TOM A B e A C OB SS rae Puc. 2. cnyyae uncna AB un BC umeioT paauble 3HaKH; a wncno AC uMeet MOAYNb, PaBHBIA pasHocTH Monynef yncen AB, BC, u 3Kak, COB- Tawaiouyw cO 3HaKOM TOrO H3 3THX HCE, MOMYNb KOTOporO Sonbuie, CnenoBaTenbHO, NO Tpapuny CHOKeHHA OTHOCHTENbHNX yncen HW pH TaKOM pactonoxkenuH Toyek yncNo AC paBHO cymme uncen AB, BC, T. e. ToxnecTso (1) cipaBeqnuso. Tipeanonoxn, HakoHel, TO KakoH-wn6yab 43 OTpesKOB AB, BC —nyneso#. Ecnn AB—nyneso orpesox, To Touka B coBnawaeT c TOYKOH A, cneqOBaTesEHO, AB+BC=AA+AC=0+AC= AC. Econ BC—nynesok otpesox, To Touka B copnagaeT c TOU- KoH C, cnenqoBaTenbHo, AB+ BC=AC4+CC=AC+0=AC.12 KOOPAMHATH HA TIPHMOH HM HA MIOCKOCTH [ca. 1 Virak, Towgectso (1) neHcTBHTembHO cnpapexiuBO MpH BCeX pacnonoxenuax Touex A, B, C. S3ameuanne. Ecru 6u B cooTHomennn (1) campon AB, BC wn AC cuntannch NpocTO AAHHAMH COOTBETCTBYIOUIHX OTPes- kos (6e3 yueTa 3HaKoB!), TO OHO ObINO Gb BeEpHO TONHKO TorAa, Korma touka B nexur Mexay roukamn Au C, YunpepcanpuocTb cooTHomerun (1) HMeeT CBOHM HCTOUHHKOM HMeHHO TO O6cTOH- TenbcTso, uo AB, BC u AC 8 Hem NOHHMaIOTCH Kak BeNH- uune orpeskos AB, BC un AC, T. e. Kak aanebt HX, BanTHE © WaliexkaluMn 3HakamH *), § 2. Koopazunatsi na mpamoii. Uncnosan ocb 4, Mit ykakem 3necb cnoco6, ¢ MoMOU,bIO KOTOpOrO 10 1 0- *eHHE TOYEK Ha MpOHsBONBHO BuIGpaHHOH mpsmof MoxKHO onpenenith 3ananvemM YHCe NT. Tlycrb gata mpowaBonbHnaa npaman a. BuiGepem HexoTopult OTpe30K B KayecTBe NHHeHHOH eAHHHU, HasHayHM Ha NpAMoH a NOAOKUNTeNBHOE HaNpaBnene (GnaromapH YeMy OHA CTAHeT OCbIO) H OTMeTHM Ha S9TOH mpamMo Gykso# O Kakyto-Hn6yab ToUKy. Nocne sToro ycaosumce KaseieaTe KOop@unaTol anwGoil Touxu M na ocu a eeauuuny orpesxa OM. Touxy O 6ydem NasbiedTb Ha4aAOM KoopOunaT; ee coOcTreeHnan Koop@unaTa pasxa Hy Arn, Sanannem KoopaHnaTe touKH M nonowenne 9Tol TOUKH Ha annoh mpamof onpezenserca snonne. Umenno, Moy» KOopaR- Kath, T.e. OM, ect paccrownne toukn M ot (sapanee duk- cuposanuos) Toukn O, a sHak KOOpaAMNaTH, T. €. 3Hak uncna OM, yCcTavaBMBaeT, B KaKOM HaNpaBAeuHH OT TOYKH O pacnonoxena touka M; ecnw Koopaunata nonomHTeNbHa, TO TOUKA M pacno- flowkena B NOAOKATCbHOM HalpaBsieHHH OT TOUKH O, ecJIH OTPH- WaTenbia,— TO B OTPHUATeBHOM, CCI we KOOpaHHaTa pabua nyo, TO Towa M cosnanaet c TouKOH O (Bce 3TO Her0- *) Ecau orpeski ne ne@xaT Ha KaKOM-nH6o ocH, a PaccMaTpHBaloTca KaK NPOH3SBONLHBIe OTPeSKH Ha MWIOCKOCTH, TO HET OCHOBAaHHIt ycOBHO NpPRNHCwBaTb HX WAKHAM TOT HAH HHOK sHaK. B takHx cayyanx AHHbI OTPESKOB MOKHO OOosHauaTh Kak B SNeMeHTApHOl TeomeTpHH, Ge3 cuM- Boa MOMYJIA, YO MBH Gytem Yacto JenaT B Wanbueliwem (cm., Ha- npumep, n° 40, rye anHHa oTpeska OGosHavena yepes CM smecto {CM }).§ 2] KOOPAHHATH HA MPAMOM. “NCAOBAN OCD 13 cpencTBeHHO CileqyeT H3 ONpeneneHnA BeNHUMHL OTpesKa OCH; cm. n°2). Tipencrasum ce6e, uTo npiMaa @ pacnonoxena nepex Hamu FOPHSOHTANBHO H NONOKHTENBHO HanpaBslena B MpaBylo CTOpoHKy. Torga pacnonowkenne TOveK mpaMOH @, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3HaKa UX KOOPAHHAT, MOKET GbITD ONHCAHO crenylouHM O6pasoM; TOUKH, HMEIOUHe NONOMKUTENbHBIe KOOPAWHATH, NeKaT cnpaBa OT Hayana KOOpanHaT O, a TOYKH, HMelOUHe OTpHUaTeNbHBIe KOOpAMHaTH,— cCneBa OT HaYana KOopannatT O. Koopannaty nponaponbHoh TouKH O6LHHO O6O3HauAaIOT OyK- Bo x. B Tex cnyyasix, Korma paccMaTPHBaeTCH HECKONBKO TOUEK, Hx YaCTO OGOsHAaYAIOT ORHOH GyKBOH C pasHLIMH HOMepamn, Hanpy- mep, M,, M,,...,M,; KoopaMuaTH 9THx TOYeK TOrga Take O6osHayaioT OHO GykBOH Cc COOTRETCTBYIONLMMH HOMepaMH Xyy Mg, eee, Xp MKenan Kparko ykazaTb, ¥TO Manvan TOVKa AMeeT JaHHyIO KOOPAHHAaTY, 3aNHCbIBaloT 9TY KOOPAHHATY B KpyrmbIx cKOOKaX piom c OG6oanayennem caMoH TouKH, Hanpnmep: M,(x,), M, (x2), ..., M, (*,). 5. 3nech MEL HOKaKeM ABE NpOCTHe, HO BAKHLIe TeOpeMH. Onw oTnocatca K OCH, Ha KOTOPOH sReneHa KOOpAnHaTHaR cucTema. Teopema 1. Kaxosvi 60 nu 6o1au O6e rouxu ocu M, (x,) 4 M, (x5), ecezOa umeer mecro pasencreo MM, = xy—2%y. (ty Floka3zarenbcteo. Benencrsne ocnossoro tToxsect- Ba (n° 3) OM, -+ MM, = OM, oTKyna MM, = OM,—OM,. Ho OM,=x,, OM,=x,, cneqopatenbxo, MM, = X3—*,, 4YTO WH TpeGoBaloch MoKasaTb. CyuHoctp 3ToH TEOPe€Mbl MOMKHO BLICKa3aTS TAKHMH CORa- MH! 470Obl NOAYUUTe BeNUYUHY OTpesKa OCU, HYdICHO OT Koop- OunaTe e20 KOHYG OTHATH KOopOunaTy Hayaza. (CM. puc. 3H 4; B cnyyae pic, 4 HeEOGxONNMO yuecTh, YTO KOOPAMHATA x, OTpH- waTenbua.)14 KOOPAHHATHI HA nmpHiMOH H HA Ml0CKOCTH (rn. 1 Teopema 2, Ecau M,(x,) u M,(x.)—-«1o6u1e Oee ToUKU ocu u d—paccTonnue mexdy Humu, To d=|x.—x,|. (2) Moxasatenbcrso. Cornacno npeanayuyel teopeme MM, = %2.— X53 HO paccTonuHe Meway TOouKamH My, M, eCTb MOAYNb BENHYHHE oTpeska MM, CNeOBATeENbHO, d=|x,—x,|. Teopema noka3ana. Bameuanne, Tak KaK WHCNa X2—x, HX,— %, HMCIOT oOuy MOnyIb, TO C paB- 0. me ae Mp HBIM TIpaBOM MOKHO MCAT Lz d=|x,— xf u d= Puc. 3 = |x, |. HC. o. Hipuuss sto Bo BHnManne, MBI MOWEM BLIPASHTb CMBICIT HOKA3aHHOH TeOpeMb! Tak: 47OHo eBbiuucAUT’ paccronHue mesKdYy Oey MA TOUKAML OCU, HYDCHO OT KoopOuHKaTe: odnow us My o M, HUX OTHAT’ KOOpOunaTy x” £2 Opyzoti u 63ATb- modyAb Puc, 4. noaywenno pasHKocTu, Tipumep-l. Jann touxn A(5), B(—1), C(—8), D(2); waiitu BeWuHHET OTpeskon AB, CD u DB. Pewenter Ha ochopannn Tteopemp: 1 nMeemt AB=—1 —5=—6, TIpumep 2. Haiirn paccrosune mexzy TouKamH P(3) HQ (—2). Pewenne. Ha ocnopannk Teopemsr 2 d=|—2 — 3|=|—5/=5. 6. Eco na kakoh-nvGyab OcH BBeWeHa KOOpAWHATHAH CH- cTema, TO KakKaH TOUKA STOH OCH HMeeT OAHY BONE OMpene- sienHylo Koopyunaty. OOpaTHo, Kakoe Obl MbI HH B3HH (Bele- CTBeHHOe) YHCNO X, Ha OCH HafiweTCH OHA Bronne- onpene- newHad TouKa Mc gannof KoopmnHaTon x.§ 3] AEKAPTOBH MPSIMOYONbHEIE KOOPAHHATHI HA nnockocTu 15 YcNOBHMCH FOBOpHTb, ¥TO TOUKAa M us06pax%aeT 4UcNO x. Ocb, Ha KOTOpOR BReAeHH KOOPANHATH NO enocoby, onucanHomy Bn°4, Tak YTO €€ TOUKH H306parxkaloT BCe BeUECTReEHHLIe WHC, HasblBaeTCH 4ucrosoi ocero. Ha pyc. 5 w306paxenbl yYHcAOBaH OCb H HECKOABKO WenX 4HCeN. YcnoprBunch H3a0GpaKaTb yNCNa B BHNe TOYeK YNCNOBOH OcH, MLI TeM CaMbIM Tenaem reomeTpnuecku HarifyHbIM Hane ~4 ~3 -2 7 O ft 2 3 ~_— Pue. 5, npemcTapneHue O BCeX YHCNAX B HX COBOKYNHOCTH. Buecre © TeM MB MONyYaeM BOSMOMKHOCTS chopmypoBaTb B reoMeTpH- eCKHX TepMuHaXx apncpMeTHYecKHe COOTHOMCHHA. Hanpumep, Bce pewlenna wepapercTs 38 < x <5 MOKHO HarnAAHO MpencTaBHTb ce6e B BAe TOUeK YNCNOBOH OCH, pacnonoKeHHEX MexRy ABYMH ee TOYKaMH, H3 KOTOPHIX Onna H306paxKaeT UnCNO 3 (T. €. HMeET koopmunaTy, paByylo 3), Apyran—-yncno 5 (7. e. HMeeT KOOp- muuaty, pasnyl0 5). 970 OOcTORTeABCTBO MOXKHO KOPOTKO BEIpa- 3UTb Tak: HepapencTBa 3< x <5 onpexensioT nnTeppan (4n- cnosoh ocn), orpanuenHB Toukamn 3 H 5. Bupakenne apudpmeTHyecknx cooTHOMeHHH reomeTpHyec- KHMH TepMHHaMH OKa3aNOCb BeCbMa yno6nnim H MOCTOAHHO ynoTpeGaneTch BO BCeX paamenax MaTeMaTHKH. § 3. Hekapropni upamoyrospabie KOOpAMHATEI Ha BAOCKOCTR. Hlonatne O WeKkapTOBHX KOCOYTOJbALIX KOOpAHHaTax 7. Ecnu yka3an cnoco6, nosponsiounh yCTavaBIHBaTb nono- *KeHHE TOYCK MNOCKOCTH 3aaHHeM YHCe, TO FOBOPAT, YTO Ha NNOCKOCTH BBeMena CucTema KoopdunxaT., Mul paccmoTpHm cefyac npocteHutyio H HaHOonee ynoTpe6uTenbuyw cucTemy KOOpaAuHaT, KoTOpad HasblpaeTCH MeKApTOBOH NpAMOYrONbHOH. Alexaproea npamoyeoasvan cucrema KoopdunatT onpedeannerca sadaxnuem aunetno edunuybi Onn uamepenun Oaun u Oeyx 63QUMHO nepneHOUKYAAPHeLX Oced, 3aHYMepOGAHHbLX 6 KAKOM- xu6yOb noprOKe (T. @. ykKa3av0, Kakaw u3 HHX CU¥HTaeTCH Tepsod, 4 Kaka —Bropo). Touka nepeceyenus ocel HasnpaeTca Ha4anoM KOOpOuHaT, a CaMH OCH — KOOpOuxaTHbIMU ocAML,16 KOOPAHDATH HA MPAMOM 4H HA mocKocTH Ira. 1 npnuem nepsyio 3 HHX Ha3HIBalOT Take OcBIO aGcYyucc, 4 BTOpyl0— ocb10 opduxar. OG6o3nauuM Hayano KOOpaNHaT 6yKBOH O, och a6ciyncc — 6yK- Bamu Ox u Ocb opnnHaT— 6yKBamu Oy. Ha yeprexax 6yKebr x, y CTaBATCH OKONO COOTBETCTBEHHHIX OCel B NONMKMTENHOM Hanpa- Brennn or TOUKH OB TOM MecTe, rue H3I06paKeHHA oceli o6pri- BaloTCH; TaKHM O6pa3som, CaMO pacnonoxenne 6ykB O u x Ha ueprexe yka3pipaeT, Kya HWanpannena ocb a6climcc, a pacno- nowenne 6ykB O nw y—kyRa Hanpasnena ocb opanHat. Tem CaMbiM OTNAaNaeT HANOOHOCTB YKa3HBaTbh NOAOKUTENBABIE Hanpa- Bnenui oceH crpenkaMH, NOITOMY B yabHeAWeM na Nallnx ueprekax CTPeMKH Ha KOOPAHHATHHIX OCAX He cTaBATCH. Nyctb M—nponasonbuan touKa nnocKocrn. Cnpoextupyem Touxy M wa koopannatnne ocn, T. e. mpoBezem uepes M nepnennnkysaper kK npsimem Ox un Oy; OchoBanHA §=9THX MepnennHKyAApoR o6o3nauHM coornercrBenHo M, 1 M, Poe aM (puc. 6). Koopdunatamu rouxu M 6 sa- Oannoi cucteme na3sbtearoTca uucaa x=OM,, y=OM,, q) Ms, Puce. 6, ede OM, osnauaer Geauuuny or- peska OM, ocu abcyucc, OM, — senuuny orpesxa OM, ocw opdunar. Yucao x xaseiea- ech nepeoii Koopdunarow uau a6cyuccoti touxu M, uucao y HazeigaeTcA eTopot KoopOunaTow usu opOunarow Touxu M. 2Kenan KpatKo yka3arb, uto Touka M umeer aOcunccy x H OpaMHaTy y, Nonb3yoTcs sanucbio: M(x; y). Econ nam MPHMETCA PaCCMaTpuBaTh HECKONBKO TOYEK, TO MEI YacTO GyneM oGosHayaTb ux OnHOK 6yKBOH c pasHHiMn HOMepaMH, HanpyMep, M,, M,, ..., M,3 Torna KoopannaTn 9Tux ToONeK MBI 6y nem NOM€YaTb COOTBETCTBYIOMHMH HOMCpaMM H 3anncHBaTb paccmar- pupaemple TOUKH Tak: M, (x4; y,), My (X03 yo), --. , My (Xn3 Yn)> 8. Econ 3anana cncrema weKaprosbix NpaMoyronBHLX Koop- HuNaT, TO KAKA TOUKa MIOCKOCTH B STOH cHCTeMe HMCeT OHY BnOmHe OMpewenennylo Napy koopmnnar x, y. O6parHo, Kakosn On HH GbINH Ba (BeMecTReHHEX) YHCHa x, Y, Ha nnockocru HafigercH oAHa BONNE ONpenenenHast TouKa, abcuncca Koropoh B AaHHOH CHCTeMe ecTb x, a Opgnnara ecrb y. Urobu nocrponTe§ 3] QEKAPTOBH NPAMOYTONBHBIE KOOPAMHATH HA miocKocTH 17 TONKY NO ee KOOpAHHaTaM X, y, HYKHO Ha OCH AGCUHCC OTIOKUTS OT Havana KOOpAuHaT OTpesoK OM,, BenvunHa KOTOpOrO paB- na X, 4 Ha OCH OpAHnaT—orpesoK OM,, BenuMNa KOTOpOrO pasta y (HaNpagnenua, B KOTOpBIX CNeqyer OTKNalMBaTb 9TH orpesku, onpeyensiorca 3HakaMH 4HCeN xX, y); mocne sToro, mposoni yepes M, mpamyi, napannenpnyio ocu Oy, u yepe3 My—npamyio, napasenbuy:o ocu Ox, MbI Halimem HCKOMY10 trouxy M kak ToUKy nepeceyenua NpoBeAeHNbX NpAMBIX. 9. B n°4 mb o6bACHHNH, Kak BBOAWTCA CHCTeMa KOOp- qunat na npamoli. Beenem renepb Ha Kak 20H H3 KOOpAHHaTHHIX ocei Ox nu Oy cucTemy Koopaunat, COxXpanHe WaHHylO HaM AHHeH- nylO eCXHHHUy mM manne HNanpannenun oceli Ox u Oy, a B kKayecTBe Hayaia KOOpAWHaT Ha KaKNOK OCH BHOpaB TOU- ky O. Paccmorpum npoussonpnyio rouxy Mu ee npoexunio M, na och Ox. Touxa M, umeer na ocn Ox KOopaAnHaTy, paBiylo BennuHHe oTpeska OM,; 9Ta2Ke BEIHUHHA HaaBana HaMH (B N° 7) abcunccoM touku M. Orcioga MowHO 3akmOunTB: abcyucca rouxu M paena Koopduxate rouxu M, na ocu Ox. Ananornuno: opdunara rouxu M pasxa xoopdunare rouxu M, Ha ocu Oy. Irn upen- NOKeHHA NpH Bee HX OVEBHANOCTH ABIAIOTCH Din Hac BECbMa BaxKHEIMH. MMeHHO, OHH MaloT MpaBo UpH paccMOTpenHH TOUeK Ha NAOCKOCTH NpuMensitb Teopempl 1 un 2 (n° 5), Brpaxaionme H3BeCcTHHe cBOHCTBAa KOOpAHHATHOH CHCTEMbE Ha MpaMoi. 10. Uro6n yno6nee hopmynuposaTh nocnenyioume ake, MBI YCNOBHMCH ceH4uac HaCYeT HEKOTOPHIX TCPMHHOB. Ocb Oy paayenser scio niOCKOCTh na WBE NonynAOcKOCTH; TY H3 HHX, KOTOpad pacnonkKeHa 8B MOO*KHTENBHOM HanpaByleHHH ocn Ox, MbI HagoBeM npasoll, Apyrylo — Aesou. Touno Tak xe och Ox pa3nenner NNOCKOCTh Ha Be Nony- MMMOCKOCTH; TY H3 HHX, KOTOPad pacnonoxKena B NONOKUTENBHOM HanpaBrennn ocn Oy, mpl GyneM HasHiBaTb GBepxHed, npyrylo— nugcneil*). 11. Tycrs M — npoussonbnas TouKa NpaBoli NonynnockoctTH; rorma otpesox OM, umeet wa ocu Ox nomokHTeAbHOe HaNpaB- Henne, u, cnemosarenbHo, a6cuncca x=OM, touxn M *) Takne nagpannA onpaBAbiBaloTcA TeM, TO Ha YepTeKax KOOp- AHHaTHEIe OcH OGbMHO pacnoaaraloTcA TAK, YTOObI IPH paccMoTpeHHH HX och Ox Gbia BHA HaNpaByeHHol BNpaBo, a Och Oy—sBpepx,18 KOOPOHHATEE HA TIPHMOH H HA MOcKOCTH {ra. 1 nonowuTenbua. Ecnn xe M naxoguren B resol nonynaocKocrn, TO oTpesoK OM, Heer na ocu Ox OrpHuaTenbHoe Hanpapnenne, w 4HcIO x=OM,, oTpuuarenbuo. Hakone, B TOM cayyae, Korma touxa M nexkut na ocu Oy, ee npoexuun M, na ocp Ox copnanaeT c TOUKOH O nu x=OM,, ectb Hynb. Takum O6pasom, ece rouxu npasot nosynaockocru uMmeror noaonuTeronele abcyuccel (x >0), ace Touku segoil noaynao- CKOCTU UMEIOT OTpuyATeADHbLe aBcyUCCEL (x <0); ABcYuUCCeL TOXeK, nexcauux Ha acu Oy, pastor xyz (x =0). AnanoruyHO paccy%kmas, ycranoBum, 4TO ece TouKU sepxxett MOAYNACCKOCTU UMEOT NOAOKUTeAbHLIEC OPOUHATe (y > 0), BCE TouKU HuKHe NOAYNAOCKOCTU uMEeIOT OTPUYATeAbHIe OpOuHAToL (y <0); opdunare: rovex, semawux na ocu Ox, pastel HYy.20 (y=). Samerum, ¥TO y Havana KoopmmuaT O, Kak TOUKH Mepeceyenus oceH, o6e KoopaHNaTH pasHb Hym0: x = 0, y=0, n 9THM OHO XapakTepnayerca (7. €. o6€ KOOpAMHATH PaBHEl HYTIO TONBKO ans TouKn 0), 12. [Ise koopannaTHbie Ocw BMecTe pa3menmor nnocKocTD Ha yerbipe YaCTH; HX Ha3bIBaloT KoopOunaTHoimu ueTeeprAamMu HyMepytoT [10 onpeyenenHomy mpa- Buty. VmenHo—nepsoi Koopmn- HaTHOH yeTBepTbiO HasbiBaeTCHA Ta, KOTOpad NEKHT OMHOBPeMeHHO B npabol H Bepxne noujynnockocrsx, Bropoh—Nexawan B eBOH H B BepxHeH noslynnockocrax, Tperb- e— Nexatjan B nepoh HB HMK- Heh = noslymockoctax, Hakonell, yeTBeproH YeTBeEpTbIO HasHBaercH Ta, KOTOpan AexKHT B NpaBoh u B HMKHeH Tonynsockocrax. (Hymepa- lus = KOOpAHaTHHIx 4yeTBepTeii noka3ana Ha puc. 7.) flycrs M—nexoropan touxa c Koopnunaramn x, y. Vs apempiayuero cienyet, yo Puc. 7, ecan x >0, y> 0, To M nexnr B neppoh yeTBepTH, ecnn x <0, y>0, To M nexuT Bo Bropot 4eTBepTH, ecm x <0, y<0, ro M aexut B tperbefi yerBepTn, ecm x >0, y<0, ro M nexuT B yeTBepToH yerBeprH,§ 4] NONAPHEIE KOOPAHHATH 19 Paccmorpenne KOopannaTAbxX NoNynnocKocreH wn ueTBepTet nonesHO TeM, NTO NOMOFaeT NerKO OpHeHTHPOBATBCA B pacno- NOKCHHH 3aLaHHbIX TOYeK NO 3HaKaM HX KOOpIMHAT. 13. Mu no3nakomHanch ¢ LekaproBO# npAMoyrosBHOH cHcTe- MoH KoopaMHaT. Sta cucTema HanGonee ynoTpe6uTenbua. Onnako B OTHENbHLX CAyyanx, NpH pacCcMOTpeHHN CNelMaIbHBIX 3afa4, MOryT OKa3aTBcH Gonee yno6- HBIMH HW Apyrne cHcrembl, Pac- cKaKeM B HEMHOTHX C/IOBaX O EKAaPTOBLIX KOOPAUHATAX C JHO- 6biM yrOM MexTY OCHMH. Takaa cHcTema KOOpgHHaT onpemensetca 3ayaHHem Macil- ta6a u mpyx ocet Ox, Oy, ne- peceKaiouynxcn 8B TouKe O nog m06biM yrom (kpome On 180°). Puc. 8. Nycrp M — nponssonbnas rouKa nockocrH. T]popenem yepes Mnpample, napasienbHne OCAM Ox, Oy, ¥ oG03HauHM TONKH HX NepeceyesUsA C STHMH OCHMH COOTBET- crsenHo vepes M, u M, (puc. 8). Koopannaramn rouxn M 6 3ananHoli cHcreme HaabiBaioTca wHCHa x=OM,, y=OM,, rue OM, osnayaer Bennunny orpeska OM, ocu Ox, a OM, — senmunny orpeska OM, ocu Oy. B rom yacrnom clyyae, Korga yrol Mexay ocama Ox, Oy papeH 1'psAMOMY, OMMCaHHaM celyac CHCTeMa KOOPMHHAaT OKa~- 3nipaerch geKaprosoh npamoyrosbHow cucremoh. Ecan *e yrol Mexay ocamH Ox, Oy ne npsmof, ro sta cucrema KOOPAHHaT HasuBaeTCA WeKapToBOH KOCOYrOAbHOH. B na- wei KHUre B WabHefiliem eKapTOBb! KOCOYTOJbHbIE KOOPAHHATbI He ynotpe6isiores. Tosromy meKaprosbhl npAMOYFOABHBE KOOPANHaTH MH GyKeM YacTO Ha3bBaTb NpocTO AekapTOBbIMH KOOpaHHaTaMh. § 4. Nonsprsie KoopannaTEl 14. 3necb MBI OMMUIeM Tak HasbiBaeMyloO NoARpHyIO cucTemMYy KoopOuHaT; OHA BECbMa yROGHA H MpHMeHHeTCH NOBOMIBHO YaCTO. Nlonspnan cuctema KOOpAHNaT onpemennerch 3aMaHHeM He- KoTopo# TouKH O, HasEIBaemoli nosocom, HCxOMUerO M3 9TOH