Energy Efficient A-Z-R LEACH Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract:

Cluster-based hierarchical routing techniques are critical for lowering wireless sensor network
energy consumption (WSNs). As an application-specific protocol architecture for WSNs, a low-
energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) has been proposed. The LEACH protocol, on the
other hand, will increase the network's energy consumption if the distribution of cluster heads
(CHs) in the rotation basis is ignored. In this research, we present a novel modified routing
strategy to improve the energy efficiency of the WSN. The newly suggested improved energy-
efficient LEACH (IEE-LEACH) protocol takes into account the remaining node energy as well
as the network's average energy. The suggested IEE-LEACH takes into account the number of
ideal CHs and prevents nodes closer to the base station (BS) from joining the cluster formation to
achieve sufficient performance in terms of decreasing sensor energy consumption In addition, the
proposed IEE-LEACH uses single-hop, multi-hop, and hybrid communications to improve
network energy efficiency, as well as a new threshold for electing CHs among sensor nodes. The
simulation results show that the suggested protocol significantly reduces the energy consumption
of WSNs when compared to some existing routing techniques.

1.1. Introduction

In this research, we present an improved energy-efficient LEACH (IEE-LEACH) routing

protocol. The suggested protocol adds four parameters: beginning energy of nodes, residual
energy of nodes, total energy of the network, and average energy of the network in the threshold
setting. The node closest to the BS than the CH does not participate in the cluster formation
under the proposed IEE-LEACH protocol. As a result, the protocol is able to balance the energy
load and reduce energy usage. Furthermore, in the data transmission phase, the proposed IEE-
LEACH protocol compares the energy usage of single hop and multi-hop communication modes.
The communication option that uses the least amount of energy will be used. As a result, the
suggested method lowers overall communication costs while also greatly increasing network
lifetime.
1.2. Methodology
1.2.1. Assumptions

The WSN paradigm is used to introduce the sensor network. The n SNs are manually
deployed in a complex environment and put uniformly and randomly in a L*L square region.

The set of SNs is given by S = (s1, s2, sn).

There is a CH for each cluster, as well as cluster members. The data is collected by each cluster
member and forwarded to the CH. After that, all CHs with the role of aggregating and
compressing data will process the data before sending it to the sink node.

Clusters

Sink
Node

CLUSTER HEAD

MEMBER NODES
During the deployment of the nodes, the following network model and SN deployment are taken
into account:

(1) A sink node located a long distance from the WSN is manually powered without regard for
energy consumption.

(2) The SNs and sink node are both stationary.

(3) Each SN in the network is assigned a unique identifier and the same initial energy.

(4) Wireless transmission power can be adjusted by SNs depending on the situation.

(5) The node continuously receives and delivers data from its surroundings.

Energy Consumption Model The radio hardware energy consumption model is shown in Figure
2. The radio electronics and the power amplifier are controlled by the transmitter, while the radio
electronics are also controlled by the receiver. Both of these processes necessitate the usage of
energy. The energy consumption model employs the free space channel with d 2 energy
consumption and the multipath channel with d 4 energy expenditure depending on the distance
between the transmitter and the receiver.

Thus, the energy consumption for transmitting a packet of m bits over a distance of d is given by
the equation:

m ∗ Eelec + m ∗ εf s ∗ d2 d ≤ d0,
ETX =
m ∗ Eelec + m ∗ εmp ∗ d4 d > d0,
 Figure 2.2: Radio energy dissipation mode

1.3. Proposed Schemes

1.3.1. LEACH Protocol

In the realm of WSNs, the LEACH protocol is quite essential. During the CH election phase,
each cluster's CH compresses and transfers the data acquired from the member nodes to the sink
node . The threshold value T (n) and the rand function establish the procedure for selecting the
CH. The SN creates M (0 M 1) as a random number. If M T (n) is met, the node is elected as the
cluster's head node for the current roundThe LEACH protocol employs the clustering and
periodic data gathering concepts to decrease data transfer between nodes and the BS. As a result,
not only can this protocol reduce energy loss, but it can also increase the network lifetime.

1.3.2. Improved Energy-Efficient LEACH Protocol (IEE-LEACH)

We propose IEE-LEACH, a new enhanced energy-efficient LEACH protocol, to reduce energy
loss and boost the energy efficiency of WSNs.
1.3.2. Energy Consumption Model of the IEE-LEACH Protocol

This section introduces the proposed IEE-LEACH protocol's energy consumption model. Unlike
the LEACH protocol, which considers nodes with the same starting energy, the IEE-LEACH
protocol assigns a separate initial energy to each SN. The proposed IEE-LEACH protocol
assumes that there are N nodes in a L l zone, and it considers two models, namely the free space
model and the multipath model. The energy dissipated when the BS is close to the nodes follows
the free space model (d 2 power loss).

As a result, the CH's energy usage every round is:

1.3.3. Cluster Formation Algorithm of the Proposed IEE-LEACH

Once the CHs have been elected, they will inform the other nodes that they have been elected as
the CH for this round. To do this, each CH node will broadcast an advertisement message to all
other nodes using the non-persistent carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) MAC protocol.

Depending on the signal intensity of the message delivered from the BS and each CH node, each
member node selects whether or not to participate in cluster formation. Because the proposed
IEE-LEACH protocol employs the symmetric propagation channel model, cluster head selection
is only based on signal intensity. The closer the distance between member nodes and the sink
node or CH is, the stronger the received signal is. When the distance between the nodes and the
CHs is compared to the distance between the nodes and the base station, the nodes closer to the
base station do not participate in cluster formation and instead send data directly to the BS.
1.4. Algorithm

IEE-LEACH

1. N-number of nodes, r-number of rounds.

2. The first step is to initialize the network parameters for WSN.

3. The second step is the random deployment of the nodes in the network.

4. The third step is the deployment of the BS in the network.

5. Calculate dtoBS

6. for i= 1 to r

7. Ea = Et(1 − r rmax )/n

8. pi = p ∗ n ∗ E i r∗Ei/(Et ∗ Ea)

9. T(si ) = pi/(1 − pi (r mod (1/pi )))

10. t=Random number

11. If (t ≤ T(si ))
12. CH ← ni

13. Calculate dtoCH

14. end if

15. if (dtoCH < dtoBS)

16. Select CH and join the cluster;

17. else

18. Nodes do not participate in the cluster

19. end if

20. Transfer to BS

21. i=i+1

22. Go to step 6

23. End