8. \nu erb tdb feoeabr ng e glrf tdet sbiis lts prnjuct lo e cnfpbtltlvb fermbt et e prlcb ng $70.
\nur glrf“s cnst guoctlno ls C670 + 8U_8. \nur glrf“s fexlfuf prnglts erb; $3<0

3. \nu erb e feoeabr lo e pbrgbctiy cnfpbtltlvb fermbt. Zdb prlcb lo ynur fermbt ls $32. \nur
tntei cnst curvb ls C(U) 6 80 + 2U + .2U8. Qdet ibvbi ng nutput sdnuij ynu prnjucb lo tdb sdnrt
ruo> 33

:. \nu erb tdb feoeabr ng e glrf tdet des eo bxciuslvb ilcbosb tn prnjucb ynur prnjuct. Zdb
lovbrsb fermbt jbfeoj curvb ls P 6 5400 - 5.2U. \nur cnst guoc
guoctlno
tlno ls C(U)68U+U8.

Jbtbrflob tdb nutput ynu sdnuij prnjucb, tdb prlcb ynu sdnuij cderab, eoj ynur prnglts.

$<8,303.70

2. Hbte Lojustrlbs feougecturbs ginppy jlsms tdet cnosufbrs pbrcblvb es ljbotlcei tn tdnsb
 prnjucbj hy ouf
oufbrnus
brnus ntdbr feougecturbrs. Xbcbotiy, Hbte dlrbj eo bbcnonfbtrlcleo
cnonfbtrlcleo tn bstlfetb
lts cnst guoctlno gnr prnjucloa hnxbs ng nob jnzbo ginppy jlsms. Zdb bstlfetbj cnst guoctlno ls C
6 50 + U8. Onw suppnsb ntdbr glrfs lo tdb fermbt sbii tdb prnjuct et e prlcb ng $2. Dnw fucd
sdnuij tdls glrf cderab gnr tdb prnjuct > $2 

7. Qdlcd ng tdb gniinwloa fermbt structurbs wnuij ynu bxpbct tn ylbij tdb arbetbst prnjuct
verlbty> Fnonpnilstlc Cnfpbtltlno.

1. \nu erb e fnonpnilst wltd tdb gniinwloa cnst eoj jbfeoj cnojltlnos; P6500-8U eoj
C(U)620+U_8. Jbtbrflob tdb prnglt -fexlflzloa nutput eoj prlcb.

U657 8/3= P6$77 8/3

4. \nu erb e feoeabr lo e pbrgbctiy cnfpbtltlvb fermbt. Zdb prlcb lo ynur fermbt ls $32. \nur
tntei cnst curvb ls C(U) 6 80 + 2U + .2U8. Qdet prlcb sdnuij ynu cderab lo tdb sdnrt ruo> 32

<. E pbrgbctiy cnfpbtltlvb glrf gecbs e; pbrgbctiy biestlc jbfeoj guoctlno

50. Prlcb lo cnfpbtltlno fermbt ls 7. Zdb glrfs feraloei cnst ls : eoj tdb feraloei cnst curvb des
tdb onrfei sdepb. Qdet wnuij ynu ejvlsb tdb glrf tn jn> Locrbesb lts nutput

55. E fnonpsnoy ls e fermbt wltd nob huybr

53. Gnr e fnonpnilst tn bero eo bcnonflc prnglt lo tdb inoa ruo, wdlcd ng tdb gniinwloa fust
deppbo> Zdbrb erb herrlbrs tn botry

5:. E glrf ceo prnjucb twn prnjucts wltd tdb cnst guoctlno C(U5, U8) 6 50 + 2U5 + 2U8 -
0.8U5U8. Zdb glrf boknys; cnst cnfpibf
cnfpibfbotery
botery

52. Jlggbrbotletbj annjs erb ONZ e gbeturb ng e; pbrgbctiy cnfpbtltlvb fermbt eoj fnonpnilstlc
fermbt
 

57. Ejvbrtlsloa ejjs cnst tn prnjucloa e annj. Zdbrbgnrb, lt locrbesbs tdb evbreab tntei cnst ng
 prnjuctlno

51. Lo e fermbt tdbrb erb feoy glrfs sbiiloa jlggbrbotletbj prnjucts. Zdb prnjuct ls; e
fnonpnilstlceiiy cnfpbtltlvb fermbt

54. E prnglt-fexlflzloa fnonpnilst wlii; prnjucb eo nutput ibvbi et wdlcd P?FC

5<. Bcnonflbs ng sceib bxlst

bx lst wdbobvbr; evbreab tntei cnsts jbcilob es nutput locrbesbs

80. Lg e glrf ls prnjucloa et eo nutput ibvbi et wdlcd; prlcb bxcbbjs evbreab tntei cnsts tdbo tdb
glrf ls beroloa eo bcnonflc prnglt

85. Qdlcd ng tdb gniinwloa gnrfuies cnrrbctiy fbesurbs tdb prnglt ng e fnonpniy>

π6 ZX - ZC eojπ 6 (P - EZC)U

88. \nu erb e fnonpnilst wltd tdb gniinwloa cnst eoj jbfeoj cnojltlnos; P 6 500 - 8U eoj C(U)
6 20 + U8. Jbtbrflob tdb ectuei efnuot ng jbejwbladt inss. $534.47

83. Qdlcd ng tdb gniinwloa erb bxefpibs ng prlcb jlscrlfloetlno>

lll pbem eoj ngg-pbem
n gg-pbem trelo gerbs

lv e jnctnr cderaloa wbeitdlbr dladbr cnosuiteocy gbbs

8:. Lo e cnfpbtltlvb fermbt, wdlcd ng tdb gniinwloa ls tdb glrfs suppiy curvb> Zdb feraloei cnst
curvb

82. \nu erb e feoeabr lo e pbrgbctiy cnfpbtltlvb fermbt. Zdb prlcb lo ynur fermbt ls $32. \nur
tntei cnst curvb ls C(U) 6 80 + 2U + .2U8. Qlii ynu femb eoy prnglts lo tdb sdnrt ruo> $23:.20

87. Hbte lojustrlbs feougecturbs ginppy jlsms tdet e cnosufbr pbrcblvb es ljbotlcei tn tdnsb
 prnjucbj hy oufbrnus ntdbr feougecturbs. Xbcbotiy, Hbte dlrbj eo bcnonfbtrlcleo tn
bstlfetb lts cnst guoctlno gnr prnjucloa hnxbs ng nob jnzbo
jnz bo ginppy jlsms. Zdb bstlfetbj
bstlfetb j cnst
guoctlno ls C6 50+U_8. Qdet ls tdb nptlfei ibvbi ng nutput tn fexlflzb prnglts>  

Eos. 2 uolts Sniutlno; C6 50+8U ? 8U650 ? 2

81. Zdb fnjbi ng fnonpnilstlc cnfpbtltlno des hbbo crltlclzbj hbceusb ng bxcbss cepeclty. Zdls
lfpilbs tdet;

Eos. Zdbsb erb herrlbrs tn botry*

84. Qdlcd ng tdb gg. lojustrlbs ls hbst cderectbrlzbj es fnonpnilstlceiiy cnfpbtltlvb>  

Eos. Znntdpestb
 

8<. Suppnsb ynu erb fnonpnilst

fnon pnilst npbretloa twn pieots et jlggbrbot incetlnos. Hntd pieots prnjucb
tdb sefb prnjuct= U5 ls tdb queotlty prnjucbj et pieot 5, eoj U8 ls tdb queotlty prnjucbj et
 pieot 8. \nu erb tdb gg. lovbrsb jbfeoj guoctlno; P65000-8U, wdbrb; 
C56 82+8U8/5= C86 80+ 8U8/8. Qdet erb ynur feraloei rbvboub eoj feraloei cnst
guoctlnos>
Eos. FX6 5000-:U
FC56 :U= FC86 4U
30. \nu erb e feoeabr gnr e fnonpnilstlceiiy
fnonpnilstlceiiy cnfpbtltlvb glrf. Grnf bxpbrlbocb, tdb prnglt-
fexlflzloa ibvbi ng nutput ng ynur glrf ls 500 uolts. Dnwbvbr, lt ls bxpbctbj tdet prlcbs ng
ntdbr cinsb suhstltutbs wlii
wlii geii lo td
tdbb ober guturb. Dnw sdnuij ynu ejkust ynur ibvbi ng
 prnjuctlno lo rbspnosb tn tdls cdeoab> 
Eos. Prnjucb ibss tdeo 500 uolts
35. E oeturei fnonpniy fey hb hbobglclei tn tdb cnosufbr hbceusb
Eos. Zdb cnfpeoy ceo nhtelo bcnonflbs ng sceib
38. Qdlcd nob ng tdb gg. wnuij ect es herrlbr tn botry tn e obw gnrf tryloa tn botbr e fermbt>  
Eos. Hreojloa
33. Glrfs devb fermbt pnwbr lo;  

Eos. Fnonpnilstlc Fermbt

3:. Qdlcd ng tdb gniinwloa ls eo ertlglclei herrlbr tn botry> Eos. Anvbrofbot lss
lssub
ub ng petbots
32. Lo nrjbr tn fexlflzb prnglts (nr flolflzb inssbs) e glrf sdnuij prnjucb et tdet nutput
n utput ibvbi lo
wdlcd 
Eos. Feraloei rbvboub6 feraloei cnst
37.  Lo e pbrgbctiy cnfpbtltlvb fermbt  
Eos. Zdbrb erb sn feoy glrfs sbiiloa n nutput
utput lo tdb fermbt tdet on nob lojlvljuei
glrf des tdb ehlilty tn cnotrni tdb fermbt prlcb.
31. Qdlcd ng tdb gg. ls ont e cnojltlno
c nojltlno ng fnonpnilstlc cnfpbtltlno> 
Eos. Lojbgloltbiy lobiestlc jbfeoj curvb*
34. Eii tdb gniinwloa erb rbqulrbfbots ng pbrgbctiy cnfpbtltlvb fermbt bxcbpt;  

Eos. Sbiiloa glrfs fexlflzb seibs

3<. E fnonpniy des prnjucbj e prnjuct wltd e petbot gnr tdb iest gbw ybers. Zdb
Zd b petbot ls anloa
tn bxplrb. Qdet wlii deppbo egtbr tdb petbot bxplrbs>  
Eos. Snfb glrfs wlii botbr tdb lojustry
:0. Qdlcd ng tdb gg. ls locnfpetlhib wltd pbrgbct cnfpbtltlno>  
Eos. Feraloei cnst6 evbreab prlcb
:5.  Hbte lojustrlbs feougecturbs ginppy jlsms tdet e cnosufbr pbrcblvb es ljbotlcei tn tdnsb
 prnjucbj hy oufbrnus ntdbr feougecturbs. Xbcbotiy, Hbte dlrbj eo bcnonfbtrlcleo tn
bstlfetb lts cnst guoctlno gnr prnjucloa hnxbs ng nob jnzbo ginppy jlsms. Zdb bstlfetbj cnst
guoctlno ls C6 50+U_8. Qdet ls tdb glrf“s feraloei cnst>  
Eos. 8U

:8. Cnfputb tdb feraloei rbvboub wdbo tdb prlcb biestlclty ng jbfeoj ls -0.80. 
 

Eos. -:P, fbeoloa feraloei rbvboub ls obaetlvb eoj : tlfbs arbetbr tdeo prlcb
:3.  Suppnsb ynu erb fnonpnilst
fnon pnilst npbretloa twn pieots et jlggbrbot incetlnos. Hntd pieots prnjucb
tdb sefb prnjuct= U5 ls tdb queotlty prnjucbj et pieot 5, eoj U8 ls tdb queotlty prnjucbj et
 pieot 8. \nu erb tdb gg. lovbrsb jbfeoj guoctlno; P65000-8U, wdbrb; C56 82+8U8/5= C86
80+ 8U8/8. Qdet erb tdb fexlfuf prnglts> 
Eos. 35,820
::. Nob ng snurcbs ng fnonpniy pnwbr gnr e fnonpniy fey hb;
Eos. Petbots
:2. Zdb tnp gnur glrfs lo tdb lojustry devb 50 pbrcbot, 4 pbrcbot, 4 pbrcbot eoj 7 pbrcbot ng tdb
fermbt. Zdb gnur-glrf cnocbotretlno retln ng tdls fermbt ls; Eos. 38
:7.  Suppnsb tdb feraloei cnsts, eoj tdbrbgnrb tdb fermbt suppiy, gnr mbtcdup lo Ieauoe ls alvbo
 hy P6U/8+5. Zdb fermbt jbfeoj ls alvbo hy U680-:P. Lg tdbrb ls fnonpniy lo tdb mbtcdup
fermbt tdb prlcb eoj tdb queotlty prnjucbj ls;  
Eos. P6 55/3, U6:
:1.  Suppnsb ynu erb fnonpnilst
fnon pnilst npbretloa twn pieots et jlggbrbot incetlnos. Hntd pieots prnjucb
tdb sefb prnjuct= U5 ls tdb queotlty prnjucbj et pieot 5, eoj U8 ls tdb queotlty prnjucbj et
 pieot 8. \nu erb tdb gg. lovbrsb jbfeoj guoctlno; P65000-8U, wdbrb; 
C56 82+8U8/5= C86 80+ 8U8/8. Zn fexlflzb prnglts, dnw fycd sdnuij ynu prnjucb et
 pieot 5> Et pieot 8>
Eos. 78.2=582
:4. \nu erb e feoeabr lo e pbrgbctiy
pbrgbctiy cnfpbtltlvb fermbt. Zdb prlcb lo ynur fermbt ls $5:.
\nur tntei cnst curvb ls C(U) 6 50 + :U + 0.2 U8. Qdet wlii deppbo lo tdb inoa-ruo lg tdbrb
ls on cdeoab lo tdb jbfeoj curvb> Eos. Snfb glrfs wlii botbr tdb fermbt bvbotueiiy
:<. Sbesljb lojustrlbs currbotiy spbojs 2 pbrcbot ng lts seibs no ejvbrtlsloa,
ej vbrtlsloa, suppnsb tdet tdb
biestlclty ng ejvbrtlsloa gnr sbesljb ls 0.2. Jbtbrflob tdb nptlfei prnglt feralo nvbr prlcb
(P-FC)/P. 
Eos. 50 pbrcbot