Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation

TROUBLESHOOTING, POOR OPERATION

NOTE: Before using the following information, make sure you have done the ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTIC (OBD)
System Check and found that:

1. The ECM and "Malfunction Indicator" Lamp are operating correctly.

2. There are no Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC) or there is a DTC but no "Malfunction Indicator" Lamp.

GENERAL

Make sure you have done the "ON- BOARD DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM CHECK" before this Troubleshooting section is
used. Make sure the problem is correctly described. Check the indicated items in this Troubleshooting section under
the described problem. If the starter will crank the engine but the engine will not start, see Troubleshooting Chart
A-3.

Make A Careful Visual Check

This check is very important because some problems can be corrected without doing a fault analysis. Check the
following items:

• ground connections for the ECM are clean and tight.

• vacuum hoses for correct connections, damaged hoses.

• vacuum leaks at the mount for the TBI and the intake manifold.

• condition of the ignition wires for cracks, bad connections, and indications of electric arcs.

• wires and connectors for damage and bad connections.

FAULT: Codes Or Performance That Is Not Regular

NOTE: DO NOT use the Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) charts for problems that are not constant. The fault must
be present to locate the problem. If a fault is not constant, use of DTC charts can cause the replacement of good
parts.

Definition: A problem that does not cause the "Malfunction Indicator" Lamp to illuminate and a code is not kept in
the ECM.

Check:

• wires and connectors for damage and bad connections.

• operation of the lift truck with a "SCAN' tool connected. The "SCAN" tool will normally indicate a trouble code.

• electrical noise cause by a relay, solenoid or switch. This problem will occur when the faulty component is
operated.

• installation of lights, radios or other electrical equipment by the operator that causes the problem.

• sensor wires are too close to the high voltage ignition system wires. Wire for circuit HX from ECM to Ignition
Control Module (1CM) must be a good connection.

• ignition secondary has a short to ground.

• Circuit AZ "Malfunction Indicator' Lamp or circuit HS (diagnostic "test' terminal) has a short circuit to ground.

FAULT: Loss Of Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Memory

To check, disconnect Throttle Position (TP) sensor and run engine at idle speed until "Malfunction Indicator" Lamp
comes "ON.' DTC 21 will be kept in memory when the ignition is turned OFF for at least 10 seconds. If not, the ECM
is bad.

FAULT: Engine Quits While Driving

 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
Check for a failure of the injector driver in ECM. If injector driver fails, replace the ECM.

Additional Check

If problem has not been found, see SYSTEM TEST CHARTS.

FAULT: Engine Is Difficult To Start

Definition: The starter cranks the engine correctly, but the engine is difficult to start, or the engine stops immediately
after it starts.

Check:

Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK" as described in the earlier paragraphs. Make sure the operator is using the
correct starting procedure.

SENSORS

• Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sensor. Using a "SCAN" tool, compare coolant temperature with ambient
temperature when engine is cold. If coolant temperature reading is 5 degrees greater than or less than ambient
air temperature on a cold engine, check resistance in the ECT sensor circuit or sensor itself. Compare ECT
resistance value to the charts in DTC 14/15.

• MAP sensor.

• Throttle Position (TP) sensor for binding or a high TP voltage with the throttle closed (will read between .33 and
1.33 volts).

FUEL SYSTEM

• Fuel pump relay operation - pump must turn "ON" for 2 seconds when ignition is turned ON. Use CHART A-5.

• Fuel pressure, use CHART A-7.

• Dirty fuel.

• Injector driver circuit. Disconnect injector harness connector at the injector. Connect 12 volt test light between
the harness terminals of the injector connector and check the light while cranking. If test light fails to blink at
connector, it is a bad injector circuit harness, connector or terminal.

• Injector resistance. Measure resistance of injector. Nominal resistance of injector is 1.6 ohms or more at 20°C
(68°F). Resistance will increase at higher temperatures.

• A bad check valve for the fuel pump will allow the fuel in the lines to drain back to the tank after engine is
stopped. To check for this condition, perform "Fuel System Troubleshooting," CHART A-7.

IGNITION SYSTEM

• Correct ignition voltage output with spark tester.

• Spark plugs: dirty, cracks, wear, wrong gap, burned electrodes.

• Moisture, dust, cracks, burns.

• Wires or cables are damaged or have a short.

• Connections at Ignition Module are loose.

• Bad ECM and ignition grounds.

• Engine misses or quits under under load or at idle. See SYSTEM TEST CHARTS.

• Circuit GW (Electronic Spark Timing) for short to ground.

• Idle Air Control (IAC) operation.

 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
FAULT: Variation In Engine Power When The Throttle Is Held Steady

Definition: Engine power variation under steady throttle, feels like the vehicle speeds up and slows down with no
change in the accelerator pedal.

Check:

• Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK' as described in the earlier paragraphs.

• ECM grounds for being clean, tight and in their proper location.

• Vacuum lines for restrictions or leaks.

• Alternator output voltage. Repair if less than 9 or more than 16 volts.

• Governor cables.

SENSORS

Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor. The MAP Sensor must change quickly at different throttle positions.
Check the MAP Sensor vacuum line for restrictions. The ECM will respond to any MAP signal and can change the
amount of fuel sent to the engine, causing operating problems. Also use the SYSTEM TEST CHARTS to test the
MAP sensor.

IGNITION SYSTEM

• For correct ignition voltage output using spark tester.

• Spark plugs. Remove spark plugs, check for wet plugs, cracks, wear, wrong gap, burned or dirty electrodes or
insulators. Repair or replace as necessary. Also, check spark plug cables.

FUEL SYSTEM

To check if the condition is caused by a rich or lean system, test the vehicle under the same conditions that the
symptom occurs as described by the customer.

• Fuel pressure while condition exists. Use CHART A7

• In-line fuel filter. Replace if dirty.

• Fuel injector.

FAULT: Decreased Engine Power

Definition: Engine delivers less than expected power. Little or no increase in speed when accelerator pedal is
pushed down part way.

Check:

Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK" as described in the earlier paragraphs.

• Remove air filter and check for dirt or other restrictions. Replace as necessary.

• ECM grounds for being clean, tight and in their correct locations. See ECM wiring diagrams at the end of this
section.

• Alternator output voltage. Repair if less than 9 or more than 16 volts.

• Exhaust system for restriction or damage.

ENGINE

• Engine valve timing and compression.

 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
• Engine for correct or worn camshaft.

IGNITION SYSTEM

• For correct operation of Electronic Spark Timing (EST).

• Secondary voltage.

FUEL SYSTEM

• Restriction in fuel filter.

• Dirty fuel.

• Fuel pressure, use CHART A-7

• Low fuel pressure after a cold start or during acceleration. If fuel pressure drops below 62 kPa (9 psi) there can
be a bad fuel pump or a restriction in the fuel system.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM

• Throttle adjustment.

• Governor motor.

FAULT: "Detonation"

Definition: The engine makes sharp metallic knocking sounds that change when the throttle position is changed.
This condition is normally worse during acceleration. The air and fuel mixture is exploding in the cylinder instead of
burning evenly.

Check:

Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK" as described in the earlier paragraphs.

If scan tool readings are normal (see facing page of "On - Board Diagnostic [OBD] System Check") and there are no
engine mechanical faults, fill fuel tank with a known good grade of gasoline that has a minimum octane rating of 87
to 89 and check vehicle performance.

Check:

IGNITION SYSTEM

• Spark plugs for correct heat range.

• Ignition wires and cables for shorts or damaged insulation.

ENGINE

• For oil in the combustion chamber. Valve oil seals for leaking.

• Combustion chambers for excessive carbon build up. Remove carbon with top engine cleaner using the
instructions on can.

• Combustion chamber pressure by doing a compression test.

• Basic engine parts such as cam, head, pistons are not correct.

COOLING SYSTEM

• Problems from engine running too hot: - Low engine coolant level. - Loose water pump belt. - Restriction in air
flow to radiator, or restriction in water flow through radiator. Correct coolant solution.

FUEL SYSTEM
 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
To check if the condition is caused by a rich or lean system, test the vehicle under the same conditions that the
symptom occurs as described by the customer.

• Fuel pressure while condition exists. Use CHART A-7

FAULT: Engine Momentarily Does Not Increase Power When Throttle Changes

Definition: The engine momentarily does not increase power when the throttle is opened further. The engine can
stop when the throttle is opened rapidly from idle.

• Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK" as described in the earlier paragraphs.

Check:

• Engine thermostat operates correctly and at the correct heat range.

• Alternator output voltage. Repair if less than 9 or more than 16 volts.

SENSORS

• Throttle Position (TP) sensor. Check TP sensor for correct operation. Voltage will increase evenly as throttle is
moved toward Wide Open Throttle (WOT).

• MAP sensor output.

IGNITION SYSTEM

• Dirty spark plugs or damaged secondary cables.

• Ignition system connection, circuit HX.

FUEL SYSTEM

• Fuel pressure, use CHART A-7.

• Dirty fuel.

• Low fuel pressure after a cold start or during acceleration. If fuel pressure drops below 62 kPa (9 psi), there can
be a bad fuel pump or a restriction in the fuel system.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM

• Throttle cables.

• Governor motor.

FAULT: One Or More Cylinders Do Not Operate Correctly. The Engine Does Not Idle Correctly.

Definition: The operation of one cylinder is not regular and the problem increases when the engine load increases.
Problem normally does not occur above 1500 rpm. The engine has a rough idle or has a large variation in idle
speed.

Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK" as described in the earlier paragraphs.

Check:

IGNITION SYSTEM

• Start engine, let engine become steady, then disconnect idle air control (IAC) motor. Remove one spark plug
cable at a time, using pliers with insulation. Be sure to connect the cable that was removed to ground while
testing.

• If there is a decrease in rpm on all cylinders (equal to within 50 rpm), go to FAULT for "Rough Idle or Engine
Stalls During ldle". Connect IAC valve.
 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
• If there is no decrease in rpm on one or more cylinders, check for spark on the cylinder(s) using an oscilloscope
or spark tester. Check one spark plug cable at a time. If no spark, see SYSTEM TEST CHARTS. If there is a
spark, remove spark plug(s) in these cylinders and check for:

• Cracks in the insulator, wrong gap, burned electrodes or wear.

• Spark plug cables by connecting ohmmeter to ends of each cable in question. If meter reads over 30,000 ohms,
replace cable(s).

ADDITIONAL CHECKS

For Electromagnetic Interference (EM I). An engine that misses can be caused by EMI on the reference circuit. EMI
can be found by monitoring engine rpm with a "SCAN" tool. Asudden increase in rpm with little change in actual
engine rpm change, indicates EMI is present. If the problem exists, check routing of secondary wires, check the
ground circuit.

Intake and exhaust manifold passage for restrictions.

ENGINE

• Do a cylinder compression check. If compression is low, repair as necessary.

• Remove rocker cover. Check for bent push rods, worn rocker arms, broken valve springs, worn camshaft lobes
and valve timing. Repair as necessary.

FUEL SYSTEM

• Dirty fuel filter, low fuel pressure. Use CHART A7.

• Dirty fuel.

FAULT: Rough Idle Or Engine Stalls During Idle

Definition: Engine has a rough idle speed or has a large variation in idle speed. The engine stops running during
idle.

Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK" as described in the earlier paragraphs.

Checks:

• For vacuum leaks.

• ECM ground connections for being clean and. See ECM wiring diagrams.

• For broken engine mounts.

• Alternator output voltage. Repair if less than 9 or more than 16 volts.

IGNITION SYSTEM

• For correct ignition voltage output using spark tester (ST-125) or equivalent.

• Spark plugs. Remove spark plugs, check for wet or dirty plugs, cracks, wear, wrong gap, damaged electrodes or
insulators. Repair or replace as necessary. Also, check spark plug wires.

• Spark plug wires by connecting ohmmeter to ends of each cable in question. If meter reads over 30,000 ohms,
replace cable(s).

ENGINE

• Do a cylinder compression check. See the engine Service Manual.

• For correct camshaft or weak valve springs.

OTHER CHECKS
 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation

• MAP sensor output

• Throttle linkage for smooth operation.

• IAC operation.

• PCV valve for correct operation.

FAULT: Fuel Usage Too High

Definition: Fuel use is higher than expected or has increased during later operation.

Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK" as described in the earlier paragraphs.

Check:

• Vacuum hoses for damage, restriction or correct connections.

• Check operator's methods of operation. Are tires at the correct pressure? Are loads more than capacity?

• Check air filter for dirt or other restriction.

• Check for fuel leaks.

IGNITION SYSTEM

Spark plugs. Remove spark plugs, check for wet or dirty plugs, cracks, wear, wrong gap, damaged electrodes or
insulators. Repair or replace as necessary. Also, check spark plug wires.

COOLING SYSTEM

• Engine coolant level.

• Engine thermostat for a fault (always open) or for wrong heat range. See Engine Service Manual.

ENGINE

• Compression. See Engine Service Manual.

OTHER CHECKS

• For exhaust system restriction.

• Air intake system and crankcase for air leaks.

FAULT: "Dieseling"

Definition: Engine continues to run after ignition switch is turned OFF but runs very roughly. If engine runs smoothly,
check ignition switch.

Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK" as described in the earlier paragraphs.

Checks:

• Fuel injector and TBI for fuel leaks. Use CHART A7.

FAULT: "Backfire"

Definition: Fuel explodes in intake manifold, or in exhaust system, making loud noise.

Make a "CAREFUL VISUAL CHECK" as described in the earlier paragraphs.

Check:
 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
IGNITION SYSTEM

• Correct output from ignition coil with spark tester.

• Spark plugs. Remove spark plugs, check for wet or dirty plugs, cracks, wear, wrong gap, damaged electrodes or
insulators. Repair or replace as necessary. Also, check spark plug wires.

• Spark plug wires for damage and correct installation. Inspect Ignition Coil assembly.

• Do fuel system tests. Use CHART A-7.

ENGINE

• Compression - Look for valves that stick or leak.

• Valve timing. See Engine Service Manual.

• Intake and exhaust manifold passages for restrictions.

SYSTEM TEST CHARTS

GENERAL

This part of the section has the following:

• Components tests

• Circuit tests

• Function tests and adjustments

For location of components, complete engine electronic wiring diagrams, and ECM wiring harness connector
terminal end views, see illustrations at the end of this section.

ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE (ECT)

SENSOR TEST

The ECT, using the following procedure, can be tested at different temperatures. A volt/ohmmeter, a thermometer,
engine coolant, and something to heat the coolant will be needed for the test.

• Heat the coolant to one of the temperatures shown on the chart.

• Position the ECT sensor, sensing end, into the heated coolant.

• Wait about 60 seconds to allow the coolant to heat the sensor.

• Test the sensor resistance and compare the reading to those in TABLE 3.

• Sensors with a reading within 10% of the specifications can be used.

Table 5-3. ECT SENSOR -TEMPERATURE vs. RESISTANCE

°C °F Ohms
100 212 177
90 194 214
80 176 332
70 158 467
60 140 667
50 122 973
45 113 1188
40 104 1459
35 95 1802
30 86 2238
25 77 2796
15 59 4450
10 50 5670
 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
5 41 7280
0 32 9420
-5 23 12,300
-10 14 16,180
-15 5 21,450
-20 -4 28,680
-30 -22 52,700
-40 -40 100,700

THROTTLE POSITION (TP) SENSOR CHECK

Using a "SCAN" tool, watch the TP Sensor % and voltage. The reading will increase evenly as the throttle plate is
opened. See Figure 5-20. There must be no reading that is lower than the previous reading as the throttle plate is
moved more open. A reading that went lower or higher then lower as the plate is opened, indicates a damaged
sensor that must be replaced. See Figure 5-21.

Figure 5-19. Good TP Sensor Reading

Figure 5-20. Damaged TP Sensor Reading

Poor Throttle Position Voltage Reading

MINIMUM IDLE SPEED

• Minimum idle speed (Minimum Air Setting) set only when installing a replacement throttle body.

• The idle stop screw is used to hold the minimum idle speed of the engine. On original equipment throttle
bodies, it is adjusted at the factory, then covered with a plug.

NOTE: The minimum idle speed adjustment is important for correct system operation. A minimum idle speed that is
too high can cause the IAC valve pintle to constantly touch the bottom of its seat and cause valve failure. If the
minimum idle speed is too low, the vehicle can be hard to start in cold weather or can cause a stall during idle.

Adjustment (See Figure 5-22.)

1. Put a block on both sides of a drive tires and apply the parking brake.
 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
2. Put the transmission in Neutral. Start and run the engine until it reaches normal operating temperature.

3. Turn ignition key OFF.

4. Connect a "SCAN" tool to the DLC.

5. Turn ignition key to the ON position.

6. Select "Field Service Mode" on the "SCAN" tool. This will cause the IAC valve pintle to extend, closing the air
passage in the throttle body. Wait 45 seconds, disconnect the IAC valve connector, then exit the "Field Service
Mode."

7. Start and run the engine. It can be necessary to hold the throttle open slightly to run the engine.

8. Select "Engine RPM' on the "SCAN" tool, and read engine speed.

IMPORTANT

Engine must be at normal operating temperature

All accessories must be off.

Make sure throttle and governor cables do not hold the throttle open.

Correct idle speed is 775 to 825 rpm (for engines that have more than 10 hours operating time.)

9. Remove plug as shown in Figure 5-22. Adjust minimum idle speed if necessary.

10. Turn ignition switch OFF.

11. Connect IAC valve electrical connector.

12. Reset IAC valve pintle position:

a. Start and run engine over 2000 rpm.

b. Select "Field Service Mode.'

c. Run engine at 2000 rpm for approximately l0 seconds.

d. Exit "Field Service Mode.'

e. Allow engine to return to idle.

f. Turn ignition switch OFF.

g. Wait 10 seconds, start engine, let idle.

h. Check for correct idle. (IAC at 5-40 Counts.)

i. Disconnect "SCAN" tool.

j. Remove blocks from drive tires

 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation

Figure 5-22. Idle Speed Adjustment

1. PLUG
2. IDLE STOP SCREW

CHART C-1
IDLE AIR CONTROL (IAC) SYSTEM CHECK

Circuit Description

The ECM controls engine idle speed with the IAC valve. To increase idle speed, the ECM retracts the IAC valve
pintle away from its seat, allowing more air to bypass the throttle bore. To decrease idle speed, the IAC valve pintle
extends towards its seat, reducing by-pass air flow. A "SCAN' tool will read the ECM commands to the IAC valve in
counts. The higher the counts indicate more air bypass (higher idle). The lower the counts indicate less air is allowed
to bypass (lower idle).

Other Troubleshooting Checks:

• A slow, unstable, or fast idle speed can be caused by a problem other than the IAC system. Out of control range
IAC "SCAN" tool counts will be above 50 if idle is too low, and zero counts if idle is too high. Make the following
checks to repair a problem that is not in the IAC system:

• Vacuum Leak (High Idle) - If idle is too high, stop the engine. Fully extend (low) IAC with tester. Start engine. If
idle speed is above 800 RPM, fix vacuum leak including PCV system. Also check for smooth movement of the
throttle plate or linkage.

• PCV Valve - If a high idle condition exists (800 to 1000 RPM), check for vacuum leaks and correct PCV valve
operation. All throttle bodies are preset at the factory and do not need adjustment. A missing PCV valve or
grommet or a valve that sticks can cause this condition.

• System Too Lean (High Air/Fuel Ratio) - The idle speed can be too high or too low. Engine speed can vary up
and down and disconnecting the IAC valve does not help. Check for low fuel pressure, water in the fuel or a dirty
injector.

• System Too Rich (Low Air/Fuel Ratio) - The idle speed will be too low. "SCAN" tool IAC counts will usually be
above 50. System is rich and can cause black smoke in exhaust. Check for high fuel pressure or an injector that
 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
leaks or sticks.

• Throttle Body - Remove IAC valve and inspect bore for dirt.

• IAC Valve Electrical Connections - Check IAC valve connections for correct contact.

• See TROUBLESHOOTING - POOR OPERATION.

• If problems are fixed by disconnecting the IAC, carefully check connections, IAC valve terminal resistance, or
replace IAC.
•
CHART C-1 - IDLE AIR CONTROL (IAC) SYSTEM CHECK

CHART C-2
MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (MAP) SENSOR OUTPUT TEST

Circuit Description

The Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor measures the changes in the intake manifold pressure that come
from engine load (intake manifold vacuum) and rpm changes. The MAP sensor converts these changes into a
voltage output. The ECM sends a 5 volts reference voltage to the MAP sensor. As the manifold pressure changes,
 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
the output voltage of the sensor also changes. By monitoring the sensor output voltage, the ECM knows the manifold
pressure. A lower pressure (low voltage) output voltage will be about 1 to 2 volts at idle. While higher pressure (high
voltage) output voltage will be about 4 to 4.8 at Wide Open Throttle (WOT). The MAP sensor is also used, under
certain conditions, to measure barometric pressure, allowing the ECM to make adjustments for altitude changes.
The ECM uses the MAP sensor to control fuel delivery and ignition timing.

Test Description: The number(s) below are a reference to number(s) in circles in the troubleshooting chart on the
next page.

1. When comparing "SCAN" readings to a known good vehicle, it is important to compare vehicles that use a MAP
sensor having the same color insert and the same number. See illustrations on the following page.

2. Apply 34 kPa (10" Hg) vacuum to the MAP sensor to cause a voltage readings of 1.5 to 2.1 volts less than the
voltage in step 1. When applying vacuum to the sensor, the change in voltage must be quick. A slow voltage
change indicates a bad sensor.

3. Check vacuum source to sensor for leaking or restriction. Be sure that no other vacuum devices are connected
to the MAP vacuum source.

NOTE: Make sure electrical connector remains securely fastened.

4. Remove sensor from the intake manifold and twist sensor (by hand only) to check for intermittent connection.
Output changes greater than .10 volt indicate a bad sensor or connection. If good, replace sensor.

CHART C-2 - MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (MAP) SENSOR OUTPUT TEST

NOTE:THIS CHART ONLY APPLIES TO MAP SENSORS HAVING GREEN OR BLACK COLOR KEY INSERTS
(SEE BELOW).
 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
CHECK THE PCV SYSTEM

CAUTION

An engine that is operated without any crankcase ventilation can be damaged. Therefore, it is important to
replace the PCV valve at intervals shown in the PERIODIC MAINTENANCE section.

A restriction in the PCV valve or hose can cause:

• Rough idle, slow idle speed, oil leaks or oil in the air cleaner.

A PCV valve or hose that leaks can cause:

• Rough idle, high idle speed or engine stalls.

If the engine has a rough idle, check for a restriction in the PCV valve or hose. Replace parts as described in
REPAIRS

With this system, fumes are sent into the air filter and into the engine intake manifold.

Figure 5-22. PCV Valve

1. CHECK VALVE NEEDLE

CHECK THE GOVERNOR SYSTEM

Governor System Not Operating Correctly

A governor system that does not operate correctly can cause any of the following:

Engine rpm more than limit of governor

Engine power variation (surge)

 Sheet 7: Troubleshooting, Poor Operation
Engine backfire

Low engine power

No acceleration (low engine rpm)

Check The Function Of Governor System

Normal testing for governor will include the following:

1. Start engine, keep transmission in Neutral.

2. Accelerate the engine to maximum throttle.

3. Observe the engine speed.

4. Did the engine accelerate smoothly, and to the normal limit?

If the system appears to function incorrectly, compare RPM readings from a "SCAN" tool with readings from a
secondary tachometer attached to a spark plug wire. They must be very close or the same.

If they are different, check for EMI. Items like spark plug wires too close to the distributor primary wires, or charging
system wires.

If the readings are close or the same, see chart for DTC 31 for more testing. (It is possible that the system will not
set DTC 31. In this case the DTC 31 chart can be used.)