MTH 324 (Complex Analysis)

Lecture # 1 (Complex number system)

Set
A collection of well defined and distinct objects is called a set.
Examples

N  The set of natural numbers

  1, 2,3,...
Z  The set of integers
  0, 1, 2, 3,...

Real Number
A number whose square is always non negative is called a real number.
Examples
1
2,3, , 0.
6
The set of all real numbers is denoted by R.

Classification

Q  The set of all rational numbers.

Q  The set of all irrational numbers.
Note that
R  Q Q.

Rational Number
p
A number of the form q , p , q  Z and q  0 is called a rational number.
 2
For examples, 2,3, , 0, 9 etc.
6
Irrational Number
A real number which is not rational is called an irrational number.
1
For example, 2 , , e ,  etc.
17
Geometry of real numbers

Properties
If x, y  R then
 x  y  R (Closure prop.w.r.t.+)
 x  y  R (Closure prop.w.r.t.-)
 x. y  R (Closure prop.w.r.t.)
x
 R (Closure prop.w.r.t.),
y
provided that y  0.
If x, y, z  R then
 x  y  x  z  y  z.
 x  0 and y  0  x. y  0.
Let a , b, c  R . Then
Commutative Laws

a  b  b  a [Commutative law w.r.t +]

a. b  b. a [Commutative law w.r.t .]
Associative Laws

a   b  c    a  b   c [Associative law w.r.t +]

 a. b  . c  a .  b . c  [Associative law w.r.t .]
Distributive Law

a.  b  c   a . b  a . c
Ordering Property

If a , b  R then either a  b or a  b or a  b .
Intervals
  a, b    x : x  R  a  x  b .  Closed Interval
  a, b    x : x  R  a  x  b .  Open Interval
  a, b   x : x  R  a  x  b .  Half open 

The Real Number System

The set of all real number R with its properties is called real number system.

The Complex Number System

Consider the linear equation in one variable a x  b  0, a  0. Is there any real
number r which satisfies the above equation?. Answer is “Yes” because
b
a xb  0 x   .
a
The quadratic equation a x 2  bx  c  0, a  0. (Does not have a real root
always).

1. x 2  3x  10  0.
2. x 2  1  0.
Complex number
A number of the form z  a  ib ; a , b  R and i  1 is called a complex
number.

 a  Re( z ) and b  Im( z ) ;

 If a  0 then z  ib ;
 C   z : z  a  ib ; a , b R  .
Equality
Complex numbers z1  a1  ib1 and z2  a2  ib2 are equal, z1  z2 , if a1  a2
and b1  b2 .
Arithmetic Operations
Addition: z1  z2   a1  ib1    a2  ib2    a1  a2   i  b1  b2 
Subtraction: z1  z2   a1  ib1    a2  ib2    a1  a2   i  b1  b2 
Multiplication: z1  z2   a1  ib1    a2  ib2    a1a2  b1b2   i  a2b1  a1b2 
z1  a1  ib1   a1a2  b1b2   a2b1  a1b2 
Division:   i  , z2  0.
z2  a2  ib2   a2 2  b2 2   a2 2  b2 2 
Commutative Laws

z1  z2  z2  z1
[Commutative law w.r.t +]
z1 z2  z2 z1 [Commutative law w.r.t .]
Associative Laws

z1   z2  z3    z1  z 2   z3 [Associative law w.r.t +]

z1  z2 z3    z1 z2  z3 [Associative law w.r.t .]

Distributive Law
z1  z2  z3   z1 z2  z1 z3
Remark
Ordering property does not hold in the set of complex numbers.
Conjugate
If z is a complex number then the number obtained by changing the sign of
imaginary part of z is called complex conjugate.

The Complex Number System

The set of all complex numbers C with its properties is called complex
number system.