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TABLE OF CONTENT
OBJECTIVE:
To determine water absorption and bulk density of brick
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Oven
2. weighing scale
3. measuring tape or scale
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Bricks sample(3)
THEORY:
Bulk density is defined as the mass of particle of material to the total volume of
material. Bulk density can be directly measured by mass/volume. The total volume
includes particle volume, inter-particle void volume, and internal pore volume. When
brick absorbs water the volume changes slightly and the voids are filled then the total
volume of brick can be calculated as well as mass can be calculated.
Bricks are dry and porous so, it has the ability to release and absorb moisture from
mortar, concrete and from weather too. If the brick is dry it absorbs all the moisture
from mortar hence, ultimately the strength of mortar reduces. It fails to make the
bond between bricks and mortar due to insufficient water for the reaction of cement in
the mortar and overall reduces the strength of construction. So, water absorption of
bricks is a significant and useful property of bricks. Water absorption is found out by
the water absorption test of bricks.
Three samples of brick were taken and the moisture present on those bricks is
removed by heating them in oven. After drying the weight of bricks was measure
using weighing scale. Then the volume of brick was measured by calculating length,
breadth, height of brick samples. Finally, the bulk density was measured.
Three samples of brick were taken and place on oven at 105(+5 or -5) degree
temperature of 24 hours. The bricks were then weighed using weighing balance.
Then, the sample were dipped under water for 24 hours at 27(+2 or -2) degree celcius
temperature. After 24 hours the sample bricks were cleaned with dry clothes and the
final weight were measured.
= 16.81%
RESULT:
From the conducted test the bulk density of three bricks sample
sample1,sample2,sample3 were found to be 1675.859866, 1704.794962,
1674.234406kg/m^3 and the water absorption of three sample bricks were found to be
19.44%,16.81% and 16.04%.
SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPERIMENT:
From the experiment we can determine bulk density and water absorption capacity of
bricks and we can apply this method in real field works as well as from the two
properties we can also be able to determine other properties of bricks like porosity,
specific gravity etc.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initial and final weights of bricks should be taken carefully.
2. Bricks should be completely dried and within ranged temperature.
3. Calculations must be done accurately.
- weighing machine
- measuring glass
PROCEDURE:
Firstly, 300 gm cement was weighed and 45% of cement weighed water was added on
the cement and mixed to form paste. Now, the paste was poured in mould. After
filling the mould with paste the 10mm diameter plunge was dropped in the mould.
Penetration height is noted using the scale provided in vicat's apparatus. By using hit
and trial method percentage of water was either increased or decreased so that the
penetration was within the range of 30-35mm from top or 7mm from bottom of
mould.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
RESULT:
Standard consistency of cement was found to be 35%.
CONCLUSION:
Hence, the standard consistency of cement was found and this consistency is used in
other experiments also.
SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPERIMENT:
From the experiment we can determine the amount the water to make paste of cement
and also we can determine compressive strength and workability of concrete.
PRECAUTIONS:
OBJECTIVE:
To determine fineness of cement by dry sieving
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Weighing scale
2. Dry sieve
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Cement (100 gm)
THEORY:
Fineness of cement is measure of cement particle size. The fineness of cement
has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of gain
of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. . Finer cement offers a
greater surface area for hydration and hence faster the development of strength
whereas Increase in fineness of cement is also found to increase the drying
shrinkage of concrete.
Sieve:
Sieve is a instrument consisting of wire mesh held in frame which is
widely used for separating coarser particles from finer particles.
PROCEDURE:
100 gm of cement sample was taken and the lumps present in the cement were
removed. A IS sieve with pan of 90micrometer was taken and dry weight of
sieve was measured using weighing scale. Then cement was sieved by rocking
and planetary motion. The residue present after the sieving process was then
weighed.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
Residual weight= 3.46 gm or 3.46%
Fineness of cement= (100 - residual weight)/100 *100%
= 96.5%
RESULT:
From the conducted test the fineness of cement was found to be 96.5% which
is fine.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
From the conducted test we can find the fineness of cement.
SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPERIMENT:
Fineness test is used in checking the proper grinding of cement and measuring
the surface area of the cement particles per unit mass.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Weight of cement sample and residue should be accurately measured.
2. Sieving should be properly done with its cover on head.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICK
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the compressive strength of brick
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Weighing scale
3. Sand
4. Water
THEORY:
Brick is a building material formed mainly from clay, sand and silica used in
the building construction. Compressive strength of bricks is the capacity of
brick to resist or withstand under compression when tested on Compressive
testing machine. The compressive strength of material is determined by the
ability of material to resist failure in the form of cracks and fissure.
Frog is an indentation or depression on the top face of a brick made with the object of
forming a key for the mortars. Mortar is filled in the frog while laying the bricks in masonry
work to help in bonding and acting as a shear key against horizontal loads. This reduces the
weight of the brick also. It is kept on the top face while constructing a wall so that mortar is
filled properly in it.
PROCEDURE:
- A dry brick sample was taken and was soaked in water until saturated surface dry
condition.
- 200 gm of cement and 600 gm of sand was taken by weighing.
- Water is taken by measuring 70% of weight of cement.
OBJECTIVE:
To determine initial setting time of cement
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Vicat's apparatus.
RESULT:
39-28 mm penetration was found and initial setting time of cement was found
to be 16-18minutes.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
Initial and final setting time of cement is very important properties of cement,
which are responsible for the quality of concrete and mortar. Hence we are
able to check the initial setting time and final setting time of cement before
you use it for the construction work.
SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPERIMENT:
From the conducted experiment we can find the initial and final setting time of
cement using vicat's apparatus.
REAL FIELD APPLICATION:
In field we can check the initial and final setting time and thus we can find the
qualtity of cement. Hence, we can find either the cement can be used or not
for construction purpose.
PRECAUTION:
1. Water should be added in proper ratio.
2. Apparatus must be handled with care.
3. Weighing scale
4. Compressive strength test machine
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Cement
2. Sand
3. Water
THEORY:
The compressive strength of cement mortar is one of the most important and
useful property. The compressive strength test is done on cement, when it is
used as cement mortar and concrete. Compressive strength of cement is
determined by compressive strength test on cement mortar cubes compacted
by means of a compressive strength test machine. Compressive strength is one
of the most important properties of concrete and mortar. The strength of the
binder therefore has a significant effect on the performance characteristics of
the mixture and ensures the overall quality of the finished product.
PROCEDURE:
- 200 gm of cement and 600 gm of sand was taken and water was added
according to (p/4+3)% of the total mass of the mixture. A consistent mixture
was prepared and was filled in cubic mould of size 7.05 mm * 7.05 mm * 7.05
mm. The sample was then left for 24 hours for setting and then placed on
water bath at temperature (27+2) degree for 3 days. Then the sample was
crafted by compressive strength machine. Finally, the strength was calculated
by P/A.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
We were not able to conduct the experiment in the lab due to some
circumstances which includes under maintenance of machine, and lack of
equipments. But we get an idea how to conduct the experiment and what
results should be noted.
SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPERIMENT:
From the conducted experiment we were able to find the standard strength of mortar
and how to conduct the test in field for better use of humankind.
REAL FIELD APPLICATION:
In field we can use the test to check the quality of mortar, the time it takes to
build strength so that we can use the mortar for construction purpose based on
the quality.
PRECAUTION:
1. Cement, sand and water should be added in proper ratio.
2. Mortar should be clearly placed on mould so that the lumps must not be
formed
3. Apparatus must be cleaned before and after use.