DC Generator 349 Example 4.24 The induced emfin a DC machine is 220 volts at a speed of 1500 rpm, Calculate the electromagnetic torque developed at an armature current of 20 A. Solution: Here B= 220 V:.N 1500 rpm; I, = 20 A Power developed in the armature of, = Eyl, Fela. _ Fila 220 x 20x 60 _ 93.87. Nm (Ans) “ T= O° = TaN T 6 ~~ 2x 1500 Example 4.25 The electromagnetic torque developed in a DC machines is 80 Nm for an armature current of 20 A. Find the torque for a current of 30 A. What is the induced emf for a speed of 900 rpm? Solution: Ty 1a and Ty H, Lag or (Assuming flux remains constand) = 120 Nm (Ans) ak Now T= Febben Kdyljg = 20T, 00 kdy= 2£X120 = 5 Now E = kng= 8£%900 _ 376.8 volt (Ans) CH=4=0 60 418 Armature Reaction When a DC generator is loaded, a current flows through the armature conductor in the same direction as that of the induced (or generated) emf The armature conductors carrying current, produce their ‘own magnetic field called armature field. The effect of armature field produced by the armature current carrying conductors on the main ‘magnetic field is known as armature reaction. Let us see the effect of armature field on the main magnetic field when the generator is loaded, Consider a bipolar generator. At no-load, no current flows through the armature conductors and the flux distribution in the armature is shown in Fig. 4.44. The vector OF, represents the mmf produced by the main field. Itis observed that the Magnetic Neutral Axis (MNA), which are perpendicular to the main field passing through the armature, and the Geometrical Neutral Axis (GNA) coincide with cach other. The brushes (B, and B,) are always placed at MNA. Here, they are shown as touching350 Electrical Machines the armature conductors directly, but in reality they touch the commutator segments connected to these conductors, Geometrical Neutral Axis: The line passing through the geometrically central point between the ‘wo adjacent opposite magnetic poles is called geometrical neutral axis (GNA), ‘Magnetic Neutral Axis: The line passing through the magnetically neutral position between the ‘wo adjacent opposite magnetic poles is called magnetic neutral axis (MNA). When a conductor (or coil) passes through these axis, no emf is induced in the conductor (or coil) When load is applied (o the generator, current’ flows through the armature conductors which sets up armature field as shown in Fig. 4.45. The vector OF, represents the mmf produced by the armature field. ole, Fig. 4.44 Main field produced by main poles Fig. 4.45 Field produced by armature conductors. ‘This armature flux interacts with the main flux and a resultant flux is set up in the armature as shown in Fig. 4.46. It can be observed that the resultant flux is no longer uniform. Itis concentrated (becomes stronger) at the trailing pole tips and is rare (becomes weaker) at the leading pole tips. ‘The resultant mmf is shown by the vector OF which is the vector sum of OF, and OF ,. Thus, the ‘MNA ate shifted to new position displaced from its original position by an angle @ ‘The new position of magnetic neutral axis ie, the shifting of axis by an angle @ depends upon the magnitude of load applied on the generator. Larger the load, larger will be the shift or larger will be the value of angle @, It means the shifting of MNA is not constant, it varies and depends upon the magnitude of load applied on the machine, Moreover, the shift isin the direction of rotation, (in ‘generating action). ‘As per the new position of MINA, the distribution of armature flux is shown in Fig. 4.47. The vector OF ,» represents the new position of mmf producing resultant armature field. This armature field has two component (i) OF, which is perpendicular to the main mmf OF, and produces the cross magnetising effect. (if) OF, which opposes the main mmf OF,,, and produces the demagnetising effect. The direction of low of current in armature conductors is determined by Flemming’s right hand rule The direction of Induced emf and direction of flow of current is the same.DC Generator 351 ‘Thus the armature magnetic field produces. (@ Cross magnetising effect which creates a magnetic field in between the two adjacent opposite poles where brushes are placed for commutation. (i) Demagnetising effect which weaken the main magnetic field and changes the flux distribution such that at trailing pole tips the flux is strengthened and at leading pole tips the flux is weakened. Fig. 4.46 Resultant field 4.47 New position of MNA ill-effects of armature reaction ‘The above two effects caused by the armature reaction lead to poor commutation (increases sparking at the brushes or at the commutator surface) and increases iron losses. Let us see how it happens; (@ Sparking at brushes: During commutation i.c., when a coil is short circuited by the brushes through commutator segments should have zero emf induced in it. That is why the brushes are usually placed along the interpolar axis where the flux cut by the coil is zero and no emf is induced in it, But due to armature reaction the magnetic neutral axis (MINA) ate shifted and the coil which undergoes commutation induces some emf causing sparking at the brushes. At heavy loads, the induced emf in the comnmutating coil may be so high that it may produce a spark that may spread around the commutator surface forming a ring of fire, By all means, it has to be avoided otherwise it would damage the commutator surface and brushes. (i) Iron losses: The flux density in the leading and trailing pole tips is changing due to change in load on the generator or due to armature reaction, This change in flux density causes more iron losses in the pole shoes, 419 Calculations for Armature Ampere-turns Armature reaction causes demagnetising and cross-magnetising effect. Due to armature reaction, let the MINA be shifted ahead by an angle @ The new position of MNA is represented by line AB. Draw another line CD making the same angle @with GNA but in opposite direction as shown in Fig.352__Electrical Machines 4.48. It may be observed that all the conductors lying between AOC and BOD carry current in such a direction mmf produced by them in opposite to the main mmf. These conductors cause demagnetising effect and these turns are known as demagnetising turns Al other turn lying between angle AOD and COB produce ‘ross magnetising mmfand are called cross-magnetising turns Let = Z A 6" (mech) = angle by which MNA is shifted total number of armature conductors No. of parallel paths P =No. of poles 1, = armature current 1, Fig. 4.48 Angle of shift Current per parallel path or current in each conductor, ,= 42 FIG-448_ Angle of shit due 0 A armature reaction k LZ Total armature ampere-turns = “S& (43) Pa) Demagnetising ampere-turns/pole, AT, = IZ 360 Cross magnetising ampere-turns/pole, AT, Example 4.26 A six-pole generator has 600 wave wound conductors on its armature. It delivers 100 ampere at full-load. If the brush lead is 6° mechanical, calculate the armature demagnetising and cross- ‘magnetising ampere-turns per pole. Solution: Here, P = 4; A = 2 (wave-wound); Z = 600; I, = 100 A; 0= 6° 1, Current in each conductor, 1, = “# = 199 =50.4 AW? Demagnetising ampere-turns/pole, AT, = [,Z.<2- = 50 x 600 x =&. = 500 (Ans) ATG 12765 360 = ina bipolar machine mechanical angle is 360° and the electrical angles also 360°, whereas, in four-pole machine mech sri "bute tian 720i, etialane=2x mech angler ane= meh nl