368 Electrical Machines Q.11. In what way compensating winding is connected to the armature? ‘Ans. The compensating winding is connected in series with the armature in a manner so that the direction of current through the compensating winding conductors in any pole face will be opposite the field produced by the armature current carrying conductors, 0.12, What is the role of interpoles and compensating winding in DC machine? ‘Ans, Both are used to neutralise the armature field produced by the current carrying conductors of the armature when machines are loaded, Q.13, What are disadvantages of armature reaction? ‘Ans, Armature reaction produces demagnetising and cross-magnetising effect on the main magnetic field Because of armature reaction, the MNAate shifted due to which an emf is induced in the coll undergoing commutation which causes heavy sparking at brushes. 4.27 Types of DC Generators DC. generators are generally classified according to the methods of their field excitation. On the basis of this criteria, they can be classified as. 1. Separately excited DC generators 2. Self excited DC generators — these are further classified as: @ Shunt wound DC generators (iSeries wound DC generators (ii) Compound wound DC generators. (@ Long shunt compound wound generators ® Short shunt compound wound generators. Except the above, there are also permanent magnet type DC generators. In these generators, no field ‘winding is placed around the poles. These machines have fairly constant magnetic field, Although these machines are very compact but are used only in small sizes like dynamos in automobiles etc. ‘The main disadvantages of these machine is that the flux produced by the magnets deteriorates with the passage of time which changes the characteristics of the machine. 4.28 Separately-excited DC Generators ADC generator in which currentis supplied to the field winding from an external DC source is called a separately excited DC generator. ‘The flux produced by the poles depends upon the field current with in the unsaturated region of magnetic material of the poles (i.., ¢ 1), but in the saturated region, the flux remains constant, Its conventional diagram is shown in Fig. 4.55. 1, 4.16) Fig. 4.85 Circuit diagram for ‘where /, is armature current and I, is the line current, separately excited DG generator Important relations: Here, /DC Generator 369 Terminal voltage, V = E, If contact brush drop per brush (v,) is known, V=E,-1,R,-20, 4.17) Power developed = E, 1, Power output = VI, = VI, 4.29 Self-excited DC Generators A DC generator whose field winding is excited by the current supplied by the generator itself is called a self-excited DC generator. Ina self-excited DC generator, the field coils may be connected in parallel with the armature, in series with the armature or partly in series and partly in parallel with the armature winding Accordingly, the self-excited generators may be classified as (@ Shunt wound generators (i) Series wound generators (ii) Compound wound generators. (i) Shunt Wound Generators Ina shunt wound generator, the field winding is connected across the armature winding forming a parallel or shunt circuit. Therefore, full terminal voltage is applied across the field winding. A very small current 1, flows through it because this winding has many turns of fine wire having very high resistance R,, (of the order of 100 ohm), Its conventional diagram is shown in Fig. 4.56. | A, Or It if Fig..4.56 Circut diagram for DC shunt generator Important relations: Shunt field current, 1,, = VIR, 4.18) ‘Where R,,, is the shunt field winding resistance. The field current I, is practically constant at all loads, therefore, the DC shunt machine is considered to be constant flux machine. Peary 4.19) Armature current, [, ‘Terminal voltage, V = E,-1,R, Including brush contact drop, V= F,-7,R,- 20, (4.20) Power developed = E, ,; Power output = VI,310 Electrical Machines (ii) Series Wound Generators Ina series wound generator, the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding forming a series circuit. Therefore, full line ‘current [, or armature current J, flows through it. Since the series field ‘winding carries full load current, it has a few turns of thick wire having low resistance (usually of the order of less than one ohm). Its conventional diagram is shown in Fig. 4.57, Fig. 4.87 Circuit diagram for DC series generator | SERIES A FIELD Important relations: Series field current, 1, Series field winding resistance = R,, Terminal voltage, V=E,-1,R,-1,R, I, (R, +R, Including brush contact drop, V= E, 1, (R, +R,)-20, 4.22) Power developed = E,[,; Power output = VI, = VI, Note: The flux developed by the series field winding is directly proportional to the current flowing throught (i... 6 /,.) But itis only true before magnetic saturation, after saturation flux becomes constant even if the current flowing through itis increased. (ii) Compound Wound Generators In a compound wound generator, there are two sets of field windings on each pole. One of them is connected in series (having few turns of thick wire) and the other is connected in parallel (having many turns of fine wire) with armature. A Ry compound wound generator may be; DOVTTOOUT (@_ Long shunt in which the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with the combination of both armature and series field winding. ‘The conventional diagram of lone shunt compound generator is shown in Fig. 4.58. Important relations Fig. 4.58 Circuit diagram for long shunt DC compound generator Shunt field current, L ch Series field current, I+, (4.23) Terminal voltage, V=E,-1,R- 1, Rye =E,-1,(R,+R,) Including brush contact drop, V= E,-1, (R,+R,)-2%, (4.24) Power developed = E, [,; Power output = V1,DCGenerator 311 () Short shuntin which the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with only armature winding. The conventional diagram of short shunt compound generator is shown in Fig. 4.59. Important relations Series field current, VtlRe Fig. 4.59 Circuit diagram for short Shunt field current, shunt DC compound generator (4.25) ‘Terminal voltage, Including brush contact drop, V= E,-7,R,—1,R,.-2¥, (4.26) Power developed = E, /,; Power output = Vi, Cumulatively and Differentially Compound-wound Generators In compound wound DC generators, the field is produced by the shunt as well as series winding Generally the shunt field is stronger than the series field. When the series field assist the shunt field, the generator is called as cummlatively compound wound generator [see Fig. 4.60(a)]. However, when the series field opposes the shunt field, the generator is known as differentially compound wound generator [see Fig. 4.60(6)]. hunt hunt Series Series Oh] Fee 204 0 Per* Ooo a” Poe (2) Cumulative (by diferent Fig. 4.60 Winding position and direction of flow of current in shunt and series winding 4.30 Voltage Regulation of a DC Shunt Generator At no-load, the voltage at the terminals of a shunt generator is maximum and is called no-load ‘generated emf When load is applied on the generator, the terminal voltage decreases due to drop in the armature circuit.