DC Generator 343 ‘Thus, we conclude that torque produced in the armature is directly proportional to flux per pole and armature current, Moreover, the direction of electromagnetic torque developed in the armature depends upon the direction of flux or magnetic field and the direction of flow of current in armature conductors. The direction of torque produced and hence the direction of rotation is reversed if either of the two is reversed, But when both are reversed the direction of torque does not change. Example An eight pole lap wound DC generator has 960 conductors, a flux of 40 m Wb per pole and is driven at 400 rpm. Find OC emf. Solution: gzNP Open circuit emf, B, = where, $= 40 m Wb = 40 x 10 Wh; Z= 960; N= 400 rpm; P= 8 A= P=8 (lap winding) 40 x 10" x 960 x 400 x 8 = OS = 256 V (Ans) Example 4.9 A 4-pole, DC machine is having 500 wave wound conductors and running at 1000 rpm. The flux per pole is 30m Wb. What will be the voltage induced in the armature winding. Solution: Here, P 2 (Wave wound); ‘728; 1800 rpm; $= 35 m Wb = 35 x 10 Wb senerated voltage ENP _ 35x10" x 728 x 1800 x 4 ns Generated voltage, E, = "= <8 1528.8 V (Ans) Example 4.10 A4-pole, DC machine has 144 slots in the armature with two coil-sides per slot, each coil has two turns. The flux per pole is 20 m Wb, the armature is lap wound and if rotates at 720 rpm, what is the induced emf (i) across the armature (ii) across each parallel path? Solution: Here, P=4; A = 4 (Lap wound); $= 20 m Wb = 20 x 10" Wb; 720 rpm No, of slots = 144 with 2 coil sides per slot and each coil has two turns Z=1dhx2%2=576 ct a _ 92NP _ 20x10" x 576 x 720x4 Induced emf across armature, E, = 9° a 3ie 138.24 V (Ans) = 138.24 V (Ans) Voltage across each parallel path = E,344° Electrical Machines Example 4.11 A six-pole machine has an armature with 90 slots and 8 conductors per slot, the flux per pole is 0.05 Wo and rms at 1000 rpm. Determine induced emf if winding is (i) lap connected ii) wave connected. Solution: Here, P : $= 0.05 Wh; N= 1000 rpm No. of slots = 90 each slot with 8 conductors Z=90x8=720 (@ When lap connected: A =P =6 GENP._ 0.05 x 720 x 1000 x6 60A 60 x6 i) When wave connected: A=2 G2NP _ 0,05 x 72010006 _ 0A 0x2 Induced emf, F, = 600 V (Ans) Induced emf, E, = 1800 V (Ans) Example 4.12 ADC generator carries 600 conductors on its armature with lap connections. The generator has 8 poles with 0.06 Wb useful flux. What will be the induced emf at its terminals if it is rotated at 1000 1pm? Also determine the speed at which it should be driven to induce the same voltage with wave connections? Solution: Here, P = 8; Z= 600; ¢= 0.06 Wb; N= 1000 rpm. A= P=8 (when lap wound) GENP. _ 0.06 x 600 x 1000 x 8 . 60A 60 x8 when wave wound, let the speed be N’ rpm but E,= 600 V Induced emf, = 600 V (Ans) E, x 60A _ 600 x 60x2 0.06 x 600 x 8 = 250 FPm (Ans) Example 4.13 A.wave wound armature of an eight-pole generator has 51 slots. Each slot contains 16 conductors, The voltage required to be generated is 300 V. What would be the speed of coupled prime mover if ‘flux per pole is 0.05 Wb. If the armature is rewound as lap wound machine and run by same prime mover, what will be the generated voltage Solution: Here, P 05 Wb; No. of slots 1; conductors per slot = 16 Z= 51x 16 = 816DC Generator 345 ‘When the machine is wave wound, A = 2 and E, = 300 V _ O2NP = 0.05 x 816 x N x8 = Goa OF S00= 0x2 300 x 60 x2 0.05 x 816 x8 ‘When the machine is rewound as lap winding, A = P = 8 and N= 110.3 rpm, Now, Speed, N = 110.3 rpm (Ans) 0.05 x 816 x 110.3 x8 Hex = 75 V (Ans) Example A six-pole lap wound armature rotating at 350 rpm is required to generate 260 V. The effective flux perpole is about 0.05 Wb. Ifthe armature has 120 slots, determine the suitable number of conductors per slot and hence determine the actual value of flux required to generate the same voltage. Solution: Here, P= 550 rpm; E, oZNP Now, om = 260 x 60 x6 _ al 2= 905% 350%6 No, of conductors/slot = 52 = For 8 conductors/slot, Z= 120 x 8 = 960 E, x 60A _ 260 x 60 x6 INP ~ 960x350 x6 Actual value of flux required, 0.0464 Wb (Ans) Example 4.15 The emf generated by a 4 pole DC generation is 400 V, when the armature is driven at 1200 rpm. Calculate the flux per pole if the wave wound generator has 39 slots having 16 conductors per slo. Solution: _ oZNP = “604 00 V; N= 1200 rpm; Z = 39 x 16 = 624; A = 2 (wave winding) Induced emf, where, P= 4; E, E,X60A __400 x 60x 2 Fluxper pole, 9= Tap = B34 1200 x4 = 0.016 Wo = 16 mWb (Ans) Example 4.16 The armature of a four-pole 250 V, lap wound generator has 500 conductors and rms of 400 rpm Determine the useful flux per pole, If the number of turns in each field coil is 1000, what is the average induced emf in each field coil on breaking its connection if the magnetic flux set-up by it dies away completely in 0.1 second?346 Electrical Machines Solution: Here, P = 4; E, = 250 V; Z = 500; A = P = 4; N= 400 rpm = FeX60A _ 260x60x4 _ 1 = ap = RS = 0.075 Wo (Ans. No. of turns of exciting winding, N,= 1000 6 0.075 = n= 1000 x 2995- = 750 V (Ans) Example 4.17 A four-pole generator has an induced emf of 250 V when driven at 500 rpm. The armature is lap wound and has 600 conductors. The radius of the pole shoe is 20 cm and it subtends an angle of 60°. Calculate the flux density in the air-gap if the length of pole shoe is 18 cm. Solutior Here, P 4;Z= 600 250 V; N= $00 rpm; A E,X60A _ 250 x 60x 4 Flux per pole, ¢= “ACA _ 250x602. - 95 wp © = dar x 8. 0. m Pole shoe arc = 2m * 360 2n x02 x 355 0.21 Pole shoe area = Pole shoe are x / = 0.21 x 0.18 = 0.0378 m? x density in air gap = = ~0.05_ _ (Ans Flux density in ai 28? = ea 0. 3378 = 1-323 tesla (Ans) Example 4.18 A four-pole wave wound DC generator has SI slots on its armature and each slot has 24 conductors. The flux per pole is 0-01 weber. At what speed must the armature rotate to give an induced emf of 220 V. What will be the emf developed if the winding is lap connected and the armature rotates at the same speed. Solution: OZNP Induced emf, E, = where, $= 0.01 Wb; Z= 51 x 24 = 1224; B= 220 V; P= (wave winding), = O01 x 1224 x N x4 220= 60x2 220 x 60 x2 or = 539-21 rpm (Ans) =D olx1224x4 For lap winding, A Q- 01x 1224 x 539.21 4 Bh = 110 V (Ans)DC Generator 347 Example 4.19 A four-pole, wave wound DC armature has a bore diameter of 84 cm. It has 600 conductors and the ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.8. If the armature is running at 360 rpm and the flux density in the air gap is 1.2 tesla, determine the induced emf in the armature ifthe effective length of armature is 20 em. Solution: Here P = 4; A = 2 (wave wound); Z = 600; N= 360 rpm, Armature bore diameter, D = 84 cm =0.84 m HX bore diameter _ x 0.84 Pot pitch = pSt = 0.6m = = Pole pitch x Pole are =0528m Pole shoe are = Pole pitch x pine stay = 0.66% 0.8 = 0.528 Pole shoe area, a = Pole shoe arc x Pole length = 0.528 x 0.2 = 0.1056 m? Flux per pole, § = Bx a = 1.2 x 0.1056 = 0.12672 Wb GZNP _ 0.12672 x 600 x 360 x4 Induced emf, E, = “00 912.4 V (Ans) Example 4.20 A four pole DC generator has rated armature current of 200 A. If the armature is lap-wound, determine the current flowing through each parallel path of the armature. What will be its value if the armature is wave wound? Solution: Here, P A 4 (lap winding); J, = 200 A. For lap-wound maczhine, current in each parallel path, a Ja _ 200 = 1 = 200 50 (Ans) For wave-wound machine, current in each parallel path = Ja _ 200 a2 100 A (Ans) Example 4.21 A four-pole lap-connected DC machine has an armature resistance of 0.15 ohm. The total armature conductors are 48. Find the armature resistance of the machine when rewound for wave connections. Solution: Here, P 0.15 ohm;348° Electrical Machines For lap-winding, A = P= 4 s. Resistance of each parallel path, R, =R, x A= 0.15 x 4=0.6.Q ve =Z2Z.8_ No. of conductors in each parallel path = 2 = 48 = 19 0.05 @ Resistance of each conductor = 28 For wave-winding, A= 2 No. of conductors in each parallel path = 3 =u Resistance of each parallel path = 24 x 0.05 = 1.2. 12 Armature resistance, R, = 42 = 0.6 0 (Ans) Example 4.22 ADC machine running at 750 rpm has an induced emf of 200 V. Calculate the speed at which the induced emf will be 250 V (i) the percentage increase in main field flux for an induced emf of 250 Vata speed of 700 rpm. Solutior Here, E, = 200 V; N @ E,=250V, ti) 50 VN We know Ex Ng 0 M1. _ 250, 750 _ 1 34 @ NE G7 BM ~ 200% 700 ~ ‘eage increase in flux = 1.34% (Ans.) Example 4.23 ASO HP, 400 V, 4 pole, 1000 rpm, DC motor has flux per pole equal to 0.027 Wb. The armature having 1600 conductors is wave connected. Calculate the gross torque when the motor takes 70 ampere. Solution: PozZd, Torque developed, T= > Where, P = 4; $= 0.027 Wb; Z= 1600; I, = 70A; A = 2 (wave connected) p= 420.027 «160070 —s = 963 Nm (Ans)DC Generator 349 Example 4.24 The induced emfin a DC machine is 220 volts at a speed of 1500 rpm, Calculate the electromagnetic torque developed at an armature current of 20 A. Solution: Here B= 220 V:.N 1500 rpm; I, = 20 A Power developed in the armature of, = Eyl, Fela. _ Fila 220 x 20x 60 _ 93.87. Nm (Ans) “ T= O° = TaN T 6 ~~ 2x 1500 Example 4.25 The electromagnetic torque developed in a DC machines is 80 Nm for an armature current of 20 A. Find the torque for a current of 30 A. What is the induced emf for a speed of 900 rpm? Solution: Ty 1a and Ty H, Lag or (Assuming flux remains constand) = 120 Nm (Ans) ak Now T= Febben Kdyljg = 20T, 00 kdy= 2£X120 = 5 Now E = kng= 8£%900 _ 376.8 volt (Ans) CH=4=0 60 418 Armature Reaction When a DC generator is loaded, a current flows through the armature conductor in the same direction as that of the induced (or generated) emf The armature conductors carrying current, produce their ‘own magnetic field called armature field. The effect of armature field produced by the armature current carrying conductors on the main ‘magnetic field is known as armature reaction. Let us see the effect of armature field on the main magnetic field when the generator is loaded, Consider a bipolar generator. At no-load, no current flows through the armature conductors and the flux distribution in the armature is shown in Fig. 4.44. The vector OF, represents the mmf produced by the main field. Itis observed that the Magnetic Neutral Axis (MNA), which are perpendicular to the main field passing through the armature, and the Geometrical Neutral Axis (GNA) coincide with cach other. The brushes (B, and B,) are always placed at MNA. Here, they are shown as touching