Egyptian Pyramids - Wikipedia

Egyptian pyramids - Wikipedia 2021-11-23, 11:18 PM
Coordinates: 29°58′N 31°08′E
Egyptian pyramids
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient masonry
structures located in Egypt. Sources cite at least 118
identified Egyptian pyramids.[1][2] Most were built as
tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts
during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.[3][4][5]
The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at

Saqqara, northwest of Memphis, although at least
one step-pyramid-like structure has been found at
Saqqara, dating to the First Dynasty: Mastaba 3808,
which has been attributed to the reign of Pharaoh
Anedjib, with inscriptions, and other archaeological A view of the pyramids at Giza from the plateau
remains of the period, suggesting there may have to the south of the complex. From left to right, the
been others.[6] The otherwise earliest among these is three largest are: the Pyramid of Menkaure, the
Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Pyramid of
the Pyramid of Djoser built c. 2630–2610 BCE
Khufu. The three smaller pyramids in the
during the Third Dynasty.[7] This pyramid and its foreground are subsidiary structures associated
surrounding complex are generally considered to be with Menkaure's pyramid.
the world's oldest monumental structures
constructed of dressed masonry. [8]
The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of
the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built.[9] The Pyramid of Khufu is
the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in
existence; this is despite being the oldest wonder by about 2,000 years.[10]
Contents
Name
Historical development
Pyramid symbolism
Number and location of pyramids
Abu Rawash
Giza
Zawyet el-Aryan
Abusir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids Page 1 of 15
Saqqara
Dahshur
Mazghuna
Lisht
Meidum
Hawara
El Lahun
El-Kurru
Nuri
Construction dates and heights
Construction techniques
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
Name
The name for a pyramid in Egyptian is myr. It is written with sign O24 of the
Gardner Sign List. Myr is preceded by three other signs used as phonetics.
The meaning of myr is unclear, as it only self-references the built object itself.
By contrast architecture of similar function like 'temple', per-ka, is a
compound of 'house' and 'soul'. It has been speculated myr belongs to a class Unicode: !"#$
of words like djed and ankh, which refer to objects already in existence when
the Egyptian language split off from afroasiatic. A typical translation of myr Pyramid
is given as 'High Place'. By graphical analysis, myr uses the same sign, O24, Egyptian hieroglyphs
as benben. The benben is the mound of existence that rose of out of the abyss,
nun, in the Egyptian creation myth. The relationship between myr and benben is further linked by
the capstone architectural element of pyramids and obelisks, which was named benbenet, the
feminine form of benben.
Sign O24 related terms

Hieroglyph Sign Egyptian English
O24 myr Pyramid
O24 benben Primeval Mound
O24 benbent Pyramidon
Historical development
The design of Egyptian pyramids, especially the stepped
designs of the oldest pyramids (Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara,
2600 BCE), may have been an evolution from the ziggurats
built in Mesopotamia, dated to as early as 4000–3500
BCE.[11][12]
Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern Sahara,

tumuli with megalithic monuments developed as early as 4700
BCE in the Saharan region of Niger.[13] It is also possible that
these megalithic monuments in the Saharan region of Niger The Mastabat al-Fir’aun at Saqqara
and the Eastern Sahara may have served as antecedents for the
mastabas and pyramids of ancient Egypt.[13] During
Predynastic Egypt, tumuli were present at various locations (e.g., Naqada, Helwan).[13]
From the time of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150–2686 BCE), Egyptians with sufficient means
were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas.[14][15] At Saqqara, Mastaba 3808, dating
from the latter part of the 1st Dynasty, was discovered to contain a large, independently built step-
pyramid-like structure enclosed within the outer palace facade mastaba. Archaeological remains
and inscriptions suggest there may have been other similar structures dating to this period.[16]
The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed by Egyptologists to the 3rd
Dynasty pharaoh Djoser. Although Egyptologists often credit his vizier Imhotep as its architect, the
dynastic Egyptians themselves, contemporaneously or in numerous later dynastic writings about
the character, did not credit him with either designing Djoser's pyramid or the invention of stone
architecture.[17] The Pyramid of Djoser was first built as a square mastaba-like structure, which as
a rule were known to otherwise be rectangular, and was expanded several times by way of a series
of accretion layers, to produce the stepped pyramid structure we see today.[18] Egyptologists
believe this design served as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could
ascend to the heavens.[19]
Though other pyramids were attempted in the 3rd Dynasty after Djoser, it was the 4th Dynasty,
transitioning from the step pyramid to true pyramid shape, which gave rise to the great pyramids
of Meidum, Dahshur, and Giza. The last pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty, Shepseskaf, did not build a
pyramid and beginning in the 5th Dynasty; for various reasons, the massive scale and precision of
construction decreased significantly leaving these later pyramids smaller, less well-built, and often
hastily constructed. By the end of the 6th Dynasty, pyramid building had largely ended and it was
not until the Middle Kingdom that large pyramids were built again, though instead of stone,
mudbrick was the main construction material.[20]
Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred
in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the Kingdom of Kush,
which was then based at Napata. Napatan rule, known as the 25th Dynasty, lasted from 750 BCE to
664 BCE. The Meroitic period of Kushite history, when the kingdom was centered on Meroë,
(approximately in the period between 300 BCE and 300 CE), experienced a full-blown pyramid-
building revival, which saw about 180 Egyptian-inspired indigenous royal pyramid-tombs
constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital cities.[21]
Al-Aziz Uthman (1171–1198), the second Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, tried to destroy the Giza
pyramid complex. He gave up after only damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure because the task
proved too large.[22]
Pyramid symbolism
The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the
Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is also thought to be
representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished,
highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a
distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For
example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid,
and that of Senusret II at El Lahun was Senusret Shines.
While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued
disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One
suggestion is that they were designed as a type of "resurrection machine."[23]
The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was
the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial
chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this
part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically
launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods.[23]
All Egyptian pyramids were built on the

west bank of the Nile, which, as the site of
the setting sun, was associated with the
realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology.[24]
Number and location of

pyramids
In 1842, Karl Richard Lepsius produced the
first modern list of pyramids—now known
as the Lepsius list of pyramids—in which he
counted 67. A great many more have since
been discovered. At least 118 Egyptian Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid. The
pyramids have been identified. [3] The inner line indicates the pyramid's present profile, the outer
location of Pyramid 29 which Lepsius called line indicates the original profile.
the "Headless Pyramid", was lost for a
second time when the structure was buried
by desert sands after Lepsius's survey. It was found again only during an archaeological dig
conducted in 2008.[25]
Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands. If visible at all, they
may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a consequence, archaeologists are continuing
to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures.
The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Sesheshet at Saqqara, mother of the Sixth
Dynasty pharaoh Teti, announced on 11 November 2008.[4][26]
All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid at Zawyet el-Maiyitin, are sited on
the west bank of the Nile, and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields. The most
important of these are listed geographically, from north to south, below.
Abu Rawash
Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid
(other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one),[5] the
mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre, son and successor of
Khufu. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never
been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is
that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about The largely destroyed Pyramid of
the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure, which would have Djedefre
placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt.
Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying, which began
in Roman times, has left little apart from about fifteen courses of stone superimposed upon the
natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a
better state of preservation.
Giza
The Giza Plateau is the location of the Pyramid of
Khufu (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the
"Pyramid of Cheops"), the somewhat smaller
Pyramid of Khafre (or Chephren), the relatively
modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or
Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller
satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids", and
the Great Sphinx of Giza. Of the three, only
Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original
polished limestone casing, near its apex. This
pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu
pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and
the steeper angle of inclination of its construction—
it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume.
The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular

Map of the Giza pyramid complex
tourist destination since antiquity and was
popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great
Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one of
those wonders still in existence.
Zawyet el-Aryan
This site, halfway between Giza and Abusir, is the location for
two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern
Aerial view of the Giza pyramid
structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the
complex
southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be
attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close
successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct, Khaba's
short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it stands
around 17 m (56 ft) high; had it been completed, it is likely to have exceeded 40 m (130 ft).
Abusir
There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during
the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abusir
pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty—perhaps
signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy.
They are smaller than their predecessors and are built of low-
quality local limestone.
The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre, which is also

the best-preserved, Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure. The site is
also home to the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre. Most of the
major pyramids at Abusir were built using similar construction
techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of The Pyramid of Sahure at Abusir,
mudbricks with a limestone outer casing. The largest of these viewed from the pyramid's causeway
Fifth Dynasty pyramids, the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, is
believed to have been built originally as a step pyramid some
70 m (230 ft) high and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in
with loose masonry.
Saqqara
Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser—
generally identified as the world's oldest substantial
monumental structure to be built of dressed stone—the
Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of
Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas, which retains a
pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt.
Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the
The Pyramid of Djoser
subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts,
conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II.[27] Saqqara is
also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's
successor Sekhemkhet, known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid
been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's.
South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller pyramids,
including those of Pepi I, Djedkare Isesi, Merenre, Pepi II and Ibi. Most of these are in a poor state
of preservation.
The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in or have the capacity to
undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb, which is also sited at south
Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex. It is
commonly known as the Mastabat al-Fir’aun.[28]
A previously unknown pyramid was discovered in north Saqqara in late 2008. Believed to be the
tomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m (16 ft) high, although the original
height was closer to 14 m (46 ft).
Dahshur
This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in
Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until 1996 the site
was inaccessible due to its location within a military base and
was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles.
The southern Pyramid of Sneferu, commonly known as the

Bent Pyramid, is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid
intended by its builders to be a "true" smooth-sided pyramid
from the outset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth
sides in its finished state, but it was conceived and built as a Sneferu's Red Pyramid
step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed
beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone. As a true
smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success—albeit a unique, visually
imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its
original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example
of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look. Several kilometres to the north of
the Bent Pyramid is the last—and most successful—of the three pyramids constructed during the
reign of Sneferu; the Red Pyramid is the world's first successfully completed smooth-sided
pyramid. The structure is also the third-largest pyramid in Egypt, after the pyramids of Khufu and
Khafra at Giza.
Also at Dahshur is one of two pyramids built by Amenemhat III, known as the Black Pyramid, as
well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids.
Mazghuna
Located to the south of Dahshur, several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area in the late
Middle Kingdom, perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu.
Lisht
Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht: those of Amenemhat I and his son,
Senusret I. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids. One of these
subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II.[29] The site which is in
the vicinity of the oasis of the Faiyum, midway between Dahshur and Meidum, and about 100
kilometres south of Cairo, is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy (the precise
location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt during the Twelfth
Dynasty.
Meidum
The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu, and is believed by
some to have been started by that pharaoh's father and
predecessor, Huni. However, that attribution is uncertain, as
no record of Huni's name has been found at the site. It was
constructed as a step pyramid and then later converted into
the first "true" smooth-sided pyramid, when the steps were
filled in and an outer casing added. The pyramid suffered
several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times.
Medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps,
although today only the three uppermost of these remain,
giving the structure its odd, tower-like appearance. The hill on
which the pyramid is situated is not a natural landscape The Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht
feature, it is the small mountain of debris created when the
lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way.
Hawara
Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth
Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawara, near the Faiyum,
is believed to post-date the so-called "Black Pyramid" built by
the same ruler at Dahshur. It is the Hawara pyramid that is
believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place.
The pyramid at Meidum
El Lahun
The Pyramid of Senusret II at El Lahun is the southernmost
royal-tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced
the amount of work necessary to construct it by using as its
foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural limestone hill.
El-Kurru
The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at
Piye, the king of Kush who became the first ruler of the Hawara
Twenty-fifth Dynasty, built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the
first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries.
Nuri
Taharqa, a Kushite ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, built his
pyramid at Nuri. It was the largest in the area (North Sudan).
Construction dates and heights

The following table lays out the chronology of the construction
of most of the major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid The Pyramid of Senusret II. The
is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, his pyramid's natural limestone core is
approximate reign, and its location. clearly visible as the yellow stratum
at its base.
Pyramid /
Reign Field Height
Pharaoh
c.
Djoser 2670 Saqqara 62 meters (203 feet)
BCE
c.
2612–
Sneferu Dashur 104 meters (341 feet)
2589
BCE
65 meters (213 feet) (ruined)

c. Piye's pyramid at El-Kurru
2612– *Would have been 91.65
Sneferu Meidum
2589 meters (301 feet) or 175
BCE Egyptian Royal cubits.
c.
2589– 146.7 meters (481 feet) or 280
Khufu Giza
2566 Egyptian Royal cubits
BCE
c.
2566– Abu
Djedefre 60 meters (197 feet)
2558 Rawash
BCE Taharqa's pyramid at Nuri
136.4 meters (448 feet)

c.
2558– *Originally: 143.5 m or 471
Khafre Giza
2532 feet or 274 Egyptian Royal
BCE cubits
c.
2532– 65 meters (213 feet) or 125
Menkaure Giza
2504 Egyptian Royal cubits
BCE
c.
2494–
Userkaf Saqqara 48 meters (161 feet)
2487
BCE
c.
2487–
Sahure Abusir 47 meters (155 feet)
2477
BCE
c.
Neferirkare 2477–
Abusir 72.8 meters (239 feet)
Kakai 2467
BCE
c.
Nyuserre 2416– 51.68 m (169.6 feet) or 99 Egyptian
Abusir
Ini 2392 Royal cubits
BCE
c.
Amenemhat 1991–
Lisht 55 meters (181 feet)
I 1962
BCE
c.
1971–
Senusret I Lisht 61.25 meters (201 feet)
1926
BCE
48.65 m (159.6 ft; 93 Egyptian

c. Royal cubits) or
1897– el-
Senusret II 47.6 m (156 ft; 91 Egyptian
1878 Lahun
BCE Royal cubits)
c.
Amenemhat 1860–
Hawara 75 meters (246 feet)
III 1814
BCE
c.
1764– 37.35 m (122.5 feet), now 1 m (3.3
Khendjer Saqqara
1759 feet)
BCE
20 meters (66 feet) or
c. 721
Piye El-Kurru
BCE 30 meters (99 feet)
40 meters (132 feet) or

c. 664
Taharqa Nuri
BCE 50 meters (164 feet)
Construction techniques
Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge
quantities of stone. In 2013, papyri discovered at
the Egyptian desert near the Red Sea by
archaeologist Pierre Tallet revealed the Diary of
Merer, an official of Egypt involved in transporting
limestone along the Nile River. These papyri reveal
processes in the building of the Great Pyramid at
Drawing showing transportation of a colossus. The Giza, the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu, just outside
water poured in the path of the sledge, long modern Cairo.[31]
dismissed by Egyptologists as ritual, but now
confirmed as feasible, served to increase the Rather than overland transport of the limestone
stiffness of the sand, and likely reduced by 50%
used in building the pyramid, there is evidence—in
the force needed to move the statue.[30] the Diary of Merer and from preserved remnants of
ancient canals and transport boats—that limestone
blocks were transported along the Nile River. It is
possible that quarried blocks were then transported to the construction site by wooden sleds, with
sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce friction. Droplets of water created bridges between the
grains of sand, helping them stick together.[32]
See also
Al Ahram (Arabic for "the pyramids"), name of Egyptian newspaper
Pyramidion
List
List of Egyptian pyramids

List of megalithic sites
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ypt_missing_pyramid%3B_ylt%3DAtJMeqg4khfjCZgFw4P7z5us0NUE). Yahoo News.
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pyramid stones without modern technology" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-
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out-modern-technology/). The Washington Post.
31. Stille, Alexander. "The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great
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32. "Solved! How Ancient Egyptians Moved Massive Pyramid Stones" (http://m.livescience.com/45
285-how-egyptians-moved-pyramid-stones.html). Live Science. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Bibliography
Edwards, I. E. S., The Pyramids of Egypt Penguin Books Ltd; New edition (1991), ISBN 978-0-
14-013634-0
Lehner, Mark, The Complete Pyramids, Thames & Hudson (1997), ISBN 978-0-500-05084-2
Mendelssohn, Kurt, The Riddle of the Pyramids, Thames & Hudson Ltd (1974), ISBN 978-0-
500-05015-6
External links
Ancient Egyptians from BBC History (https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians)
Pyramids World Heritage Site in panographies (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213522/
http://www.whtour.org/86) – 360-degree interactive imaging
The Pyramids of Egypt (http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/pyramids_of_egypt/index.php) –
The meaning and construction of the Egyptian pyramids by Egyptologist Professor Nabil S
welim.
Ancient Authors (http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/digital_egypt/hawara/bibliography_old.html#her) – A
site that quotes descriptions of the "Labyrinth" of Amenemhet III's pyramid at el-Lahun by
various ancient authors.
Ancient Egypt – History & Chronology (http://www.narmer.pl/indexen.htm) – A site detailing the
major pyramid sites of ancient Egypt and Nubia (Sudan).
Scientific American, "How the Pyramids were Built (https://books.google.com/books?id=6ok9A
QAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false)",
25 September 1880, p. 201
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Egyptian pyramids - Wikipedia 2021-11-23, 11:18 PM

Coordinates: 29°58′N 31°08′E

The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at

Sign O24 related terms

O24 myr Pyramid

O24 benben Primeval Mound

O24 benbent Pyramidon

Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern Sahara,

All Egyptian pyramids were built on the

Number and location of

The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular

The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre, which is also

The southern Pyramid of Sneferu, commonly known as the

Construction dates and heights

65 meters (213 feet) (ruined)

136.4 meters (448 feet)

48.65 m (159.6 ft; 93 Egyptian

40 meters (132 feet) or

List of Egyptian pyramids

Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_pyramids&oldid=1055520829"

This page was last edited on 16 November 2021, at 09:59 (UTC).

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