st commonly used method of leveling. In this method, measurements bserved directly from leveling instrument. J on the observation points and instrument positions direct ling Is divided into different types as follows: Profile leveling Reciprocal leveling — SIMPLE LEVELING {tis a simple and basic form of leveling in which the leveling instrument is placed between the points which elevation is to be find, Leveling rods are placed at that points and sighted them through leveling instrument. It is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles. tic RENTIAL LEVELING Differential leveling is performed when the distance between {wo points is more, "inthis process, number of inter stations are located and instrument is shifted to. each station and observed the elevation of inter station points. Finally difference _ between original two points is determined. FLY LEVELING Fly leveling is conducted when the benchmark is very far from the work station, In such case, a temporary bench mark is located at the work station which is located based on the original benchmark. Even it is not highly precise it is used for determining approximate level. PROFILE LEVELING Profile leveling is generally adopted to find elevation of points along a line such as for road, rails or rivers etc. In this case, readings of intermediate stations are taken and reduced level of each station is found. From this cross section of the alignment is drawn. RECIPROCAL LEVELING When it is not possible to locate the leveling instrument in between the inter visible points, reciprocal leveling is performed. This case appears in case of ponds __ or rivers ete. in case of reciprocal leveling, instrument is set nearer to 1* station sighted towards 2" station. aitELING: e art of determining and representing the relative height or "elevation of different Object/Points on the surface of earth is called leveling. It deals with measurements in vertical plane: By Leveling operation, the relative position of two points is known as whether the points are near or far off, Similarly, the point at different elevation with respect to a givenidatum can be established by_leveling. LEVELING INSTRUMENTS: ‘The instruments which are directly used'foF leveling operation ares se eae re NEEL ment which is used for observing staff reading on u BO Serge uetet cifferent points after creating a line of leveling st i aleve sah al pln tne pat tn canwerked vt. e ‘ atien f ea aca ntialy consists of the follow!ng Po! nts Leveling heads Limb plate Tels esate of two tubes, one slide into the other and Telesc i hairs. It creates a Pe ‘tang and diaphragm having cross sees aiheeh the reading on the staffs taken. The ncential parts ofa telescoPe are Body ‘Object gla5s Eyepiece Diaphragm shade fe rack and pinion arrangement hbeb al OF BEARINGS OF SIDE ERSE WITH PRISMATIC COMPASS 1s0.WCB ue jeridian, : 180° To 270° © WCB-180 magnetic meridian _ Anarbitrary or assumed meridian gu Onsreercoahce TRUE MERIDIAN: __aline of intersection of earth's surface by aplane Containing north south pole and given point. They are not parallel to each other at different places MAGNETIC MERIDIAN: ", The direction indicate by a free suspended and a properly ” balanced magnetic needle Free from all other attractive " forces, The direction of magnetic meridian can be established with the help of Magnetic compass. ARBITRARY MERIDIAN: Any direction is assumed to be the Reference meridian to carry out small survey. SE WCB=IS0.R WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING: In whole circle bearing system, the bearing of a line is always measured clockwise from the north point of the reference meridian towards the line right round the circle. * The angle thus measured between the reference meridian and the line is called Whole circle bearing of the line, ~ Angles measured will have value between 0 to 360 degrees. REDUCED BEARING (R.B): In this system of bearing of a line is measured clockwise or nticlockwise from north or south direction whichever is e line towards east or west. The concept of EPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Se sw NW The true geographical meridian passing through a point is. © CONVERSION OF W.C.B. IN R.B