University of Tikrit

College of Arts

Translation Department

Research Methods

1st semester

Prepared by:

Group of MA students

Submitted to:

Assist. Prof. Dr. Marwa Karim Ali

2021 AD 1443 H
1.1 What is Plagiarism?

plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of

another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation
of them as one's own original work.

 There is no standard or agreed upon definition of plagiarism

 According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary plagiarism is an "act of using
another person's words or ideas without giving credit to that person". [1]
 Joy and Luck (1999) define plagiarism as "unacknowledged copying of
documents or programs that can occur in many contexts: in industry a company
may seek competitive advantage; in academia academics may seek to publish
their research in advance of their colleagues".[2]

Source: [1] http://www.merriam-webster.com/

[2] Joy, M.S. and Luck, M. (1999). "Plagiarism in Programming Assignments".

IEEE Transactions on Education, 42(2). pp. 129-133. ISSN 0018-9359.

1.2 Origin
 The word plagiarism is derived from the latin word "plagiare”, which

means to kidnap or abduct.

 Roman poet Martial (40 AD to somewhere between 102 and 104 AD)

First used the Latin word "plagiarus” to describe a seemingly unnamed literary
thief in his poems. [3][4]

source: [3] www.plagiarism.com

[4] wikipedia.org

 "Plagiary", a derivative of "plagiarus" was introduced into English in 1601 by

dramatist Ben Jonson to describe someone guilty of literary theft.
 The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620.[3][4)
1.3 Academia
In academic contexts plagiarism tends to be interpreted as the
misappropriation of the intellectual property of one individual by another. [5]
According to Bela Gipp, academic plagiarism encompasses:"The use of ideas,
concepts, words, or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to
benefit in a setting where originality is expected.[6]
Source : [5] Celia Thompson. Discourses on plagiarism: To discipline and punish or to teach and learn? [6]
Gipp, Bela (2014). Citation-based Plagiarism Detection: Detecting Disguised and Cross-language
Plagiarism using Citation Pattern Analysis

1.4 Elements characteristic of plagiarism.

According to T. Fishman(7), plagiarism occurs when someone:
 Uses words, ideas, or work products
 Attributable to another identifiable person or source
 Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained
 In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship
 In order to obtain some benefit, credit, or gain which need not be monetary.
Source: [7] Fishman, Teddi (Sep 28-30, 2009). "We know it when we see it is not good enough:
toward a standard definition of plagiarism that transcends theft, fraud, and copyright"

1.5 What is considered plagiarism?

• Taking quotations or passages directly without citation.

• Taking ideas without giving credit

• Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source

without giving credit

• Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks

• Giving incorrect information about the source of information.

• Copying so many words or ideas that it makes up the majority of

work, whether credit is given or not. Taking work from previous work without
reference to that work.[3][8][9]
Source: (3] www.plagiarismtoday.com

[8] http://www.plagiarism.org [9] Council of Writing Program Administrators. http://wpacouncil.org

1.6 Why do people plagiarize?
• Lack of Writing Skills.

• Misconception/ ignorance of plagiarism.

• Lack of strict academic discipline.

• Lack of research methods skills.

• Lack of referencing/citation skills.

• Time factor.

• Easily availability of reading materials/text on the internet.

• Lack of knowledge or subject matter.

• Lack of patience.

• Cut-and-Paste culture in research and academic community.

• Sheer lethargy.[10][11][12][13][14][15] Source: [13] Audrey Poh Choo

Cheak.(2013). Internet Plagiarism: University Students' Perspectives

[14] http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-plagiarism.html (15)

Plagiarism Detection Service: Its Benefits and Challenges for Academicians and
Researchers

2.1 Types of plagiarism

 Unintentional Plagiarism
 Intentional Plagiarism
 Plagiarism of Words
 Plagiarism of Structure
 Plagiarism of Ideas
 Plagiarism of Authorship
 Plagiarism of Self

Sources: Colby, Bates, and Bowdoin (CBB) Plagiarism Resource Site.

http://www.frenchanditalian.pitt.edu/undergrad/about/plagiarism.php turnitin. White
paper the plagiarism specturm.
 MLA handbook for writers of research papers. (7th ed.). The Modern Language
Association of America. New York: 2009. Print.

1. DIRECT PLAGIRIIM: is the word-for-word, transcription of a section of someone

else's work, without attribution and without quotation marks. The deliberate
plagiarism of someone else's work is unethical, academically dishonest, and grounds
for disciplinary actions, including expulsion.
2. SELF – PLAGIRISIM: occurs when a student submits his or her own previous
work, or mixes part of previous works, without permission from all professors
involved.
3. MOSAIC PLAGIARISM: mosaic Plagiarism occurs when student borrows phrases
from a source without using quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the author's
language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original.
4. ACCIDENTAL PLAGIARISM:accidental plagiarism occurs when a person
neglects to cite their sources, or misquotes their sources, or unintentionally
paraphrases a source by using similar words, groups of words, and/or sentence
structure without attribution