Agswers, 5 Wve Review Questions Ch. ol fe pers 5 oS 1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts in this chapter on p. 126, Summarize the story of population growth in China and the Chinese government's efforts to regulate it (Core Case Study). List three factors that account for the rapid growth of the world’s human population over the past 200 years. © Inthe 1960’s, China’s population was growing so rapidly that there was a threat of mass starvation, China then began to promote on-child families as a means of reducing population growth. The results have been dramatic, China has reduced its birth rate as well as the average number of children per family. ‘* Humans developed the ability to expand into almost ail of the planet's climate zones and habitats; the emergence of early and modem agriculture allowed us to grow more food on the same land. Death rates dropped sharply because of improved sanitation and health cate; antibiotics and vaceines were developed to help control infectious diseases, About how many people are added to the world’s population each year? Explain how this growth is unevenly distributed. What five countries had the largest numbers of people in 2010? How many of us are likely to be on the planet in 2050? What ate demographers? Give three reasons why itis difficult for them to project population changes. What is the cultural¥ ae carrying capacity? Describe the debate over whether and how long the human population can Keep growing, Describe eight ways in which we have used technology to alter nature to meet ‘our growing needs and wants. # Increase in population: About 83 million people are added to the world’s population each year. ¢ ‘The majority of this growth occurs in less-developed countries. The countries with the most people are China, India, The United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. ‘The median projection is 9.5 billion people on earth in 2050, Demographers are experts that analyze and make predictions about populations. Demographers must deal with inaccurate population estimates, predict fsture fertility irends, and they all work for diferent organizations with differing access to reliable information, © Some analysts believe that we should ask what the optimum sustainable population of the earth might be, based on the planet’s cultural carrying capacity. This would be an optimum level that would allow most people to live in reasonable comfort and freedom without impairing the ability of the planet to sustain future generations, © The debate focuses on the expanding ecological footprint that the over-extraction of resources on the one hand; and on the other, the reliance on technology to solve out most insidious problems, © We have used technology to: reduce biodiversity inorease the net use of primary productivity increasing genetic resistance to pests eliminating natural predators introducing species that are harmful to a local community using renewable resources faster than they can be replenished disrupting chemical eycling and energy flow relying on fossil fuels 00000000 Distinguish between crude birth rate and erude death rate, List four variables that affect the population change of an area and write an equation showing how they are related, What is fertility rate? Distinguish between replacement-level fertility rate and total fertility rate (FR). Explain why reaching the replaccment-level fertility rate will not stop global population growth until about 50 years have passed (assuming that death rates do not rise). Describe what hhas happened since 1935 to total fertility rates in the world, in China, and in the United States. © The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. The rude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. © Population change = (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration) * Fertility rate is the number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. © Replacement-level fertility rate is the average number of children that couples in a population must bear to replace themselves. «TFRs the average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years.er * Reaching replacement-level fertility does not bring an immediate halt 10 population growth because so many future parents are alive, Ifall of today’s git! children have 2.1 children, the world’s population will continue to grow for 50 years or more (assuming, death rates do not rise). * Between 1955 and 2010, the average TFR dropped from 2.8 to 1.6 children per woman in. more-developed countries and from 6.2 to 2.8 in less-developed countries. Because of China’s strict one-child population policy, the country’s total fettility rate dropped from 5.7 to 1.6 between 1972 and 2009. At the peak of the United States’ baby boom in 1957, the average TFR was 3.7 children per woman, In 2010, and in most years since 1972, it has been at or below 2.1 children per woman. 4, Summarize population growth in the United States and explain why itis high compared to those of most ather more-developed countries. About how much of the annual U.S. population growth is due to immigration? List six changes in lifestyles that have taken place in the United States during the 20th century, leading to a rise in per capita resource use (See Figure 6-7), ‘What is the end effect of such changes in terms of the U.S. ecological footprint? a. The population of the United States grew from 76 million in 1900 to 306 million in 2009, despite oscillations in the country’s TFR and birth rates. The U.S. has high and irregular immigration rates and less direct government population control b. According to U. S. Census Bureau, the U. S, population is likely to increase from 304 million in 2008 to 438 million by 2050 and then to 571 million by 2100. In contrast, population growth has slowed in other major developed countries since 1950, most of which are expected to have declining populations after 2010, Because of a high per capita rate of resource use and the resulting waste and pollution, each addition to the U. S. population has an enormous environmental impact. ©. Since 1820, the United States has admitted almost twice as many immigrants and refugees as all other countries combined. Currently, legal and illegal immigration account for about 40% of the country’s annual population growth. This raises a number of issues: ‘© Many in the U.S, believe that legal immigration to the United States should be reduced because providing legal immigrants with public services makes the U.S, a magnet for the world’s poor. © Some argue that reducing legal immigration would diminish the historical role of the United States as a place of opportunity for the world’s poor and oppressed and as a source of cultural diversity that is a hallmark of American culture, © Studies show that immigrants and their descendants are beneficial to society; they pay taxes, take low- paying jobs that most other Americans shun, start new businesses, create jobs, add cultural vitality, and help the United States succeed in the global economy, Statistics show that after 2020, higher immigration levels will be needed to supply enough workers as baby boomers retire. ‘Some of the lifestyle changes that have taken place can be found in Figure 6-7 and these helped contribute to an overall more material consumptive society per capita. List nine factors that can affect the birth rate and fertility rate of a country. Explain why there is more boys than girls in some countries. Define life expectancy and infant mortality rate and explain how they affect the population size of a country, Why does the United States have a lower life expectancy and higher infant mortality rate than a number of other countries?¥ 9 o Birth rates are affected by: © Importance of children as a part of the labor force © Cost of raising and educating children ¢ Availability or lack of private and public pension systems. © Urbanization © Educational and employment opportunities available for women © Infant morality rate © Average age at marriage * Availability of legal abortions © Availability of reliable birth control methods © Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms: In some countries there is a strong preference for male children. Life expectancy is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live, and the infant mortality rate is the number of babies out of every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday, A longer life expectancy and a lower infant mortality will increase population. The U.S, lower life expectaney may be due to more than 43 million Americans lacking, health eare insurance, while Canada and many European countries have universal health cate; also, adults in the United Staies have one of the world’s highest obesity rates, Three factors helped to keep the U.S. infant mortality rate higher than it could be: inadequate health care for poor women during pregnancy and for their babies after birth, drug addiction among pregnant women, and a high birth rate among teenagers. What is migration? What are environmental refugees and how quickly are their numbers growing? Describe three major factors that demographers have fo consider in making. population projections ‘* Migration is the movement of people into (immigration) and out of (emigration) specific geographic areas. ® There is also intense political controversy over what to do about illegal immigration, Environmental Refugecs are people who have left their homes due to an environmental degradation such as water or soil damage, This number is increasing due to the increased population growth in a given area and the subsequent environmental degradation. © Births, deaths and migration are three factors used in projecting future population size. WF. whats the age structure of a population? Explain how it affeets population growth and economic growth. Describe the American Baby Boom and some of the effects it has had on ‘American culture, What are some problems related to rapid population decline due to an aging population? How has the AIDS epidemic affected that age structure of some countries in Africa? a, Age structure refers to the number or percentage of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups, Diagram of percentages of males and females in the total population in age categories: pre-reproduetive (ages 0-14); reproductive (ages 15-44); and postreproductive (age 45 and older).b. The American baby boom added 79 million people to the U.S. population, For decades, members of the baby-boom generation have strongly influenced the U.S. economy because they make up about 36% of all adult Americans, In 1960, one in 11 Americans were older than 65. After 2011, when the first baby boomers began tuming 65, the number of Americans older than age 65 will grow sharply through 2030 when they will be one of every five people in the country. Population has the potential to increase if-a large percentage falls in the pre= reproductive and reproductive categories and decrease if a large percentage falls in the post-reproductive age. Economic growth may be predicted bused on how many individuals are in a group that would be working and spending money. 4. Rapid population declines from an aging population may cause a lack of support services such as health care. €. A large number of deaths from AIDS can disrupt a country’s social and economic structure by removing significant numbers of young adults from its population. Another effect of the AIDS pandemic is the loss of productive young adult workers and trained personne! such as scientists, farmers, engineers, and teachers, as well as government, business, and health-care workers, Whatis the demographic transition and what are its four stages? What factors could hinder some developing countries from making this transition? The demographic transition is a hypothesis explaining population change that occurs as counties become industrialized and their populations tend to grow more slowly. As countries become industrialized, first their death rates and then their birth rates decline. The four stages of this transition are: Preindustrial Transitional Industrial Postindustrial Factors that can hinder countries from making the demographic transition include: Rapid population growth Extreme poverty + Increasing environmental gradation What is famity planning? Describe the roles of reducing poverty, elevating the status and ‘empowerment of women, ard family planning in slowing population growth, Describe India’s efforts to control their population growth, Describe China’s population control program and compare it with that of India Family planning includes educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them, Many women in the developing world are trapped in poverty by illiteracy, poor health, and unwanted high fertility. Reducing poverty can alleviate these problems. In general, as women are empowered the population decreases. Studies show that women tend to have fewer children if they are educated, hold a paying job outside the home, and live in societies where their human rights are not suppressed, Formore than 5 decades, India has tried to control its population growih with only modest success, The world’s first national family planning program began in India in 1952, whenits population was nearly 400 million. By 2010, after 58 years of population control efforts, India had 1.2 billion people. China's government was more involved in providing incentives and programs for limiting. population growth. Both countries tend to favor having a male offspring for economic and cultural reasons, ]. What ae this chapters sree big ideas? Summarize the story of the human population growth and explain how the three principles of sustainability (see Figure 1-2, p. 6 or back cover) can guide us in dealing with the problems that stem from population growth and decline Three big ideas: The human population is increasing rapidly and may soon bump up against environmental limits, Even if population growth were not a serious problem, the inereasing use of resources pet person is expanding the overall human ecological footprint and putting a strain on the earth's resources. ‘We can slow human population growth by reducing poverty through economic development, elevating the status of women, and encouraging family planning, Human population growth relates to the three principles of sustainability because as the human population bas grown, it has had detrimental effects on biodiversity, has generated pollution by ignoring natural chemical cycling, and has been fueled by fossil conengy, rather than solar power