Environmental Analysis of Asphalt Pavement

Maintenance Using Modified Binders in Developing

Countries: Bogotá Case Study

Gilberto Martinez-Arguelles*, Filippo Giustozzi, Ph.D., P.E.

Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil
Engineering – Transportation Infrastructure,
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
* (Corresponding Author)
Maurizio Crispino, Ph.D., P.E.
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Transportation Infrastructure,
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Research Associate, Dept. Of Civil Engineering
– Transportation Infrastructure,
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Gerardo W. Flintsch, Ph.D., P.E.
Professor, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia
Tech, USA

Outline of the Presentation 2

o Background & Motivation

o Objectives
o Methodology
o Results
o Summary and Conclusions

1
 SITE LOCATION: BOGOTA D.C.

Background & Motivation 4

 The effects of global warming and climate change are

being felt across the World.

 The problem is even more profound in developing

countries because of the increased vulnerability of
developing countries to contribute to the adverse
impacts of climate change (Rio+20 Summit 2012).

 Major efforts should be encouraged to achieve the

goals set by the Kyoto Protocol reducing greenhouse
gases

2
 Background & Motivation(cont.) 5

 The literature on M&R activities and the corresponding

environmental assessment regarding Developing
Countries needs improvements and higher effort.

 The government of Bogotá has shown a strong interest

in initiating and developing green solutions for
pavement preservation and maintenance
treatments.

 One example is a recent governmental mandate that

determines technical guidelines and standards for
incorporating crumb rubber (CR) into hot-mix asphalt
(HMA) using the “wet process”

Background & Motivation(cont.) 6

Use of
Crumb
Rubber(CR)
on HMA

3
 Background & Motivation (cont.) 7

 The mandate has been supported by comprehensive

studies conducted during the last decade about
modification of Colombian binders with CR:
 Binder testing:
 Rheological tests
 Physical tests
 SuperPave Classification
 Tests on HMA:
 Rutting
 Fatigue
 Stripping
 Dynamic Modulus
 Full Scale Test Track

Background & Motivation (cont.) 8

 Full scale Test Track

4
 Background & Motivation (cont.) 9
 The mandate encourages the assessment of the
environmental impacts of different maintenance options
among polymer-modified hot mix with styrene butadiene
styrene (PM-SBS) and CR mixes (CRM).

Objective 10

To comparatively assess the environmental impacts of

four maintenance strategies in a developing country by
using the Eco-indicator99 database, EC, and GWP
concepts.

5
 Methodology 11

Eco-indicator99: “A damage oriented method for Life Cycle

Impact assessment”

Methodology (Cont.) 12

Eco-indicator99: “A damage oriented method for Life Cycle

Impact assessment”

 The Eco-indicator value of a material or process is a

number that indicates the enviromental impact of a
material or process.
 The higher the indicator, the greater the impact
 The unit of an indicator is considered dimensionless
“Ecoindicator point (Pt)”.
 The list of Eco-indicators is expressed in mili-Points(mPt)
 The scale was chosen considering that the value of 1 Pt is
representative for one thousandth of the yearly
environmental load of one average European inhabitant.

6
 Methodology (cont.) 13

 Eco-indicator99 is defined by three types of damage:

human health, ecosystem quality, and resources.

 Each type of damage is weighted.

Methodology (Cont.) 14|

Eco-indicator99: A damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact

assessment”

Source: Goedkoop, M., Spriensma, R. Pré, The Eco-indicator 99 a damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment, Methodology
Report, Nr 1999/36A, 22 June 2001, third edition

7
Methodology (Cont.) 15

The Eco-indicator list is classified by:

Material production Recycling of waste

Material processing Waste treatment
Material heat from Landfill
combution process
Municipal and
Solar energy household waste
Electricity
Transport

Methodology (cont.) 16

Material/Process Description of Eco-indicator 99 listing Eco-indicator value

Chemical organic: average value
Asphalt cement (kg) 99 mPt./kg
for production of organic chemicals
Crush stone (kg) Gravel: extract and transport 0,84 mPt./kg
Sand (kg) Sand: extract and transport 0,82 mPt./kg
SBS (kg) PS (GPPS) general purposes 370 mPt./kg
Electricity HV Europe (UCPTE): High
Electricity (kWh) 23 mPt./kwh
voltage (>24 kVolt)
Heat oil(industrial furnace: combustion
Heating oil (MJ) 11 mPt./MJ
of oil in an industrial furnace
Heat gas (industrial furnace: combustion of gas
Natural gas (MJ) 5,3 mPt./MJ
in an industrial furnace (>100 kw) with low No x

Transport (m3 km)

milled material/HMA to the section
to be rehabilitated
Transport (tkm)
(Refinery to asphalt plant)
Machines consumption
- Fuel diesel (l)
Truck 28t (volume) : Road transport per m3 km,
8 mPt./m3 km
(European average including return)
Truck 40t: Road transport with 50% load
15 mPt./tkm
(European average including return)
Fuel diesel: production of fuel only;
combustion excluded 180 mPt./kg

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 Methodology (Cont.) 17

Assumptions:

The listing does not include in an exact way the term

“asphalt”.

SBS material was analized in the present as PS

(poliestirene).

Methodology (Cont.) 18

Pavement Rehabilitation Materials and Options

Structural Performance Equivalence

 AR based on ASTM D6114.

 AR have been used in USA since 1960s (Way., 2000,
Cheng., 2012).
 Arizona, California, Florida and Texas

The majority of the crumb rubber used in USA

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 Methodology (Cont.) 19

Pavement Rehabilitation Materials and Options

Structural Performance Equivalence

 There is a commonly and well known equivalence

between a 2” (50 mm) gap-graded HMA and 4”(100mm) of
dense graded HMA (Way., 2000, Van Kirk and Hollerand.,
2000, Kaloush et al., 2003 and Rodezno et al., 2005).

Asphalt Rubber Usage

Guide:Caltrans, 2003

Methodology (Cont.) 20

Bogota’s Test Track performance

ESAL: 4 x 106
Pavement Structure: 70 mm surface course
150 mm of granular base with 30%

0,00
GPR data FWD data
DEFLEXIONES MÁXIMAS PISTA DE PRUEBA ÁLAMOS AGOSTO
0.90
0,10 0.85
0.80
6.00 0.75
Ancho de calzada(m)

0.70
Approximate Thickness (m)

0,20 0.65
4.00 0.60
0.55
0.50
0,30 2.00
0.45
0.40
0.00 0.35
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00
0,40 0.30
0.25
Abscisas (m)
0.20
0.15
0,50 0.10
0.05

0,60
0.85
0.81
0.77
0,70 0.73
0.69
0.65
0.61

0,80 0.57
0.53
LAYER 1 (m) 0.49
0.45
0.41
0,90 LAYER 2 (m) 0.37
0.33
LAYER 3 (m) 0.29
0.25
1,00 0.21
0.17
0.13
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 0.09

FAILED SECTION, 0.05

AM8010 PMSBS ARW8010 PMSBR

NO STUDIED
Position (m)

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 Methodology (Cont.) 21

35
35% Month 3 Month 6 Month 12 Month 48
30
30%
25

% Cracking
Cracking density (%)

25% 20

20% 15

10
15%
5
10%
0
5% 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
G* Sen(delta) kPa at 28 ºC
0%
AM80100 PMSBS ARW80100 PMSBR ARW80100 PMSBS PMSBR B80100

Note: In the figure AM80100 = CHMA with an asphalt binder 80-100 pen-graded, ARW80100 = AR-DG (80-100 pen-
graded, base binder, 18 CR).

Methodology (Cont.) 22

Case study
Moderate traffic ESAL’s= 5 x 106 for conservative period of 10 years.

Four alternatives:

Mill thickness Overlay thickness

HMA type
(mm) (mm)
CHMA 100 100
AR-DG 75 75
AR-GG 50 50
PM-SBS 75 75

Existing pavement structure was comprised for 150mm HMA, 300 mm

cement-treated surface

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 Methodology (Cont.) 23

Case study
Construction characteristics:
• Functional unit 1km in lenght, two lane in width(7m).
• The modeled section was located 25 kn from HMA plant.
• Haul distance from the refinery : Apiay refinery 102 km
Barranca refinery 450 km.

Fuel Consumption Average of Construction Machines for

Maintenance Options

Methodology (Cont.) 24

Inventory Data
HMA type gravel
Consumption
per 1000 kg HMA
CHMA (%)
AR-DGasphalt
AR-GGbinder(%)
PM-S BS Modifier
S ource

CHMA
Raw material 94.5 5.5 -
Crushed stone (Kg) 567 560 650 562
AR-DG
Sand (Kg ) 378
93.3 373 270
6.7 375 18
AsphaltAR-GG
cement (Kg) 55 92 57 64 8 60 25
Ground tire rubber (Kg) - 10 16 0
PM-SBS
Polymer SBS (Kg) - 93.7 - - 6.3 3 5
Energy consumed
Electricity (kWh) 10 10 10 10 (11)
Heat oil ( M J) 285 342 342 342 (11)
Natural gas * (M J) 298 358 358 358 (33)
Energy Asphalt Binder modification (Production 15 t/h)
Electricity (KWh) - 6.4 6.4 6.4 (38)
Diesel (l) - 6.3 6.3 6.3 (38)
M achinery
Diesel (l) 1.09 1.32 1.39 1.31
3
Transportation m km - 50 km lenght round trip
*Natural gas is considered as alternative instead of heat oil, both analysis are presented

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 Methodology (Cont.) 25

Total Inventary Data

CHMA AR-DG AR-GG PM-SBS
For 1 km 2 lane
100 mm 75 mm 50 mm 75 mm
Total volume compacted (m3) 700 525 350 525
Total volumen loose ( m3) 910 683 455 683
Total mass ( kg ) 1,540,000 1,128,750 712,250 1,134,000
Crush stone (kg) 873,180 632,100 462,963 637,308
Sand (kg) 582,120 421,024 192,308 425,250
Asphalt cement (kg) 84,700 64,339 45,584 68,040
Modifier (kg) - 11,288 11,396 3,402
Milled volumen 861 646 431 646
HMA mixing plant
Electricity (kWh) 15,400 11,288 7,123 11,340
Heat oil (MJ) 438,900 386,033 243,590 387,828
Natural gas (MJ) 459,170 403,861 254,839 405,739
Machines consumption
Diesel (l) machines 1,681 1,489 992 1,489
Modified Plant
Electricity (KWh) - 517 365 457
No.2 diesel (l) (blender plant) - 509 359 450

Results 26

Relative EL for milling/overlaying, HO, and

NG
100%
Asphalt
90%
Crush stone
Relative Percent of Environmental load

80%
50,08 Sand
56,44 53,05 54,34
70% 58,13
65,77 62,73 63,25 Diesel
60%
Transport
50% 3,50
3,89 2,43 Natural gas
4,34 1,16 4,12 -
40% - 1,89
- 3,48 4,07
2,83 3,89 3,75 2,82 Heat oil
- 4,60 4,80
4,20 5,06 1,37 2,20 4,03
30%
3,29 4,60 Electricity
4,37 27,91
20% 4,89 31,12 28,39
28,60 16,33 SBS
10% 18,55 16,66 -
2,85
16,80 2,46
- - 9,56 Crumb
- 4,69 5,55 5,36 6,24 8,24
0% 2,10
- 2,44
- - - - - rubber
HCMA HO HCMA NG AR-DG HO AR-DG NG AR-GG HO AR-GG NG PM-SBS HO PM-SBS NG

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Results 27

ELs for milling/overlaying of two lane-kilometers of

asphalt pavement

Results 28

EC AND GWP (additional analysis)

600.000
CHMA AR-DG AR-GG PM-SBS
500.000
Total Enegy (MJ)

400.000

300.000

200.000

100.000

-
Materials Construction Transportation Heat oil and Natural gas and
production Electricity Electricity*

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 Results 29

EC AND GWP (additional analysis

45000
CHMA AR-DG AR-GG PM-SBS
Global Warming Potential (kg CO 2 -e)

40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Materials Construction Transportation Heat oil and Natural gas and
production Electricity Electricity*

Conclusions 30

• From the life-cycle environmental perspective, AR-GG was

determined to be the best of the four treatment options.

• The impact of the SBS modifier was reflected, In the case

of the Eco-indicator99 methodology, the EL of this material
was almost twice that of the transport, diesel, and
aggregates.

• The HMA mixing process and materials production tended

to dominate energy use and GWP.

• The methodology applied is useful to COMPARE

pavement maintenance alternatives, especially for road
authorities in developing.

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 Conclusions 31

• Eco-indicator99 database do not have defined the EL for

asphalt. For comparative analysis its effect is neglected.

• Further research is required for Developing Countries,

where technological tools and the state of the practice is
limited.

32

Thanks !

Questions?

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