www.oasmxafplrta`.

dlf

Ulpod
Ttatostods
D`odh
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

Ttatostods

Ucm kraj
krajdc
dc lb Fatc
Fatcmfmfat
atod
ods
s wcod
wcodc c ema`
ema`s
s wotc
wotc dl``
dl``md
mdtol
tolj,
j, d`as
d`asso
sobod
bodat
atol
olj
j aje
aje
ojtmrprmtatolj lb eata os da``me statostods.

Ycmj usme oj tcm sojiu`ar smjsm, statostods rmbmrs tl tcm suknmdt as a wcl`m lb 
sdomjdm lb statostoda` fmtcles mfkleyoji tcm tcmlry aje tmdcjoqums. Ycmj ot os
usme oj tcm p`ura` smjsm, statostods rmbmrs tl tcm eata otsm`b (om, jufmroda` badts
dl``mdtme oj a systmfatod fajjmr wotc slfm embojotm purplsm oj vomw, oj ajy bom`e
lb mjquory).

Ucm Brmqumjdy Uak`m lr tcm Brmqumjdy Eostrokutolj

E ostrokutolj

Ob tcm eata os d`assobome oj a dljvmjomjt way aje prmsmjtme oj a tak`m ot os da``me

brmqumjdy tak`m lr brmqumjdy eostrokutolj.

Brmqumjdy>  Ycmj tcm eata os prmsmjtme oj a brmqumjdy tak`m, tcm jufkmr lb 
lksmrvatoljs tcat ba`` oj ajy partodu`ar d`ass os da``me tcm brmqumjdy lb tcat d`ass.
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

D`as
D`asss @ofo
@ofot>
t> Ucm
 Ucm startoji aje mje va`ums lb madc d`ass arm da``me   ‐`lwmr `ofot‖
aje ‐uppmr
aje  ‐uppmr `ofot‖ lb
`ofot‖ lb tcat d`ass rmspmdtovm`y.
rmspmdtovm`y.

D`ass-ojtmrva`>
D`ass-ojtmrva`> Ucm eobbmrmjdm kmtwmmj tcm uppmr aje `lwmr klujeary lb a d`ass
os da``me tcm   ‐d`ass-ojtmrva`‖ lr   ‐sozm  lb tcm   d`ass‖. Ot daj a`sl km embojme as tcm
eobbmrmjdm kmtwmmj tcm `lwmr lr uppmr `ofots lr klujearoms lb twl dljsmdutovm
d`assms.

D`ass
D`ass Klujea
Klujearom
roms>
s> Ucm
 Ucm avmraim lb tcm uppmr `ofot lb a d`ass aje tcm `lwmr `ofot
lb tcm suddmmeoji d`ass os da``me tcm  ‐uppmr klujeary‖  lb tcat d`ass. Ucm uppmr 
klujeary lb a d`ass kmdlfms tcm ‐`lwmr
tcm  ‐`lwmr klujeary‖ lb
klujeary‖  lb tcm jmxt d`ass.

[ajim> Ucm
[ajim> Ucm eobbmrmjdm kmtwmmj tcm coicmst aje tcm `lwmst lksmrvatolj lb a eata
os da``me ots rajim.

Costliraf>  Wmrtaojoji tl a brmqumjdy eostrokutolj, ob tcm trum `ofots lb tcm d`assms

arm tahmj lj tcm x-axos aje tcm dlrrmspljeoji brmqumjdoms lj tcm y-axos aje
aenadmjt rmdtaji`ms arm erawj, tcm eoairaf os da``me  –costliraf‟.
 –costliraf‟.
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

Brmqum
Brmq umjd
jdyy Wl`y
Wl`yil
iljj aje Br
Brmmqumj
qumjd dy Durv
Durvm>
m> Ob
 Ob tcm plojts pmrtaojoji tl tcm foe
va`u
va`umms lb tcmtcm d`a
d`ass
ssm
ms lb a brmqbrmqum
umj
jdy eost
eostrroku
okutolj
tolj aje
aje tcm
tcm dlr
dlrrmsp
rmsplljeoj
jeoji
i
brmqumjdoms arm p`lttme lj a irapc scmmt aje tcmsm plojts arm nlojme ky straoict
`ojms, tcm boiurm blrfme os da``me brmqumjdy pl`yilj. Ob tcmsm plojts arm nlojme ky a
sflltc durvm tcm boiurm blrfme os da``me brmqumjdy durvm.

Dufu`
Dufu`atatov
ovm
m Br
Brmq
mqum
umjd
jdyy Durvm
Durvms>s> Ob
 Ob tcm plojts pmrtaojoji tl tcm klujearoms lb tcm
d`assms lb a brmqumjdy eostrokutolj aje tcm dlrrmspljeoji dufu`atovm brmqumjdoms
arm p`lttme lj a irapc scmmt aje tcmy arm nlojme ky a sflltc durvm, tcm boiurm
blrfme os da``me dufu`atovm brmqumjdy durvm.

Ucm boiurm blrfme wotc uppmr klujearoms lb tcm d`assms aje tcm dlrrmspljeoji
`mss tcaj dufu`atovm brmqumjdoms os da``me `mss tcaj dufu`atovm brmqumjdy durvm.
Ucm boiurm blrfme wotc `lwmr klujearoms lb tcm d`assms aje tcm dlrrmspljeoji
irmatmr tcaj dufu`atovm brmqumjdoms os da``me irmatmr tcaj dufu`atovm brmqumjdy
durvm.

D`odh
© OATMSAFWL[UA@.DLF Ul Nloj Brmm Dladcoji blr lur Jmxt Katdc Cmrm
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

Arotcfmtod Fmaj (AF) lr Fmaj

1. Arotcfmtod
Arotcfmtod Fmaj lb ]jirlupme Eata
Ob x1, x; , x4 ,... , xj arm j va`ums lb a varoak`m x, tcmj arotcfmtod fmaj x os embojme
as

Ycmrm 6 (x1 + x; + x4 +...+ xj )

;. Arotcfmtod
Arotcfmtod Fmaj lb Irlupme Eata

Cmrm, tcm fmaj fay km dlfputme ky tcm bl``lwoji

b l``lwoji fmtcle
Eormdt fmtcle Ob x1, x; , x4 ,... , xj arm j va`ums lb a varoak`m x aje b ̀
b `, b ;, b 4,... b j arm
tcm dlrrmspljeoji brmqumjdoms, tcmj

Ycmrm, 6 b 1x1 + b ;x; +...+ b jxj aje J 6 b 1 + b ; + b 4 +...+ b j

D`odh
© OATMSAFWL[UA@.DLF Ul Nloj Brmm Dladcoji blr lur Jmxt Katdc Cmrm
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

Fmeoaj

1. Fmeo
Fmeoaj
aj lb ]jir
]jirlu
lupm
pme
e Eata
Eata

Ob x1, x;, ... , xj   arm j va`ums lb varoak`m x arrajime oj lremr lb ojdrmasoji lr 
emdrmasoji faijotuem tcmj tcm foee`m-flst va`um oj tcos arrajimfmjt os da``me
tcm fmeoaj.

Ob j os lee,  tcmj tcm fmeoaj wo`` km tcm ( j+1 / ; ) va`um arrajime oj lremr lb 
faijotuem. Oj tcos dasm tcmrm wo`` km ljm aje lj`y ljm va`um lb tcm fmeoaj.

Ob j os mvmj, tcmj tcm eata arrajime oj lremr lb faijotuem, wo`` cavm ; foee`m -
flst va`ums om,
om, ( j / ;)tc aje ( j / ; +1) va`ums.
va`ums.

D`odh
© OATMSAFWL[UA@.DLF Ul Nloj Brmm Dladcoji blr lur Jmxt Katdc Cmrm
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

;. Fmeoaj lb Irlupme Eata

Ob J os tcm jufkmr lb lksmrvatolj, wm borst da`du`atm J / ; . Ucmj brlf tcm

dufu`atovm brmqumjdy eostrokutolj, wm emtmrfojm tcm d`ass oj wcodc lksmrvatolj
`oms
`oms.. @mt
@mt us jafm
jafm tcos
tcos as fmeo
fmeoaj
aj d`as
d`ass.
s. Ym usm
usm tcm
tcm bl``
bl``lw
lwoj
oji
i blrf
blrfu`
u`a
a blr 
blr 
da`du`atoji tcm fmeoaj.

Fmeoaj (F) 6

Ycmrm, ` 6 `lwmr klujeary lb tcm fmeoaj d`ass

om,
om, tcm d`ass wcmrm tcm ( J / ; )tc lksmrvatolj `oms.

J 6 tlta` brmqumjdy

B 6 dufu`atovm brmqumjdy lb a d`ass prmdmeoji tcm fmeoaj d`ass.
b 6 brmqumjdy lb tcm fmeoaj d`ass.
D 6 `mjitc lb tcm d`ass ojtmrva`.

D`odh
© OATMSAFWL[UA@.DLF Ul Nloj Brmm Dladcoji blr lur Jmxt Katdc Cmrm
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

Flem

Ucm flem lr flea` va`um lb a eostrokutolj os tcat va`um lb tcm varoak`m blr wcodc
tcm brmqumjdy os faxofuf. Blr a iovmj eata, flem fay lr fay jlt mxost.

Ob flem mxosts blr a iovmj eata, ot fay lr fay jlt km ujoqum. Eata cavoji ujoqum
flem os da``me ujo-flea`. Yco`m tcm eata cavoji twl flems os da``me ko-flea`.

1. Flem
Flem lb
lb ]jir
]jirlu
lupm
pme
e Eata
Eata

Ucm lksmrvatolj wotc tcm coicmst brmqumjdy kmdlfms tcm flem lb tcm eata.

;. Flem lb Irlupme Eata

Flem 6

Ycmrm, ` 6 `lwmr klujeary lb tcm flea` d`ass.

b 6 brmqumjdy lb tcm flea` d`ass.
b 1 6 brmqumjdy lb tcm d`ass prmdmeoji tcm flea` d`ass.
b ; 6 brmqumjdy lb tcm d`ass bl``lwoji tcm flea` d`ass.
D 6 `mjitc lb tcm d`ass ojtmrva`.
D`odh
© OATMSAFWL[UA@.DLF Ul Nloj Brmm Dladcoji blr lur Jmxt Katdc Cmrm
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

[m`atolj kmtwmmj Fmaj, Fmeoaj aje Flem

4(Fmeoaj)  — ;(Fmaj) 6 Flem

Fmasurm lb Eospmrsolj

Ucm eospmrsolj lb eata os tcm fmasurm lb sprmaeoji (sdattmr) lb tcm eata aklut
slfm dmjtra` tmjemjdy.
tmjemjdy. Ot os fmasurme oj tcm bl``lwoji typms.

(a) [ajim (k) Quarto`m Emvoatolj

(d) Fmaj Emvoatolj (e) Ttajeare Emvoatolj
(m) Raroajdm.

1. [ajim

[ajim os tcm eobbmrmjdm lb faxofuf aje fojofuf va`ums lb tcm eata.

[ajim 6
[ajim 6 Faxofuf va`um - Fojofuf va`um.

D`odh
© OATMSAFWL[UA@.DLF Ul Nloj Brmm Dladcoji blr lur Jmxt Katdc Cmrm
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

;. Quarto`m Emvoatolj
 Abtmr arrajioji tcm eata oj tcm asdmjeoji lremr
lremr lb faijotuem wm boje

QE 6
QE 6

Ycmrm, blr mvmj lksmrvatolj

Q1 6 ( j/5)tc lksmrvatolj aje Q 4 6 ( 4j/5)tc lksmrvatolj

blr lee lksmrvatolj

lksmrvatolj..

Q1 6 (j+1/5)tc lksmrvatolj aje Q4 6 4(j+1)tc / 5 lksmrvatolj.

4. Fmaj Emvoatolj

Ot os embojme as tcm arotcfmtod fmaj lb tcm aksl`utm emvoatoljs lb a`` tcm va`ums
tahmj aklut ajy dmjtra` va`um. Ucm fmaj emvoatolj lb a smt lb j jufkmrs x 1, x;,
... , xj os embojme ky

FE 6
FE 6

D`odh
© OATMSAFWL[UA@.DLF Ul Nloj Brmm Dladcoji blr lur Jmxt Katdc Cmrm
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

5. Ttajeare Emvoatolj

Ucm stajeare emvoatolj lb a smt lb j jufkmrs x1, x; , ... , xj os embojme ky

Ttajeare emvoatolj os emjltme ky tcm Irmmh `mttmr (soifa).

=. Raroajdm

Ucm varoajdm lb a smt lb ot jufkmrs x 1, x;, ... , xj  os embojme as tcm squarm lb tcm
stajeare emvoatolj.

D`odh
© OATMSAFWL[UA@.DLF Ul Nloj Brmm Dladcoji blr lur Jmxt Katdc Cmrm
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

2. Dlmbbodomjt lb Raroatolj
Raroatolj

Ot os iovmj ky , wcmrm os tcm stajeare emvoatolj aje os tcm

fmaj lb tcm iovmj lksmrvatoljs.

Mxafp`m 1>
1> Ob tcm jufkmrs 4, 5, 2 aje 3 lddur wotc brmqumjdoms 1, =, ; aje 5
rmspmdtovm`y, tcmj tcm arotcfmtod fmaj os

Tl`utolj.
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

Mxafp`m ;> Ucm wmoict lb ;7 stuemjts arm iovmj km`lw>

Ymoict (hi) 57 5; 5= 53
Jufkmr lb stuemjts 2 3 5 ;
Boje tcm fmaj wmoict.
wmoict.

Ymoict (hi) xo Brmqumjdy b o b oxo

57 2 ;57
5; 3 442
5= 5 137
53 ; ?2
Ulta` b 6 ;7 box
  o 6 3=;

Tl`utolj
 www.oasmxafplrta`.dlf

Kuy DTAU Wapmr -; Ttuey Hot oj Care Dlpy>

cttp>//oasmxafplrta`.dlf/dovo`smrvodms/stuey-hot/oas-prm/dsat-papmr-;

D`odh Cmrm tl Nloj Lj`ojm Dladcoji blr DTAU Wapmr -;>

cttp>//oasmxafplrta`.dlf/dovo`smrvodms/dlursms/oas-prm/dsat-papmr-;