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    Theory of Architecture

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    87 views78 pages

    Architecture of Indonesia

    Uploaded by

    Angelica Paguagan
    Theory of Architecture

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 78
    introduction O74 INDONESIA eT ie Lc laec) Form of government: Elected Legislature and President Indonesia is a country with a vast natural beauty stretching from Sabang to Merauke. It is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia and Oceania and is an archipelago comprising 13,466 islands. It encompasses 33 provinces and 1 Special Administrative Region (for being governed by a pre-colonial monarchy) with over 238 million people, making it the world's fourth most populous country. introduction <® Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups. «2 Ashared identity has developed, defined by a national language, rename testa ama clilAcele Mel ne RAZ n n= Mer) (om LaLa population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. «2% Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread. SES eee Colston Ae aes aget] Motto: "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country Architecture of Indonesia The Architecture of Be the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques. Traditionally, the most significant foreign influence has been Indian. However, Chinese, Arab— Tae MES gre-Mc aM cham Tae Mm Coleg e110] g(t ego) X-r-T aM and reo have played significant roles too in shaping Indonesian architecture. adfrgnbc materials a teal materials O23 eRe la [cola cog climate OS The climate of Indonesia is almost entirely tropical. Temperature varies little from season to season, and HTaXe(olal cit Mo oleae Maeva hee Meal 1am Ono IgA) of daylight hours from one season to the next; the difference between the longest day and the shortest day of the year is only forty-eight minutes. This allows crops to be grown all year round. climate OS Taine ROP UKaal israel Ks <2 Row houses, canals and enclosed solid walls - first thought as [passes Eye) ee Loree ena) MRO te) OC] IL SCL later the Dutch learnt to adapt their architectural style with local building features (long eaves, verandahs, porticos, large windows and ventilation openings) <2 The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves keep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat. In hot and humid-low Pa coastal regions, homes can have many windows providing goo cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often have a vast roof and few windows. climate OS Influence to Architecture © The Indo-European hybrid villa of the 19 century was among the first colonial buildings to incorporate Indonesian architectural elements and attempt adapting to the climate. The basic form, such as the longitudinal organizations of spaces and use of joglo and limasan roof structures, was Javanese, but incorporated European decorative elements such as neo-classical columns around deep verandahs. Climatic Design of the Malay House attap roofing of geography O74 Indonesia is an archipelagic island country in Southeast Asia, lying between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It is in a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean. The country's variations in culture have been shaped— although not specifically determined—by centuries of complex interactions with the physical environment. Although Indonesians are now less vulnerable to the effects of nature as a result of improved technology and social programs, to some extent their social diversity has emerged from traditionally different patterns of adjustment to Ata oie Rel ee 1n leo geography O74 Taine ROP UKaal israel Ks < Building houses off the ground allows breezes to moderate the hot tropical temperatures; it elevates the dwelling above storm water runoff and mud; it allows houses to be built on rivers and wetland margins; it keeps people, goods and food from dampness and moisture; lifts living quarters above malaria-carrying mosquitos; and reduces the risk of dry rot and termites. fo The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves keep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat. geography O74 Influence to Architecture <% In hot and humid low-lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often have a vast roof and few windows. Traditional buildings in Indonesia are built on stilts with oes le sole) | Maelo cM AUaeaM a4 Laman Maen ol aa sree) the Toraja. religion OS <% The first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, is "belief in the one and only God". ese an Camel Relea KACO Tel ecto Lele nen ARTA] their collective influence on the country's political, economic and av Ue MMe eAnieT ney <2 The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. religion Oi feoea lal =Co) (Ua n a alae a ees 4 aK dod Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism). «® Indonesian law requires that every Indonesian citizen hold an identity card that identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may be able to leave that section Etna © agnosticism or atheism, and blasphemy is illegal. Indonesia Religions Map BB Modernist Istam Traditional Islam Protestantism ____ Catholicism Hinduism Buddhism religion OS Influence to Architecture Cosme NKe nicer de gM LNs (Msi cole Xr Molen MCLE NTL a1 ced their religions such as; Islam, Buddhist, early Indonesia Hindu, and LILA Cesena Ok) 0-1 Moda) MR COL ele| [on CULPA HELE] temples. It is important to realize that the Indonesian forms of the above religions have been adapted to accommodate pre-existing Hate folal=ct- ae orca eae col ae MRR Lamon MCN Ce (ea RCT? religious architecture found in Indonesia today. ce alieadUle-) ar ale-rk MOL eM Oy me Celle eon anole Waa ColU Lae) fen fo Types of Architecture O25 religious architecture Oi Although religious architecture has been widespread in Indonesia, the most significant was developed in Java. The island's long tradition of religious syncretism extended to architecture, which fostered uniquely Javanese styles of Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and to a lesser extent, Christian architecture. * Candi = Religious structures - large and _ sophisticated, ole Lea Umt att gary Seta eC ma old of Indonesia’s Great Hindu-Buddhist Iinr=ielnrd Cr MT The earliest surviving Hindu temples in Java are at the Dieng Plateau, thought ACORN AAU Xk Xe EMT ED 400, only 8 remain today. een) eo aaa od Ss) nee 179 Nee) C1) But architecture developed substantially and just 100 years later the second Kingdom of Mataram built the Prambanan complex near Yogyakarta; considered largest and finest example Ora Tae Leena The origin of Buddhist Pac cn eae Prien Pee ne eens Eee my Ba Sa = roof, ornamented with foe eS carol terms, the building is as a representation of the ears Mount eran ets Ee Teanga een meee oe ene etam cs * Buddhist monument, Borobudur SER ola eM goin eetCR Cod - built by the Sailendra Dynasty between 750 and 850 AD, but it was abandoned shortly after its completion ESS Mco 10 nm ToMRe (Co CoOL eT eCeL BUNT and a shift of power to eastern Java. Secon aoa iTatag(e-1¢ Mela eet Lee Copa moves through to the upper levels, metaphorically reaching enlightenment. With the decline of the Mataram Kingdom, eastern Java became the focus of religious architecture with an exuberant style reflecting Shaivist, FestCeCe] pS Lae MBNA Lge Sioa RNa mello) throughout Java. Bw VE) ia a) + The use of bricks in Indonesia’s fel Cfo] ar) Becca te My mca Cyril builders, using a mortar of vine sap and Pree -cg * Temples of Majapahit - have a strong geometrical quality with a sense of verticality Fog AC Ce an col Sam elm Kelty trode Cen MLL LL art-deco sense of streamlining and proportion Majapahit influences can be seen today CT A Mae nok LA) temples of varying sizes spread throughout Bali. Although they have leans m sole Vian =d oa Le Socom oat) AE 1CMoom 19 CoM CL Xo LaT (CD to Bali and owe much to the Majapahit cn Coe au ee eer —~ Soe near ae Mosques (15 Century) SF Tear Colm ok toh ane onal oto in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia's two most populous islands; absorbed and Extn lg oko LD Coe (Do) unique Indonesian/Javanese interpretation. Javanese Mosques - took many design cues from Hindu, Buddhist, and even Chinese architectural influences - lacked, for example, the ubiquitous Islamic dome which did not FT) ocr eC MOL Ne Ren McLane - had tall timber, multi-level roofs similar to the pagodas of Balinese Hindu temples still common today MVersetttacd (19th Century) Se cal US (ODS archipelago began to adopt and absorb areca a ae Rel nea hea eg - The Indo-lslamic and Moorish so Ie eer-lnelel Lame elt te) as displayed in Banda Aceh Baiturrahman Grand Mosque built in 1881, and Medan Grand Mosque built in 1906 - mosques have tended to be built in styles more consistent with global Tania (cP aC el aCe Indonesia towards more orthodox Picladterom ecu) Centos rected Gala Mosque, Tembayat rer wel Sane BEERS Eames amen - one of the examples of Indo- Javanese culture style “top of the hill FTC) Mae -CC 1a hoo Hindu-Buddhist religious buildings in Java, Nn a in Cea ALLO pete cen) Gujarati architecture and the “tajug” wooden-tile roof structure was from Javanese traditional architecture - set as the Objects of Cultural Property (Tangible Heritage) by the Indonesian Institute for Preservation of Archaeological Heritage (BP3) based on LEW (Bole c]° Pd traditional and vernacular architecture Be «2 Traditional and vernacular architecture in Indonesia originates from two sources. One is the great Hindu tradition brought to Indonesia from India via Java. The second is an indigenous architecture pre- CEN iay-menrma lee (ORC forms aa-SiceoATan ince ela Colmin L ele ell Ma eS Uae ele Indonesia’s ethnic groups has its own distinctive form of the traditional vernacular architecture, known as Rumah adat. © Traditional Indonesian homes are not architect designed, rather villagers build their own homes, or community will their resources for FMeant Cela c-Met Lam laLel mm nL Molin tas CoLn od LEI Col Un fe) feet OEE - Rumah adat or Custom House is at the center of a web of Pals cola ecocae melee lider taboos, myths, and religions that villagers together. - The house provides the focus for the family and _ its and is the point of departure for Eee hU(e mom ecto (a le COE Ura i ea) + timber construction, + varied and elaborate roof + longhouses on stilts + steep sloping roofs and heavy + Built on stilts except for Java and rnd Construction System: * post, beam and lintel ama e Ue Teme TU wooden or bamboo walls that are non-load bearing Cm eCun-amnaatc Came UCPmaie] ace Uale| tenon joints and wooden pegs are used sola Kolm ea Me Aenea eRe ae ene Coma ee Batak architecture (North Sumatra) includes the boat-shaped jabu homes of the Col >rie-L aoc re) oo mn Lea RS COLMA Len ALAC eC] MMR SLM OU EPA oe Clee EIR ble Cae aoe Unt ewyUiar-at=4c-ler-[e orm Teeter NUL Ce Rea Mae ge ee (ele re eae hen eam Loe multiple gables with dramatically upsweeping ridge ends. The homes of Nias peoples include the omo sebua chiefs' houses built on massive ironwood pillars with towering roofs. Not only are they almost impregnable to attack in former tribal warfare, but flexible nail-less construction provide proven earthquake durability. Tra Len Cor emLeNmerleliale leaner aol ene KoL eT TLer- Pe Len Oke MCI Borneo and Malay Peninsula. BUN ee selec {olan Rene Ue-lacar<—re 8 Sa IK. oe eRe) Le) Unlike most South East Asian vernacular homes, Javanese jogio are not built on piles, and have become the Indonesian vernacular style most influenced by European architectural elements. Ua ee=i0) ol een LD Sn ese Leen eR Keo RUM} of Banjarese royalty and aristocrats in South Kalimantan. Traditional Balinese homes are a collection of individual; largely open structures C(iatelWCeliale tel Lele ene Cael Rom ea cea ae 9-1 Ln RELI shrine) within a high-walled garden compound. The Sasak people of Lombok build lumbung, pile-built bonnet-roofed rice barns, Batre Rol Ok Mie a Cee RL ele 1 RU Ra MeO a Dayak people traditionally live in communal longhouses that are built on piles. The I eYOr eRe eto OL NNN Coin) Se CO Re COEA=- RA BORAT The Toraja of the Sulawesi highlands are renowned for their tongkonan, houses ATT telah oI NCR NMC AMES Cee.) 2f 4c Lee ica T-\oLel [colle PT emeee oes ian ey Mar-\A Rel) Care) CR aar- Leet ie MAI APT a OLVERA E19) 21-16) wrapped with sheltered verandahs. The Papuan Dani traditionally live in small family compounds composed of several eicaUl Elma ee CONN TRCN eee ONT LAm ence aCe Ke (ona ceLele palace architecture (O25 8 Istana (or "palace") architecture of the various kingdoms and realms of Indonesia is more often than not based on the vernacular and domestic styles of the area. Royal courts, however, were able to develop much grander and elaborate versions of this traditional architecture. ced — 7 6) Nn td Javanese Kraton (Keraton — Javanese CoN elm erel Xe) Characteristics: + large pendopos (pavilion) of the joglo roof form SR OUsah ean) orn et la edaT unin (el) that are elaborate but based on common Javanese forms. The omo sebua ("chief's house") in Bawomataluo, Nias -is an enlarged version of the homes in the village Cre Bao oy-) Ceo) Mea oa ST a =omeTe Colne) CC ges 0n aL LD CL traditional bale form, and the Pagaruyung Palace is a three-storey SVlesiColn mola aC are ln = <1 ern) Gadang. CUT nar- lar <1 Cnt a VL Lh cle) Le house") or rumah _ bagonjong CU iiar- layed cclor-1t aes vig oR cele L a elt) p traditional homes (Indonesian: "rumah adat") of the Ay TtaFeTay col oy | Cao Festa onset RST Foleo) ele aM La CMR CaM aee(e le MOM cnt house reflect the culture and values of Renan =cc]°.-10 SMA an \el- tae EcEfe (cine cR | ODM CLL NAL HS Mame eC ae) nn matrilineal Minangkabau _ society, the rumah gadang is owned by the ela el monica OURO ea oc ownership is passed from mother to daughter. BRN Sates al cies RUT ond ola Maciel ere ES tla kr * The koto piliang design reflects an aristocratic and hierarchical social Sait Celcl CMV Lamm CCM NCOLUMSo nC laLiay 9 Cea eh loeye Laan -at Re) permit elevated seating of clan leaders during ceremonial events. + The bodi caniago design reflects a democratic social structure, with the Bi CololeBol in) Bi lee) 8 Nr aix racic ule nC er-Lel-al 8 ea ene ree Tomei ar eet adapt speech and aphorisms. The elements of a rumah gadang include: Seen LL AULA IL RRR aed Semen -1ceo men Let UMII MU LAT men einen eterno 4 + pereng, shelf under the singkok Sema rel eels eh Lele labman ale Remon ei9] Roma ae Cent * dindiang ari, the walls on the side elevations Same Uiel(-1g)-mxe]o] em RAZ-l MOMMA RT MIRON IAB o-oo N-1eLeB) Sia Yel T he mae a LeTe(o Cee eae auger Kanara stn kere ato house Sire a) com nY-IIae etin) -Ce eee MO Ren aaa teen stilt Some symbolisms of the house: Schnee or aeccten sacl vole Seem liele eg) Meee] MR AMR e-LelLCongy=) nae OL MLC oo Me} Cn Mogi =n LoL Ln ol) bos Ruse MIC MCR yey OMe etna individual Minangkabau become part of the larger community instead of standing alone. MUTI Leone a Me (en ele A Co RM lal ste Ban aod Se I Koh MRS ZL Mog C=M 1-100 LO COLL On SMS 0 -=|O(cL BUA a) cme lag kL e nm a NOON (e (einen Lele nea CHC) Peele LL anode 1ey Fe lee =(e1e cle) OTe) MeL =<- MOAR T BO CCA Core] OS ed other Janjar are used as a common area, called the labuah gajah (elephant road), for INS Re senna ce A number of rice barns (rangkiang) ideally accompany a rumah gadang, with each ENE Mik en Lao a esol Maced cn eta) CLM Cee lal Rae Rema a ACIS AMR eCe La Nn ome 1nd ee =Ae)eceee) 1 e-l O donation to poor villagers and for times of famine in the village. The rangkiang sibayau- Preece n ela Rae R elm OMIT NAR seo aR nA colonial architecture O74 c= 16th and 17 centuries Sen Rog tie ne RMR SRC Na mes their construction. ON Mela Rie lau mien au eRe TCR (Cl mallu) Beno nem R CR enka Cee hier ener aes Preece Cc aCe omen ae eens tate sy RO Tiend one ee ia Set emu EIEN neeM CUR ee MR euei contd ait 2} Sees eu CRICK aetna ACCC a aaa ieeeo Tel buildings to incorporate Indonesian architectural elements and attempt Pee eR Re ue MT Oem Re Curtin Rage tiie of spaces and use of joglo and limasan roof structures, was Javanese, but it Pema nme ener an ceeate Means ee on Peta hereon et cae ea) Indo-European homes Seo tod LT European trims Teele PLO neta - European buildings with LaleCela SCR any - Practical measures carried over from the earlier Indo-European hybrids, which responded to the Indonesian climate, included overhanging eaves, Lele = meno MLO CIR eL -1e(e BNI faeKoL CRG Latta Seman) chia) co Colt alo] e478 Cen nel lES- UNS RACE) EOL} - Modernistic buildings required for such development appeared in great numbers, and were heavily influenced by international styles - includes train stations, business hotels, factories and office blocks, hospitals and education institutions perenne ty *Bali Seo) TU RNC Cea aR] eet SNR ALAR encom <)>) al 4 SeyU DI ca aie lin oh Reel ece Kone island—and consequently the island only LIER MINK Esol4 elo) (OBI Rei ceceiae cd - The hill town of Munduk, a town amongst plantations established by ane PLe cane Tl Ron Melanesia group of colonial architecture; a number of mini mansions in the Balinese-Dutch ayes SUI RUNV oN NEE Indah ac lg ANE NOK EinhilWt-iarascol yen sean atiKe) =e E than colonial architecture was influenced by Indonesian styles; and these Western elements continue to be a dominant influence on Indonesia's built Cee n nmr Ny post independence Tae ali CcseutU lee forme aac leer a Men ele nee 1ete) Ade pelea Indonesia, again mostly in Java female soa Keg (eRe cE Re No Leia) a CO EIA R YE ER Ce) ehuvLel yy Pigg set tomlin ene Rett maeanerientacehar (eZ foleyeanimel mentee ead Onna «the Javanese art-deco style from the 1920s became the root for the first Indonesian national style in the 1950s SMe odih eel ACelged" Cine ose R UCN a aCleea Mn laa Lela ce cre elo ne) was neither able to afford or focused to follow the new international fra oan alee apc ele (ania Lela) “Let us prove that we can also build the country like the Europeans and Americans do because we are equal” - Sukarno Despite the new country's economic woes, government-funded major projects were undertaken in the modernist style, particularly in the feToy heel cla Moll keen cella aL lane Le) Lee=] RY PRN Ke ola Oko openly nationalistic and strives to show the new nation’s pride in itself. Projects approved by Sukarno, himself a civil engineer who had acted as an architect, iiafeltel 3 Ses) (laa + Abroad by-pass in Jakarta (Jalan Sudirman). * Four high-rise hotels including the famous Hotel Indonesia. SRer UNA 1a ICiate od Cel a= * The 127 000-seat Bung Karno Stadium. + Numerous monuments including The National Monument. + Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta the largest mosque in Southeast Asia. CaS d (ani ei(c) SECM Omen SBC te ue Ro eae LCN eee) 'yankee', was a distinctive Indonesian architectural style that emerged. The modernist cubic and strict geometric forms that the Dutch had used before World War II were transformed into more complicated volumes, such as pentagons or Coren note mo) LN Ken hol Re co OO aoe) Lees aol Frese ones ae alent SEs CML MDL aciceh MeN Rene yea ae eR aol Rude mea Rola) CReM LM oy. erm nM LoL oNaT =< 1B UEDUnLe LeoL

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