ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION - QUESTIONS 1. When a coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field at a certain frequency, the variation with time of the induced emf X is as shown below. in The frequency of rotation of the coil is reduced to one half of its initial value, Which one of the following graphs correctly shows the new variation with time ¢ of the induced emf E? a2, The magnetic flux # through a coil having 500 turns varies with time ¢ as shown below. ‘The magnitude of the emf induced in the coil is A. 0.25V. B. 0.50V. 250 V. D. 1 000V. wo 3. Abbar magnet is suspended above a coil of wire by means of a spring, as shown below. Spring Wageet ceil ‘The ends of the coil are connected to a sensitive high resistance voltmeter. The bar magnet is pulled down so that its north pole is level with the top of the coil. The magnet is released and the variation with time 1 of the velocity v of the magnet is shown.(a) On the diagram above, (i) mark with the letter M, one point in the motion where the reading of the voltmeter (ii) mark with the letter Z, one point where the reading on the voltmeter is zero. @ (b) Explain, in terms of changes in flux linkage, why the reading on the voltmeter is alternating, @ (Total 4 marks) 4, ‘The diagram below shows the variation with time s of the emf E generated in a coil rotating in a uniform magnetic field. What is the root-mean-square value Ej, of the emf and also the frequency fof rotation of the coil? Eons tf A. e = T B. i e T c & 2 C * z D. = B aA.uniform magnetic field of strength B completely links a coil of area S. The field makes an angle 9 to the plane of the coil. a => The magnetic flux linking the coil is AL Bs BBS CO BSSngs DLS a A resistor is connected in series with an alternating current supply of negligible internal resistance, The peak value ofthe suply voltage Vand he peak va ofthe caren i the resistor is Jy. The average power dissipation in the resistor is A B. Vly D. Wolo a This question is about electrical energy and associated phenomena. lectromagnetim The current in the circuit is switched on. (i) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and use the law to explain why an emf is induced in the coil of the electromagnet. @) (ii) State Lenz’s law and use the law to predict the direction of the induced emf in (i). 8) (iii) Magnetic energy is stored in the electromagnet. State and explain, with reference to the induced emf, the origin of this energy. Q) (Total 8 marks)8. A magnetic field links a closed loop of metal wire. The magnetic field strength B varies with time tas shown. A current is induced in the loop during the time period A tonly, B. honly. C. trandt; only D. — fyandt; only o 9, ‘The rms voltages actoss the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer are V, and V, respectively. The currents in the primary and secondary coils are /, and /, respectively. Which one of the following statements is always true? AL Va-Vp B. cc. Y= Vly D. o 10. A coil of area Shas NV tums of wire. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field of strength B so that its plane makes an angle 0 with the direction of the magnetic field as shown, magnetic fi strength B The magnetic flux linkage is A. BSNsin 8. B. BSN cos 0. C. BSNtan 0. D. BSN. w11, The north pole of a permanent bar magnet is pushed along the axis of a coil as shown below: The pointer of the sensitive voltmeter connected to the coil moves to the right and gives a maximum reading of 8 units. The experiment is repeated but on this occasion, the south pole of the magnet enters the coil at twice the previous speed Which of the following gives the maximum deflection of the pointer of the voltmeter? A. 8 units to the right B. — Sunits to the left C. 16 units to the right D. 16 units to the left w 12. The diagram below shows an ideal transformer. rye culpa ary seid Pordary ce The transformer has 7 tums on the primary coil and 2n turns on the secondary coil. The waveform produced on the screen of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (ero), when the cro is connected to the primary coil, is shown below. Which of the following diagrams shows the waveform displayed on the cro when it is connected to the secondary coil? The settings of the cro remain unchanged.BB. 14. w Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the induced emf is, ‘A. proportional to the change in magnetic flux linkage. B. proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage C. equal to the change in magnetic flux linkage. D. _ equal to the change of magnetic flux. rn A coil rotates at a constant rate in a uniform magnetic field. The angle of rotation of the coil from its starting position is 0. The variation with angle @ of the emf £ generated in the coil is shown below. Which one of the following graphs best shows the variation with 0 from the starting position of the emf £ when the rate of rotation of the coil is doubled?1s. Tn VT on t Th) nd 7 ° O degree O denier w This question is about the possibility of generating electrical power using a satellite orbiting the Earth. (a) Define gravitational field strength. Q) (b) Use the definition of gravitational field strength to deduce that GM = go where M is the mass of the Earth, R its radius and go is the gravitational field strength at the surface of the Earth. (You may assume that the Earth is a uniform sphere with its mass concentrated at its centre.) @ A space shuttle orbits the Earth and a small satellite is launched from the shuttle. The satellite carries a conducting cable connecting the satellite to the shuttle, When the satellite is a distance Z from the shuttle, the cable is held straight by motors on the satellite.Diagram 1 AAs the shuttle orbits the Earth with speed v, the conducting eable is moving at right angles to the Earth’s magnetic field, The magnetic field vector B makes an angle 6 to a line perpendicular to the conducting cable as shown in diagram 2. The velocity vector of the shuttle is directed out of the plane of the paper. Diagram 2 @ © o (g) On diagram 2, draw an arrow to show the direction of the magnetic force on an electron in the condueting cable. Label the arrow F. w State an expression for the force Fon the electron in terms of B, v, ¢ and 0, where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field strength and e is the electron charge. o Hence deduce an expression for the emf induced in the conducting wire. @ The shuttle is in an orbit that is 300 km above the surface of the Earth. Using the expression GM = go? and given that R= 6.4 « 10° m and gy = 10 N kg”, deduce that the orbital speed v of the satellite is 7.8 « 10° m $7 @ The magnitude of the magnetic field strength is 6.3 x 107° T and the angle 6 = 20°. Estimate the length L of the cable required in order to generate an emf of | kV. @ (Total 14 marks) 1016. The variation with time 1 of the magnetic flux # through a coil is shown below. @ Which of the following diagrams best shows the variation with time ¢ of the emf E induced in the coil? LaF aoet V wo 17. An ideal transformer has Np turns on the primary coil and N, turns on the secondary coil. The input power of the primary coil is P. The output power at the secondary coil is ALP. B. D o 18. This question is about electromagnetic induction. A sinall coil is placed with its plane parallel to a long straight current-carrying wire, as shown. below. (@) (@_ State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. @ 1"i) Use the law to explain why, when the induced in the coil, irent in the wire changes, an emf is w The diagram below shows the variation with time / of the current in the wire. pagsetic i | flux ' | , I I | | _—— a ee (6) (Draw, on the axes provided, a sketch-graph to show the variation with time / of the magnetic flux in the coil wo (ii) Construct, on the axes provided, a sketch-graph to show the variation with time f of the emf induced in the coil @ (ii) State and explain the effect on the maximum emf induced in the coil when the coil is further away from the wire. @ (©) Such a coil may be used to measure large alternating currents in a high-voltage cable. Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of this method. @ (Total 10 marks) 219. 20. a. A thin copper ring encloses an area S. The area is linked by magnetic flux that is increasing. The rate of change of the magnetic flux from time ¢= 0 to time t= Tis R. The emf induced in the copper ring during the time ¢ = 0 to time t= Tis RS AOR B RS. c. RST. D, T wo The maximum value of a sinusoidal alternating current in a resistor of resistance R is. The maximum current is increased to 2/. Assuming that the resistance of the resistor remains constant, the average power dissipated in the resistor is now a 2 2 A a OR co UR pW. w roterleoy The current in the inner loop is clockwise and increases with time as shown in the graph below. u ' Tre The induced current in the outer loop is A. constant in the clockwise direction. B. constant in the anticlockwise direction. variable in the clockwise direction. D. _ variable in the anticlockwise direction, 8w 22, Allight bulb is connected to an ac supply. The variation with time of the current is sinusoidal having a maximum value of 0.50 A. The rms, current is 050, 0.50 a 2 a c. 050A p, 0502.4. o 23. ‘The magnetic flux @ in a coil varies with time # as shown below. 4 Which graph best represents the variation with time ¢ of the emf £ induced in the coil? \ 3 ‘ L . C d w 1424, An alternating supply of constant r.m.s. current and constant r.m.s. potential difference is connected to the primary coil of an ideal transformer. Which one of the following deseribes the effect, ifany, on the r.m.s. current and on the r.m.s. power in the circuit of the secondary coil when the number of tums on the secondary coil is increased? A no change increases B. no change no change Fs decrees inreees D. decreases no change a 28. Ths question is bout else cument andthe effets of lsc cue Electric current (2) ‘The diagram below shows the cist used to measure the eumen-volage (0) characteristic of an electrical component X. a NL > ‘yf On the diagram above, (i) label the ammeter A and the voltmeter V; Ww i) atthe poston ofthe contact ofthe potentiometer tat will poduoe a reading of zero on the voltmeter. Label this position P. ( (b) The graph shows the current-voltage (J-V) characteristics of two different conductors X and Y. 15© @ State the value of the current for which the resistance of X is the same as the resistance of Y and determine the value of this resistance. ® Gi) _Diseribe and suggest an explanation for the /-V characteristic of conductor Y. ® ‘The two conductors X and Y are connected in the circuit as shown below: | pone] PE | I t 1 7 The cell has emf 12 V and negligible internal resistance. The resistor Z has resistance R and the potential difference across the conductors X and Y is 5.0 V. (i) Use the graph in (b) to determine the total current inthe circuit. ® (ii) Determine the resistance of the resistor Z. Q) Determine the total resistance of the parallel com! Q 16Ele omagnetic effects associated with steady electric currents (4) A long vertical wire passes through a sheet of cardboard that is held horizontal. A small compass is placed at the point P and the needle points in the direction shown. con pass teedle A current is passed through the wire and the compass needle now points in a direction that makes an angle of 30° to its original direction as shown below. Jineetion of com pass Tih cucreet ia @ ire (rip ina Haeeetee con pass needle (Draw an arrow on the wire to show the direction of current in the wire, Explain why itis in the direction that you have drawn. (ii) The magnetic field strength at point P due to the current in the wire is By and the strength of the h field is By ontal component of the Earth's magn Deduce, by drawing a suitable vector diagram, that Be = By tan 60°, Electromagnetic effect due to time-changing currents (©) State ()__ Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction; (i) Lenz’s law. @ @ @ w 726. (© Along solenoid is connected in series with a battery and a switch S. Several loops of wire are wrapped around the solenoid close to its midpoint as shown below. j C a=] The ends of the wire are connected to a high resistance voltmeter V that has a centre zeto scale (as shown in the inset diagram), Describe, and explain, the deflection on the voltmeter when (the switch $ is closed: “ ii) the switch S is re-opened a short time after being closed. Oy (Total 28 marks) Electromagnetic induction A small circular coil of area of cross-section 1.7 x 10“ m? contains 250 turns of wire. The plane of the coil is placed parallel to, and a distance x from, the pole-piece of a magnet, as shown, below. PQs a line that is normal to the pole-piece. The variation with distance x along line PQ of the mean magnetic field strength B in the coil is shown below. 1821. Bi xittr (a) For the coil situated a distance 6.0 om from the pole-piece of the magnet, (i) state the average magnetic field strength in the coil; w i) calculate the flux linkage through the coil. @ (b) The coil is moved along PQ so that the distance x changes from 6.0 em to 12,0 em in a time of 0.35 s, ()_Deduce that the change in magnetic flux linkage through the coil is approximately 7x10 Wb. @ Gi) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and hence calculate the mean emf induced in the coil @ (©) @_— State Lenz’s law. ro) Use Lenz’s law to explain why work has to be done to move the coil along the line PQ @ (Total 11 marks) A resistor of resistance R is connected in series with a sinusoidal alternating supply having a maximum value of emf Vo, ‘The best estimate for the average power dissipated in the resistor during one cycle of the alternating current is 2, A R B. Ws ram c. V2R D. 2R aie R wo 1928, Two coils P and Q are arranged as shown below. Coil Q is connected to a sensitive voltmeter. The current / in coil P is varied as shown below. ( i Te Which of the following graphs best shows the variation with time of the emf £ induced in coil Q? 4 t wo 2029. ‘The graph below shows the vi I oh Which of the following is the root-mean-square value of the current /? a lo Bo co VG D. wo 30, Electrical conduction and induced currents (@) ‘The diagram below shows a copper rod inside which an electric field of strength E is maintained by connecting the copper rod in series with a cell. (Connections to the cell are not shown.) copper ied how the electric field enables the conduction electrons to have a drift velocity in a direction along the copper rod. 8) (b) A copper rod is placed on two parallel, horizontal conducting rails PQ and SR as shown below. ' ‘ ener ' penlustitg vie ‘The rails and the copper rod are in a region of uniform magnetic field of strength B. The magnetic field is normal to the plane of the conducting rods as shown in the diagram above. 2Aconducting wire is connected between the ends P and S of the rails. A constant force, parallel to the rails, of magnitude F is applied to the copper rod in the direction shown, ‘The copper rod moves along the rails with a decreasing acceleration. () On the diagram, draw an arrow to show the direction of induced current in the copper rod, Label this arrow with the letter I wo Gi Explain, by reference to Len2’s law, why the induced current is in the direction you have shown in (i). 2 By considering the forces on the conduction electrons in the copper rod, explain why the acceleration of the copper rod decreases as it moves along the rails. ® (©) The copper rod in (b) eventually moves with constant speed v. The induced emf ¢ in the ‘copper rod is given by the expression e= Bul where / is the length of copper rod in the region of uniform magnetic field. (State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. wo (i) Deduce that the expression is consistent with Faraday’s law. @ The following data are available: F=032N 1=0.40m B=0.26T resistance of copper tod = 0.15 Determine the induced current and the speed v of the copper rod. “ (Total 17 marks) 31. Aconductor in the shape of a solid square is moving with constant velocity in a region of magnetic field as shown in the diagram below. ‘The direction of the field is into the plane of the page. 22Which of the following diagrams correctly represents the separation of the induced charges? ee en [LF to L w 32. A metal ring has its plane perpendicular to a magnetic field. ca —f- | > pe sgnetic ld —{— as ‘The magnetic flux through the ring increases at a constant rate by 4.0*10™°Wb in 5.0 s. During this change the e.m.f. induced in the ring ‘A. remains constant at 81. B. remains constant at 20,V. C. increases from zero to 8nV. D. increases from zero to 20pV. w 33. This question is about an ideal transformer (a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. @ (b) The diagram below shows an ideal transformer. sa inated care (i Use Faraday’s law to explain why, for normal operation of the transformer, the current in the primary coil must vary continuously @ i) Outline why the core is laminated. @ (iii) ‘The primary coil of an ideal transformer is connected to an alternating supply rated at 230V. The transformer is designed to provide power for a lamp rated as 12V, 42W and has 450 turns of wire on its secondary coil. Determine the number of turns of wire on the primary coil and the current from the supply for the lamp to operate at normal brightness, 23@ (Total 9 marks) 34, Anclectron is moving in air at right angles to a uniform magnetic field. The diagram below shows the path of the electron. The electron is slowing down, ed NS \ sepion of magnetic Heid Which of the following correctly gives the direction of motion of the electron and the direction of the magnetic field? Direction of motion Direction of magnetic field A clockwise into plane of paper B. clockwise out of plane of paper c. anti-clockwise into plane of paper D. anti-clockwise out of plane of paper w 35, An AC generator produces a voltage of peak value V. The frequency of rotation of the coil of the generator is doubled. The rms value of the voltage produced is, tL Lt A.W? ne co Wve. pW. w 2436. This question is about electromagnetic induction. In 1831 Michael Faraday demonstrated three ways of inducing an electric current in a ring of copper. One way is to move a bar magnet through the stationary copper ring (a) Describe briefly a way that a current may be induced in the copper ring using a stationary bar magnet. o You are given the following apparatus: copper ring, battery, variable resistor, lengths of insulated copper wire with connecting terminals at each end. (b) Describe how you would use all of this apparatus to induce a current in the copper ring. coyperting ® In the diagram below, a magnetic field links a circular copper ring, The field is uniform over the area of the ring and its strength is increasing in magnitude at a steady rate a agnetic field (©) @ State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction as it applies to this situation. @ Gi) Draw on the diagram, an arrow to show the direction of the induced current in the copper ring. Explain how you determined the direction of the induced current. eo (ii) The radius of the copper ring is 0.12 m and its resistance is 1.5 x 10 Q. The field strength is increasing at rate of 1.8 x 107 Ts“, Calculate the value of the induced current in the copper ring, @ (Total 13 marks) 2537. 38, 39, The diagram below shows the vari [\ [\ mn with time of the magnetic flux linkage through a coil flus linkage At which times is the induced emf equal to zero? AL trand ss B. handy tand D. handy o A amp of resistance R is connected in series to a source of alternating voltage. The rms value of the voltage is 20 V. The variation with time ¢ of the power P dissipated in the light bulb is shown below. pin The best estimate for the value of the resistance of the filament of the lamp is, A 402. B. 4.029. c. 8.00. D. 8.0y2 2. wo A power station generates electrical energy at a potential difference Vand current J. The resistance of the transmission lines between the power station and the consumer is R. transmission lines potential resistance 2 difference [> rence {¢—__| y ccarrent F consimer power sation The power lost in the transmission lines is y A 0 B. R CORP, DL w 2640. ‘A metal ring is placed in a region of uniform magnetic field such that the plane of the ring is perpendicular to the direction of the field. The field strength is increasing at a constant rate. magnetic field The sketch-graph shows the variation with time ¢ of the magnetic flux @ linking the ring. % ‘ 7 Which of the following graphs best shows the variation with time 1 of the induced current Jin the ring? wo 274. 42. coil of wire wound on an iron core. The diagram shows ©) When the switch is closed, the ammeter reading gradually increases from zero to a maximum value. What is the explanation for this gradual growth of current? A. Ane... is induced in the coil, B. The emf. of the battery is increasing C. The iron core has a very low resistance. D. The battery has a large internal resistance. a This question is about induced e.m.f A small area A is in a region of uniform magnetic field of strength B. The field makes an angle O10 the normal to the area as shown below. bred ul (@) With reference to the diagram, define magnetic flux $ both in words and in symbols. @ (b) A thin copper ring encloses an area of 1.810" m?, The plane of the ring is normal to a uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field strength increases at a constant rate of 5.0x107 Ts Caleulate the e.m.f. induced in the ring. @ (Total 4 marks) 2843. The variation with time of the current in the primary coil of an ideal transformer is shown below. At which time will the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in the secondary coil be maximum? AA BOB coc DD wo 44, A transformer has a primary coil with Np turns and a secondary coil with N, turns. An altemating voltage supply of frequency fand ran.s. value V, is connected to the primary coil. Which of the following correctly gives the frequency and r.m.s. voltage in the secondary coil? Frequency Voltage M Ne? B. f Mey c xe Ny D. f wo 45. High voltages are used for the transmission of electric power over long distances because ‘A. high voltages ean be stepped down to any required value. B. larger currents can be used. C. power losses during transmission are minimized. D. transformers have a high efficiency. wo 29ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION - MARKSCHEME 1 10. ML 2 13, 14. A c @ (b) a wi ii) ()_— Mshown at peak or trough; i) Z shown on t-axis; by Lenz’s law, emf (or current) must change direction as flux cutting changes direction; as magnet oscillates, flux is cut in opposite directions; (induced) e.m.f, proportional to rate of change of magnetic flux (linkage); (do not allow induced current) as current increases, magnetic field in coil iner ‘thus change in flux linkage and e.m.f. induced; direction of (induced) e.m.£. such as to tend to oppose; the change producing it; induced e.m.f. must oppose e.m.f, of battery / growth of current in circuit; energy is supplied by the battery; in making charge move against the induced e.m.f, a nM 4) a a nM a 1 a 1 a 1 a 30(a) force exerted per unit mass; on a small / point mass; 2 FGM (b) from the law of gravitation, the field strength ™ = -R° ; = go to give GM= goR; 2 E NB To achieve full marks, candidates need to state that ™ oe (©) downwards; (accept 90° 10 B field or down the wire) 1 (@) F=Beveost; 1 (©) work done in moving an electron the length of the wire is W= FL=Bevlcos0, emf= work done per unit charge; therefore, E= BLvcos®, or £ electric field = & = Byeost, emf £= electric field « L; to give E = BLvcos, 3 Award [2 max] if flux linkage argument is used. Mm my? ® FeGroor GM suchthaty?= 7 or; 1o_64)?_10 6.7 10° togivev=7.8 x 10° ms"; 3 (®) 7.8 10°98 -9 2 x 10° m; 2 114] A 1) A 1 (2) (i) emf (induced) proportional to; rate of change / cutting of (magnetic) flux (linkage); 2 an19, 20. 2. 2. 23, 24, 25, (b) © c @ @) © wi Gi) ‘magnetic field / flux through coil will change as the current changes; sinusoidal and in phase with current; sinusoidal and same frequency, with 90° phase difference to candidate’s graph for @ emfis reduced; because B is smaller; Award [0] for “emf is reduced” if argument fallacious. advantage: no direct contact with cable required; disadvantage: distance to wire must be fixed: «i @ i) @ correct labelling of A and V; P on resistor at “bottom”; I= 040A: Vo 10 a5 RT a0 the rate of increase of / decreases with increasing V/ OWTTE; because: the conductor is (probably) heating up as the current increases / OWTTE; and resistance (of a conductor) increases with increasing temperature; from graph, current in Y= 0.30; current in X = 0.20A to give total current = 0.50A; potential across Z=7.0V; [io] 1 a 1 a 1 a 32@ Gi) @ 7.0. therefore, 0.50 2 es resistance of parallel combination 7 — or 9-50 = 109; or 50 17 resistance of Y= 0.30 and resistance of X is 250; 25.17 10 = so combination = 42 2 upwards the direction of the compass needle is the resultant of two fields 1 OWTTES the field must be into the plane of the (exam) paper to produce a resultant field in the direction shown / OWT 2 Award [1] for “upwards because of the right hand rule” / OWTTE. or vector addition with correct values of two angles shown 30°, 60° or 90°; B, from diagrams By = By x tan 60 or 2 the emf induced in a circuit / coil / loop is equal to / proportional to; the rate of change of flux linking the circuit / coil / loop; 2 Do not allow “induced current’ the induced emf / current is in such a direction that its effect is to ‘oppose the change to which it is due / OWTTE; 1 description: on closing the switch, the reading of the voltmeter will increase to a maximum value; then drop back to zero; explanation: on closing the switch, a magnetic field is established in the solenoid soa flux links the loops; the field is changing with time / the current is changing with time so an emf is induced in the loops; 3326. 2. 28, 29, when the current reaches a maximum there is no longer a time changing flux so there is no induced em description: on opening the switch, the reading on the voltmeter will increase to a ‘maximum value but in the opposite direction; and then drop to zero; explanation: when the switch is opened the field drops to zero — so again a time changing flux which will induce an emf in the opposite direction as the emf will now be such as to oppose the field falling to zero J Lenz’s law; when the current reaches zero, there will no longer be a flux change; Electromagnetic induction @ (b) @ (i) Ww 33x10? T; flux linkage = 3.3 x 10 x 1,7 10x 250; = 1.4.x 10 Wb (turns): Award [0] if answer given as flux in (a)(ii) but allow full credit in (6)(V) new flux linkage = 7.23 x 10 Wb turns or AB = 1.6 x 1 change = (1.4 ~ 0.7) x 10 or change = 1.6 x 10 x 1.7.x 10 x 250; change = 7 x 10“ Wb turns (no mark for answer) (do not alow «.m.fis proportion aVequal to rateof change of fx} (linkage): J "induced arrent’) 7x107 — 0 emf= 0.35 emf / induced current acts in such a direction to (produce effects to) ‘oppose the change causing it; induced current produces a magnetic field in the coil / induced current is in field of magnet; this produces a force; (award only ifthe first marking point is correct) the force acts to oppose the motion of the coil [28 1) 1 nM a 3430, Electrical conduction and induced currents @ (b) © the force on the electrons produced by the electric field causes them to accelerate along the direction of the rod; however, they will (soon) collide with a lattice ion but after collision will again be accelerated (along the rod) before making another collision / OWTTE; hence the electrons gain a drift/ net velocity in the direction of the wire / in the (opposite) direction to the field even though they still have random velocities / OWTTE; 3 @ (ii) Lenz’s law says that the direction of the induced current is such as to oppose change; therefore, to produce a (magnetic) force that opposes F the current must be in direction shown / reference to left / right hand rule / OWTTE; 2 the force on the electrons is given by Bev; as v increases so does this foree and therefore, so does the induced current; therefore, net force on rod decreases / OWTTE; 3 (i) the induced emf is equal / proportional to the rate of change / cutting of (magnetic) flux; 1 (ii) _ if the rod moves a distance Av in time Af then area swept out by rod = /Ax; flux = BIAx; Bl = ~ BW rate of change of flux= 3 iii) induced current f. BI” substitute to give /=3.1A; speedy: €=IR=0.47; 3531. 32, 33. 34, 38. 36. €= Bul substitute to give v = 4.5 (4.4) ms; 7) A fo} A O11 (@) ems induced proportional to/equal to; rate of change of flux (linkage) / rate of flux cutting; (©) (for em-fcurrent to be induced in secondary, flux must be changing in the core; changing flux is caused by varying current in primary; 2 (ii) induced currents in core are kept small; (do not allow reduced’ prevented) to reduce heating/energy losses; (do not allow mere “eddy current losses”) ¥% (iii) wseof Ne Vo ; to give Np = 8600 turns; 1,{= ) and 25 }= 180 mA; 1] D 10] c (1) (a) move the ring over the end of the magnet / OWTTE; ie magnet stationary, ring moved. (b) diagram showing wire wrapped around part of the ring: and appropriate connections to battery and variable resistor; as the current is a current is induced in the ring; Mark diagram and description together — look for any sensible ianged by altering the value of the resistance; 3637. 38, 39, 40. 4. a2. 43, 44, 4s. © (@) &) description of the production of transformer induced currents, (i) the emf induced in the ring; is equal / proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linking the ring; a) clockwise; Lenz’s law: induced current is such as to oppose the change / OWTT! current in this direction induces a field in the opposite direction to the changing field / OWTTE; (iii) area =3.14 « (1.2) x 107 rate of flux change = 4.5 « 107 m? x 1.8 x 10° = emf=8.1 x 107 (8.1107) current= 15 107 =5.4mA; product of normal component of magnetic field strength and area that it links / OWTTE: = BA cos 0 rate of change of flux = (1.8 10 x 5.0 « 10) =9.0 x 10° (Wb); recognize that e.m.f. rate of change of flux = 9.0 « 10 V; Ignore any sign. [13] Lo} i nM) i tt) (4 (1) (1 1) a738