Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Repository
Published in:
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
DOI:
10.1007/s10710-009-9080-7
Published: 01/06/2009
Document Version:
Peer reviewed version
Recommended citation(APA):
Gepp, A., & Stocks, P. (2009). A review of procedures to evolve quantum algorithms. Genetic Programming and
Evolvable Machines, 10(2), 181-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-009-9080-7
General rights
Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners
and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.
For more information, or if you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact the Bond University research repository
coordinator.
! ""#
Æ
! "
#
"
$
"
"
%
$
"
"
&
&
"
'
&
"
$
"
"
$ !
$
&
&
"
"
&
"
( "
&
"
$
"
$ &
$
"
$
" ! &
(
!
" $
"
)
# "
* +
, -
./01$
2
$
%
$
.+01
$
$
)
#
" , - "
"
&
Æ " $ $
"
&
(
"
$
( "
"
*%
$ "
$
*%
"
"
"
2 .+01 "
$ "
*%
! 34
$ 52
#
#
.01
$
%
$
"
# "
$
"
$
5 $
!
#
"$
9
" #
! $
!
#
./1
#
C D$
C D $ #
$
(
!
$
" #
#
3
"
"
/8
*
# !
"
$
$ "
"
"$
$
( "
"
'
$
3
*
+7 .71
" *
!
=
!$
"
$
$ (
$
$ " (
" &
" $
(
"
" "
$
"
: $
"
=$ "
$
" ;
"
;
"
$
$
"
"
;
C D E CD F C D
C D E
CD
C D
!
"
# $ %
! &
% !
"
"
;
E
"
"
"
"
" "
= "# ! .81
"
//
//+
$
"
$
" "
;
$
$ "
$
0
$
# 0
=$
!
$
"
*
"
"
/
C
D "
;
0 E
0
E
0
$
"
"
"
;
0 F
F E
%
$ (
!
$
$
"
=$
$
"
$
"
"
$
"
"
"
"
$
"
00G
"$
"
$
"
"
.A1
:
$
.+1
!
"
$ $
&
"
"
;
0 0
E 0 0 0 0
;
00 0 0
&
" *
" $
$
;
Æ
Æ
Æ Æ Æ
Æ E
Æ
$
Æ $ Æ E
Æ
"
:
"
:
"
$
"
"
"
"
.+1$
"
"
"
!
$
!
" " B
#
I
"$
"
;
E C 0 F D C 0 F D
E 00 F 0 F 0 F
=$
"
<
;
E E
E E
D
"
"
C 0 F D E
C 0 F D
"
"
?
!
$ " &
0 !
0 :
$
" &
0 " &
&"&"
"
" $
"
"
"
" 9$ 3
!
5;
" ! 5?
3
! .+1 :
"
=
$
?
"
%
$
"
"
$
C /AD
$
5?
3
! .+1
"
$
JFF
$ =
.81
'
"
'
"
$
"
"
.1$
" "
" K :
%
L
5
C%L5D
# "
.A+1 : )
/00A$ J
*I
BH#$
=$
"
H# !
!
H $
H
$
$
$
%L5
$
"
"$
"
&
C
00 D
3
22
.71
" "
$
$
"
! $
7
%L5
=
.8/1
" %L5$
%
J
.A1
!
"
"
" *?
.8/$ /$ A1
;
"
C
(D
"
!
:
Æ
C
0 D $
(
Æ
"
"
"
"
$
/
Æ
"
"
"
!
$
!
'
'
())
)
)))*
"
!
"
(
"
"
.+$ 8A$ +1 M ! .71
"
:
$
!
C'9JJD & '9JJ
+ .+71
!
! Æ '9JJ C
ÆD ./81 *
$
"
) $
$ "
"
/ "
)
"
"
" %
J
# ! .A1
"
+0
"
C
D
" C
D
$
?
"
.1
"
"
C
"
D
&
"
C //+D &
"
"
)
7+$ * .1
$
&
"
$
$
J
CJ LD
'
"
:
Æ
) $
$
Æ
"
=$
" ?
$
$
$
Æ
!
.1 //8$
:
$
( "
/
=
"
/
"
"
"
"
;
Æ Æ
Æ Æ
Æ E Æ
Æ Æ
: H
"
E
H
"
"
"$
"
"
"
$
$
"
!
"
"
$ ! "
//8
//
) $
!
$
Æ
!
O!
.+1
L
"
#
"
"
:
"
"
#
:
$
!
I "
$
"
& >#
$
"
$ >#
"
$
"
$
$
"
"
" E ! $ (
" L
"
"
.+1;
!
"
"
$
)
$
$ "
.A1 =$
< .A1
"
"
"
$ !
"
" "
I
M ! .701 5?
3
! .+1 :
(
+, ())
)'
#
!
;
!
"
$
!
"
"
./1
$
"
%3
"
)
5 ./1
&
"
$
"
"
=$
Æ
%3
.+1 I "
"
Æ
"
Æ
!
( "
:
$
Æ
!
=$
" "
Æ
"
:
$
"
?
$
3
! " "
! "
"
=$
!
"
"
" %
$
"
C
"
D
"
./A1$
" # "
.+A1
! "
'
"
$
"
.+1
C"# D$
"
C# # D
# #
"
$
" %
; "
# #
"
.+1 K & " # #
B
# " B
#
& "
"#
:
&
<
P
2
# # "# # $# %& .1$ "
"#
# # :
# #
"#
# #
# $# %& $
*
-
-
*
! $
"
!
=$
# #
"#
Æ
#
.01
!
"
"#
# # $
"
# #
"# "
.+1
#
./1
"
"#
# # $
.81
$
)
"
$
"
"#
)
5
./1$
.7$ AA1
# $
&
C' LD
<? .1
* .1$
Æ
CJ LD
./A1 ' L
" &
: $ ' L
J L
!
C "
Q
"
D ' L
6 ./A1
"
$ (
?
"
L$
"
.+1
.801
"
&
.A81
5
$
.A1
9
$
" $
R C
D
"
"
$
$
!
$
* 7 .+1
' L .781$
"
"
?
' L ? "
J L
"
B
# !
!
! "
.A1 :
$
$
) $
"
#
$
%
$
" $
:
$
"
C
"
D $
"
"
"
$
" " CD
$
"
.
*
/
"
&
"$ " "
"
$
"
"
"
CD =$
$
$ "
"
?
"
"
$ "
J%H
C
D
"
)
?
"
"
* .+1 :
$
"
.81
"
.1
'
"
"
C //D$
/ /
'
C /D
"
"
2 "
"
$
C:D$
CSD$
=
C=D
"
$
;
!;
0 0 0
0
'; 0 0 0
0
( ;
0 C 0 F D C 0 D
/ /
:
=
"
$
"
/
C
"
D ! "
&
"
$
"
0 ;
0 E 0F0 E 0
0 0 F00
"
;
8 ?
$
Q "
:
"
<
"
&
"
"
$
J%H
!
C 0 C 00 F D F C 0 F 0 DD
/
$ "
$
&
=
"
"
C C 0 F D C 00 F D F C 0 D C 0 F 0 DD
E . 00 C 0 F D F 0 C F 0 D F 0 C 0 D F C 0 D1
00$0$0$ < K
$ < !
"
" "$
C" D
&
C
D;
# 5
<# '
"
5
00 0 F
0 F 0 )*
C' D
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
)
$
" 0 $
"
"
<#
' C F 0 D E 0
0
E 0 F
$
!
"
" <
" "
& % (
) '
"
#
C D
C D & #
=
0
C
D
CC DD
!
C"
D 9
$
"
"
"
!"
#
$ " %
& !' ()#
! !* "+ , -. /
" ,-. " 0 ,- + 1 "# ¬
+ !. " « ¬ #
+ "
+. !
« " ¬ 1 !
+#
C" D
"
C D
) /
"
" C
!
D
/
=
"
8 3"
"
=
"
Q
"
"
/$
) /
C=
$
"$ =
D Q
/
H
$
" +
C
8D 5
C D
$ "
=$
"
" #
" #
" %
J
# ! .A1
&
") *
+,
* #
$
! $ "
"
$
" "
0
" 0
(
" * #
"
( "
'
C 88D
( )
*
(
" &
"
& " =$
" "
"
$
$ "
$
"
! "
)
$ %
J
# ! .A1
$
&
" " N
.8A1$
(
%
J
# !
" 5?
3
!# ! .+1$
H
"
; "
!
$
"
"
.01
"
"
"
!
"
"
"
?
I
$
!
.8/1 $
" "
$
9
C9 D
"
&
2
.8/1 9
*
$
" "
" *
Q
" ?$
$
"
9
" B#
!
?$
*
# B
" &#
.81
B#
$
"
9
"
$
+0
0
./+1 $ "
" 9
+
9
( ())
)
)
)
+
"
.01 "
$
9
&
"
$
$ "
:
" 9 $
9
/0
"
!$
" "
.+1
%
$
" 9
"
"
! " 9 &
.1 5
"
" 9
./1
.81
3
"
$
I
$
L
C
"
D
$
5
RJ C
"
D
$
"
"
"
$
"
&
"
"
& "
"
+ &
2 !1 "3 4
9
C D
=$ 9
" *
$
( " 9
? " 9
) 8 $ =
0 .881$
C
D "
$
C D "
.//1 "
"
$
$
:
$
" ?
9
9
.01$
3
$ "
3
& "
" 3
.1 %
$ 3
"
"
$
"
"
2
51 " " 6 #
"
3
C3 D ) :
$
=$
"
$
=
.881$
$
$
C
3 D
.+1 "
&
"
" "
;
9
& "
&$
$
"
CD
& " C, CDD
$
$
/
&
"
$
*
3
C
D
$
C
D
" 2
& C, D
& "
,
C , D
CD
$
C&
D "
$
& "
&
CD
$
C
&
D "
"
$
&$
"
$
$
! " "
!
8
&
CD
$
C
D
C
D "
$
"
CD "
$
$
"
"
CD "
"
"
$ C/D
#
"
"
H
&
" ?
"
;
$
"
$
" &
! &
"
C
D
/ "
< C
D$
$
$
"
?
)
$
! &
"
C
D
+ "
< C
D
Æ
$
"
-
"
!
) " "
$ <
.01
$
=
.8/1
"
" $
@
JFF
:
$
"
"
P .A1 L
3
T2
# ! .8$ 8+1
3
C3D &
*
$
"
$ 3
C
D &
" "
4
B9
'
# K
!
" 3$
! &
"
.++1
/8$
(
"
! "
"
Æ
$
"
" "$
!
"
=$
"
$
$
C 8D =
3
$
3#
$
!
,
:
& " ?
C
D
& "
=$
C /8D$
=$
.8$ ++$ 01 "$
Æ
$
Æ
&
.81 .1
' L9$
/
.+1
"
=
!
$
:
"
"
.81
"
N:3$
;
C= * L 5* 0D
=
"
0
CJ%H /D
J%H
C D
C /D
:
$
=
.81 JFF
@
"
?
? %
$
Æ
:
"
2; " $
"
C
"
"
D$
"
"
C
D
& "
=$
$
$
"
I 3$
C
D
&
:
" 3$
"
!$ "
$
$
$
& "
.81 I
"
"
?
"
&
"
$ $
"
! " 3
.81
3
$
T2
.8$ 8+1$
'
J
$
"
$ 2
" $
"
"
" #
C
" $ $ D$
"
"
:
$
"
&
T2
#
?
2
.871
"
"
$
"
.1
$
"
"
.1
?
$
$
H
"
"
" $
"
" *
" $
"
" ;
"
:
$
"
" .81 "$
"
" "
"
0 $
"
:
$
$ 3
"
;
! 3 *H
P
.A1 :
!
"
$
?
-
:
$ N# 3* .81
( "
&
"
$ 3
./+1
$
$ " 5 # .++1
U
!
:
# .71 ! $ N#
.81
"
. %
! I
.A71 !
"
=$
"
Æ
"
!
? "
$
!
"
" C"
"
D
.++1 :
$
*
*
#:' 4
*
*
9
*
6 &2
& "
"
!
K
2 " 00$ 3
"
"
C /A "
D$
Æ$
Æ$
!
3
;
" J%H
;
$ .
1 $ "
& "
!
!
L
J
CD
/0 1
U
!
:
.71
&
I
.A71 K
2 " +000$
"
"
C /A "
D
8 "
;
I
.A71 C
D
!
&
"
$
& & "
"
#
&
L
&
U
!
:
$
! I
$
"
$
$
"
&
Æ
"
) $
I
#
.A71
$
$
"
& ! ./1
3
$
! "
" !
&
.8$ $ +$ 1
? 3
.1
"
& " C
.81D
!
;
'
;
<= 4
"
;
" &
" &
"
07
/ #
;
"
07$
"
$
"
"
8 $Æ ; "
R 00$000$
!
$
J " =
$
9Æ " =
J
2 " &
& 3
& .1
$
"
"
#
.81 3
$
* #
(
C& /A8D K
2 " 0 000$
3
" * #
$
(
$ 3
"
"
) &
$
"
N:3
L
$
"
;
"
3
"
/$
&
"
$
!
3$
! "
3
"
"
"
$
Æ
$
$ #
<
$ ? 3
P
$
$
&
:
!
$
"
!
"
!
"$
$
!
O
" "
"
$ $
" .1
"
3
) $
.1
(
"
$
% !
* 5>?
"
$
!
$ "
$
!
3$
"
"
3
H '
"
!
H '
"
C, C0D , CDD C, C/D , C8DD "
"
" ,
.$ +1
&
"
!
3
3
K
3
3
3
?
3
&
"
"
" & " $
% $
"
.1
/ $
&
"
C
& .+1D$
&
"
8 % $ $
"
&
$
#
.1
'
$
$Æ
.1
:
$
!
!
# "
!
& 3
H '
$
!
)
$
"
3
$
!
"
) $
"
&
"
!
K
2 " +000$ 5 .++1
3
"
Æ !
&
$
$ " " C 0 0 F D
3
C
D
& "
J%H $ =
BH#
$ !
!
$
# "
*
4 .
!
1
&
"
$
$
"
3
& "
"
&
"
"
$
"
$ -
" $
E C D
" " "
&
0 C
D
&
L
C
D$
"
$
$
$
$
&
$
& "
&
"
)
"
& $
2
$
" 3
$
$
20
N
!
3!! .81
"
;
"
"
9
"
&
C
"
"
D
"
" $
&
&
"
$
"
"
"
&
$
$
N
!
3!!
$
/0 )$
C
" D
"
$ "
"
C
2D
:
$
0
"
"
"
"
;
$
I
.A71
"
5 .++1 :
$
:
"
"
$
=
"
"
"
" "
I
"
$ N
!
3!!
! "
"
$
" ) $ "
C.
*D
$
"
Æ
C
" "
D
N !
.1
"
&
"
$
$
C%L5D
# 2
N$ 3* .81$ 3
"
$
<
"
!
3
.+$ 1
( ? " & " " N#
$
? $
?$
; $ $
) ?
$
?$
"
"
Q
"
"
3
< 3
* @2
C*@D
* @2
" * #
!
C=#
D
3
&
!
"
*@
$
*@
& "
?
$
Q
"
&
=$
&
%
$
&
3
N
"
;
:
9 9!
6
.
@ 5/
K
3
$ N
Æ "
$
$
" *@
"
"
N#
& Q
3
$
"
"
9 N
"
3
$
;
N#
$
$
CFD =$ "
!
"
&
*
.A1
"
! "
"
"
!
= '
: 9
C='9 D$
3
U
# L
.7/1 *
#
;
&
"
$
! 9
!
" ='9
=
$ J%H $ 3
/07
$
&
(
)
$
" J%H
(
%H
& "
"
C
5# L
.+/1D & " $
& $
;
,
*
E C*
*
*
*D F
C *
D
*
*
"
$ "
$
$
$ /
0
=$
"
!
"
?
&
L
*
/
8
$
$ &
*
*
=$
"
)
/
"
"
;
C + ,
*
* E D
$
"
*
* :
$ *
"
"
$
Æ "
"
,
=
>
A
B C
H
$
$
)
*
"
;
#
!
! .1
&
# ! ./1
N#
3* .81
"
"
< " "
&
"
$
$
$
#
.1
"
3
!
'
3 %
'
.71
.81
3
$
&
&
$ 3
./+1 /00$
K
.A/1
"
#
$
.81
.+81
!
"
"
;
"
C
"
D
"
$
%
L
5
C%L5D &
"
Æ
"
" $
"
!
"
!
3
$
"
"
$
"
"
$
"
$
$
%
$
.81$
"
!
#
#
) $ "
&
"
$
$
"
$ N
<
2
"
.8$ 01
&
"
=$
&
"
.81
.1 $
( $
)
*
$
* '
H" K 3$
./1
'
+
! =
L
T
"
3
$
)
$ 7
.81
"
:
)
, --. C+D$ AO78
.1 !"
#
# #$ % ! 9
"
/0$ + C+D$ 8+AO8A
.+1 & " $ 9
'
-
CAD$ L
T
"
.1
;
"
1
)
00$ + C70D$ +8O+
.A1 N
"
+2% 1
34 CA8D$ +/+O+8/
.71 " ' "" ( )
! "
)
+
%
1 #
05 CD$ +0O+/8
.1 " ' ) '
:
0/
#% )
#
C8D$ O/0
.01
#
: )
#
$
6$
<
$ L 6$ L L
$
3
22
$ 9 I:N9UPJ=$ I
$
$ 7$ OA7
.1 !&$" %* '+ !
, 9
6.7 CAD$
+A+O+A
./1 !" # - '
;
$ *
"
J $ U! K$ +
.81 & 8
L
$ N$ 7+
.1 !"
'
$
00 :
)
, C7+D$
AOA
.+1 !"
'
! :
)
, -0/ C7D$ A8O0
.1 !"
% " 5
"
:
C/D$
8$
++8O++7
.A1 # % , . / 9
9 &
CH /00D
.71
&
%
$ " H" K
3$ +7
.1 0$
+
1
03 C7/D$ AO77
./01 0$ #
"
;
&
"
"
)
$ * + :
;RR2R
R"
./1 0$ (+ $ 9 %
:
5
$ %
U!$ $ /7/O/+
.//1 3$ $
: #
+
(
* /
:: C<
$
+D$ P
$ 88AO8/
./81 0 % ( (!
#
R8
/00+ :999 :
:"
$ /00+
./1 & - " % J
1 #
)
) /.$ / CD$ /0O/+/
"
" 8 :999 J" J
J
./+1 ( ( !
""
# ;$<7-76776 C/00D
./1 (+ ' '
)
* 8
* %
, I
$ 7
./A1 ($1 "
; :
)
#
$
6$ <
$ L 6$ L L
$
3
22
$ 9 I:N9UPJ=$ I$
$ 7$ OA7
./71 (1 L
: )
#
$
6$
<
$ L 6$ L L
$
3
22
$ 9 I:N9UPJ=$ I
$
$ 7$ +O+7
./1 ( - "
"
:
3=
#%
C3
$ 3
$ L
D$ //O/
.801 (! # '
; +
1
0=$ CD$ //O//7/
.81 0 . #+ * 9
JFF
+
1 %
# 33 C/000D$ OAA
.8/1 0 . #+ * # &
#
*
#>>
1 )
<!>
P
$ <
$
$ /00
.881 %
! )
L: 3$ J
$ A+
.81 ! P
$ % U!$ A
.8+1 % '
++ L: 3$ J
$ /
.81 % '
(
L: 3$ J
$ /
.8A1 -0 2 :
) 3 *
"
L
K$
/00
.871 - #! " %
"
2
:
.A1$ 8O0
.81 - $
3*
$ K " * ; *
" J $ /00
.01 -
9
=#
3 : '
$
#
? '$##80776 CJ
$
/ @
/008D$ 9 J
V 3
2$ @ )$ T *$ * *
$ 5 5$ KL
H#5
$ = <$ 5
$ T
$ I
$ L =
$ @ I$
* *
$ L 3$ J
2$ T *
$ % @!
$
@ L
$
9$
/A/8 " ,#)$ P
$ 80O00
.1 -" -" %
) N % L
++ P
$ 8
./1 -"" '
/4 C7D$ /0O/
.81 -! &" 9
:
0770 )<8 # $ "
C/00/D$ AAO7+
.1 -! &" 3 *
- $ &! + & $ %
.
"
:
5
+
)
%
#
C/008D$ /0O/0
.+1
& , '
>
@ $
$
8 P
$ % U!$
.1
L: 3$
.A1
"
! 4 - &
&
+
J
K 3$ J
$ /000
.71 '
; &
2
:
)
#
$
6$ <
$ L 6$ L L
$
3
22
$ 9 I:N9UPJ=$ I$
$ 7$ OA7
.1 2 +
&
#
<!>
$ <$ /000
.+01 5! ( + ( #$ #
( #
9 J P
$ 7$ O$8OA
.+1 5! ( + ( #$ #
( #
9 J P
$ 7
.+/1 H
"
L
# $ I
$ H
$ J
$ /00+
.+81
$ % %
$ ' # % ' #*
#
" &
"
C
/00D
.+1 '
"
#% #
) C/000D
.++1 !+" 4 9
:
0773 +$$$ # $
#
A#$#0773B
C/00D$ :999 3$ O/
.+1 #+0 L
=
!
: " C76(
#% )+',
" C% U!$ %U$ K $ /008D$ JL
3$ 8O
.+A1 #
"
; *
"
:
6/
)
#
)
C% D$ : " 9
9
9 J
3$ /O8
.+71 #
"
/0 C+D$ /8O/
.+1 #
:
% "
! "
@
/000
L
$ /000
.01 #$ H "
:
6/
+$$$
A8#)B C
)$ K $ % D$ :999 J 3$ O/8
.1 #3 -
"
+$$$ +
)
CL
R@ /000D$ 70O78
./1 #3 -
&
#
( '
3
T
3
$ /00
.81 #3 - !$ " %
"
: '
3..=(
# C7D$ @ 5 T2
$ I <
2
"$ T J
$ T *$ L *$
* < )
$ L =
2$ * 9
$ = :
$
5 N 5
$ 9$ 8+O
8A
.1 #3 - !$ " % '
"
" 1
( %
' 66 C/000D$ 70AO70+A
.+1 #3 - !$ " % #&$0
)
%*RH5
:
3... # $
#
CD
.1 #3 - !$ " % #&$0
'
"
:
.A1$ 8+O
0
.A1 #3 - - 2*0 )* %$ 9
'
( 6 L: 3$
.71 #
$ K " * $ /00
.1 #30 # % 9
: "
#
$ L 5
I $ 9
& 3
$ /00+ H
;RR !
!RGA9
RRRR0+
.A01 #!0
"
"
: <
P .+1
.A1 " 3 *H;
" (
: ) , $ T :!
L P
$ 9 H"
K 3$ $ 7O
.A/1 )"! - 5!6! :
;
#
:
# #
C% U!$ /00D$ JL 3$ AO7/
.A81 $
:
#.5 CD$ % 9
J
: $ 8/8O88
.A1
"
)+% 1
#
66$ + C/00D$ 0O8+
.A+1 "03 - # 0 ( . # #
*
&
! 4 - 9
2
" #
"
-3- C*
/00D$ 778O77A
.A1 "
(
L:
3$
.AA1 !" % 5
: 36
+$$$ # #
#
C@ 7D$ /0O//A
.A71 $" (0
&
#
$
% U!$ A
.A1 $" & # $
&
#
P
$ 7
.701 " ,!
0.. C7/D$ 70/O708
.71 .+! 4+
"
$
: '$##877(
'
$
#
# C
)
$ @
/000D$ L
T
?
3
$ /O/+
.7/1 . /
"
L
# $ I
K$ J
$ /00
.781 . '
:
6-
)
#
) CN
$ K $ 8D$ :999
J 3$ 8+/O8
.71 ,! *
"
-- CD$ 8O