1. Always try to write two sentences.

This forces you to describe two

main or general features of the graph, chart or diagram.
2. Don't put any numbers in your overview. Save specific numbers for the
'details' paragraphs.
3. If the graph or chart shows a time period (e.g. years), look for the
overall change from the beginning to the end of the period (e.g. from
the first year to the last year).
4. Look for overall trends, and ignore individual figures that don't fit the
trend. For example, if a graph shows a rising trend overall, you can
ignore a specific year when the figures decreased - save that year for
your 'details' paragraphs.
5. If no time period is shown, you can't look for trends. Instead, look for
differences and similarities between items.
6. Don't look for individual 'highest' or 'lowest' figures such as a 'peak' on
a line graph. Instead, describe the highest and lowest items overall
(e.g. which line on the graph was the highest for the whole or most of
the period?).
7. Start your overview with a simple phrase that clearly shows the
examiner that this is your summary paragraph e.g. It is clear that... , It
is noticeable that... , Overall we can see that...
8. If there are two different charts, write one overview sentence about
each chart.
9. If there are more than two charts, they must be connected in some
way, so look for two main features overall.
10. If the task is to describe a diagram or map that compares things, you
can mention the main differences and maybe the number of
differences and / or similarities between the two diagrams.
11. If the task is to describe a process diagram, you can mention the total
number of stages in the process and say where or how the process
begins and ends.
The graph and the table provide information on average monthly temperatures and
annual hours of sunshine in London, New York and Sydney.

Overall, the coldest city is London and has the lowest hours of sunshine, New York
has the hottest summer and the largest time of sunshine exposition meanwhile,
Sydney is the warmest place.

The temperature patterns for London and New York are similar although New York
has warmer summer and colder winters.

In both cities peaks occur in July/August at nearly 23 in London and around 29 in

New York. In contrast, Sydney`s hottest weather is in December/January when
temperature averages 25. During this period New York`s temperatures dip to an
average of around 5, compared with 8 in London. On the other hand, Sydney`s
lowest average temperatures in July are just over 15.

As far as hours of sunshine are concerned. New York and Sydney have a similar
average of 2,535 and 2,473 respectively. London, however, has a much lower
average of 1,180 hours.
PAG 203 PRACTICE 2

R. The illustration gives information about how West Park Secondary School changed
at three different periods of time: 1950, 1980 and 2010.

In general, it can be seen that the main building of school remained along the years.
Meanwhile, other buildings took place like a car park, a science block and a sports
field.

In 1950, the school was built close to the main road, the construction presented an
area divided into 4 equal sections, the school, the area of the houses, a green space
destinated to farmland and the playground. In 1980 the houses had been demolished
to make way for a new car park and science block, the green space for farmland was
turned into a sports field, while the playground and school remained unchanged.

By 2010, little changes took place, first the car park was extended to cover the entire
sports fields, as a result of this, the original playground was divided into two so that
it provided a smaller playground and a small sports field.

The chart provides data about how exportation was in 2000, 2019 and how is
projected for 2025. Units are expressed in billions of pounds.
Overall, it can be seen that the highest exportation is related to international
tourism, meanwhile, the results for meat products are the lowest. International
tourism`s projection for 2025 is the only one that overcomes the past two years
(2000 and 2019).

First, for the item of international tourism, the performance between the years
2000-2019 has increased from 8 billion to 9 billion. However, the levels will continue
to increase getting a peak of 10 billion pounds by 2020. The number of dairy
products exported was slightly lower than international tourism, represented by 7
billion. By the end of the year it will have reached 10 billion pounds.

On the other hand, the number of exports has a downward trend. The data
registered an amount of 6 and around 5,5 billion for the years 2000 and 2019
respectively. The expectative for it by 2025 is decreased by 1 million, resulting in 5
billion.

R: The two pie charts compare the percentages of online sales across different retail
sectors in New Zealand in the years 2003 and 2013.

For three of the sectors, it is evident that over time frame there was a significant
change in their proportion of online transactions.
At 36% we can see that the travel sector accounted for the majority of online sales in
2003, but the percentage had dropped to 29% by 2013. Across the same ten-year
period, as an increasing number of people chose to purchase films and music online,
we can see that transactions went from just 21% to 33%, making it the retail sector
with the highest overall share of the online market.

In 2003, the clothing industry boasted an impressive 24% of total online sales in New
Zealand. However, by 2013, the figure had fallen considerably to 16%. Interestingly,
online sales of books eventually overtook sales of clothes, although books still
represented only 22% of the market.

R: The graph illustrates how crime rates altered in Newport inner city during the
period 2003-2012.

It can be seen that the greatest change occurred in the number of burglaries, while
incidents of theft remained low but steady.

In 2003, we can see that burglary was the most common crime, with approximately
3400 reported cases. The figure rose to around 3700 in 2004, but then there was a
downward trend until 2008. At this point the figure stood at just over 1000 incidents.
This rose slightly in 2009, then continued to fluctuate for the remaining period.
In 2003, the number of cars being stolen stood at around 2800 and followed a similar
trend to a burglary until 2006. At this point the number rose, standing at around
2200 in 2007. There was a marginal decrease in the following year, but from then on,
the trend was generally upward.

The line chart and bar chart provide data on the monthly rainfall and the average
daily minimum and maximum temperature records from Jan to Dec in New York.

In general, both the hottest and wettest months are in late summer with a fairly
consistent temperature range.

More specifically, while the driest month is in March with a downpour of a little
under 40mm, the wettest month is in August with a reading of just under 70 mm.

By contrast, the coldest months are in January and December with similar readings of
slightly above zero to just over five degrees. The most constant rainfall can be found
in May and June when the amount of rain is almost exactly 50mm. Apart from the
two months, there is a continued increase in the amount of rain falling over six
consecutive months from a little below in March to slightly below 70 mm in August.
The table compares and contrasts data on the changes in the consumption of seven
different categories of food and drink in America over a 21-year period from 1990 to
2000.

In general, diets in the USA became more fibrous, because greater quantities of fruit
and vegetables were eaten, with less protein, alcohol and milk but more soft drinks
over a two-decade period.

The overall consumption of vegetables increased significantly more than any other
product by rising from 337 in 1980 pounds to 425 pounds in 2000, an increase of 88
pounds. By contrast, fruit consumption only rose by nine pounds over this time.
Although both milk and alcohol were consumed in equal quantities in 1980 with 28
gallons each, by the year 2000 more alcohol was drunk ( 25 gallons) than milk(21
gallons). While the amount of red meat fell by 13 pounds, poultry( white meat) rose
by 26 pounds over the same period of time.

The illustration highlights the various stages involved in the production of beer from
the original ingredients of malted barley, hops, sugar, yeast and water.

The whole beer production process starts when malted barley is milled before being
added to water and then mashed. Following the mashing process, it enters the
lautering phase which results in malted barley that is then boiled along with the hops
and sugar. Spent grain is also produced as a by-product which is fed to cattle as feed.
Once boiled, the material enters a whirlpool and is subsequently cooled before
entering a large fermentation tank, carbon dioxide is produced and once
fermentation is complete the yeast is also discarded. The liquid then enters a
maturation phase before being filtered and then bottled, canned or put into tankers
for transportation
The bar chart compares data on the changes in the amount of television watched per
week by men and women from different ages groups over a five-year period from
1995 to 1999.

In general, more television is watched by both men and women of 65 years old and
above any other group.

More specifically, both sexes in the oldest group watched a little over 35 hours per
week in 1995. By contrast, the 4 to 15-year-old girls and their 16- to 24-year-old
counterparts in 1999 watched the least with a little less than 17.5 hours. The biggest
difference between the two sexes in any age group was in the second-youngest
group where approximate 17.5 hours were recorded for males and viewing time of a
little over 22.5 hours for the opposite gender in 1999. The only two age groups
where both sexes experienced an increase in viewing time were for those viewers
between 45 and 54 years of age and those between 55 and 64.
 The diagram illustrates the stages in
the life of silkworm and the process of
producing silk cloth.

There are four main stages in the life

cycle of the silkworm, from eggs to
adult moths. The process of silk cloth
production involves six steps, from
silkworm cocoon to silk material.

At the first stage in the life cycle of a

silkworm, the moth lays eggs; these
larvae feed on mulberry leaves. Then,
after four to six weeks, the larvae
become covered in silk thread, and it
takes between three and eight days
for a full cocoon to be produced.

For silk cloth production, a cocoon is

first selected and then boiled in water.
After boiling, the silk thread that
makes up the cocoon Is unwound, and then several strands of thread are twisted
together. At the fifth and sixth stages, the thread can either be dyed and then woven
into silk fabric, or it can be woven first and then dyed subsequently.

The diagram provides information about the cycle of the silkworm and the process of
producing silk cloth.

Generally, it can be seen four main stages of the silkworm from eggs to adult form.
The process of production of silk cloth involves six steps, from silkworm cocoon to
silk clothes.

At the first stage, the moth lay eggs, then after 10 days, the larvae hatch feeding on
mulberry leaves. Then after four to six weeks, the larvae become covered in silk
thread, takes between three to eight days for a full cocoon to be produced.

For production of silk clot, a cocoon is first selected, then is boiled in water, after
boiling, the cocoon is unwound obtaining a large thread of silk. Once it is Twisted
together, the thread can be dyed and woven to obtain silk cloths.
The bar chart and pie chart give information about why US residents travelled and
what are the problems that they experienced in the year 2009.

It is clear that the principal reason why Americans travelled in 2009 was to commute
to and from work. In the same year, the primary concern of Americans, with regard
to the trips they made, was the cost of traveling.

Looking more closely at the bar chart, we can see that 49% of the trips made by
Americans in 2009 were for the purpose of commuting. By contrast, 6% of the trips,
were to visit friends and relatives, and one in ten trips was for recreation and social
reasons. Shopping was cited as the reason for 16% of all travel, while unspecific
“personal reasons” accounted for the remaining 19%.

According to the pie chart, the price was the key to consideration for 36% of
American travelers. Almost one in five people cited safety as their principal travel
concern, while aggressive drivers and highway congestion were the main issues for
17% and 14% of the travelling public Finally, a total of 14% of those surveyed thought
that access to public transport and space for pedestrians were the most relevant
travel issues.

The bar and pie chart provide information about why US Americans traveled and the
principal problems experimented in the year 2009.
Overall, it can be seen that the most common reason was to commute to and from
work in the year 2009. Meanwhile, the primary concern related to trips was the cost
of traveling.

Specifically, in 2009 the main purpose to travel was for to and from work, reaching
nearly one half of the total with 49%. By contrast, 6% of the people traveled to visit
friends and relatives. One in ten trips were for social and recreational purposes.
Shopping was cited as the reason for 16% of travelers, Finally, unspecific “personal
reasons” accounted for 19%.

According to the pie chart, the price was the key for the consideration for 36% of the
American travelers, safety is the second issue reported accounting 19%, while
aggressive drivers and highway congestion were the most common problems for 17%
and 14% respectively. In the last group, a total of 14% of those surveyed cited access
to public transport and space for pedestrians as their main problems at traveling.

R: The table compares to primary schools in terms of the proportions of their pupils
who experienced seven different educational problems in the years 2005 and 2015.

It is noticed that school A had higher proportions of children with all seven
educational difficulties in both years. However, while school A managed to reduce
the incidence of most of the problems between 2005 and 2015, school B saw an
overall rise in the percentage of children who were struggling.

In 2005, 42% of school A`s pupils found difficult to follow instructions while only 6%
of pupils in school B experienced this problem. Similarly, between 30 and 40 percent
of children attending school A had problems in the areas of spelling, listening, verbal
expression and concentration in lessons, while the equivalent in School B, stood at
between 4 and 15 percent.

In 2015, the difference between the two schools was less pronounced. Notably, the
proportion of children who struggled to follow instructions fell by 24 % in school A,
and this school also saw falls of 22%, 15% and 5% In the figure for children who had
problems with concentration, listening, and spelling. In school B, however, the
proportion of children who struggled with spelling and following instructions doubled
to 10% and 12% respectively, and there was almost no change in the incidence of
listening, verbal or concentration problem.

The table compares two situations related to education problems experimented by

children in two primary schools for the years: 2005 and 2015.

It can be seen that School a faced a major percentage of educational issues

comparing to school B in the year 2005, however, with the past of years, School A
managed to reduce the incidence of problems between 2005 and 2015, meanwhile,
school B saw an overall rose in all seven aspects.

In 2005, following instruction led the table accounted for 42% in school A, whereas
was one of the latest in school B with 6%. Between 30 and 40% of children had
problems in Spelling, listening skills and verbal expression of ideas in school A;
Different situations in school B where pupils’ range stood at 5 and 15 percent.

In 2015, School B experimented a dramatically plummet in the percentage, following

instructions` problem fell by 24%, and this school also saw falls of 22%, 15%, 14% and
5% in the number of students who struggled with concentration, listening, verbal
expression and spelling respectively.

In school b, however, there was a slight increase in percentage: following instructions

and spelling doubled to 12% and 10% each one, and there was almost no change for
incidence of listening, verbal and concentration problems.
 The diagram illustrates the stage
in the life of salmon, from birth to
maturity.

It is clear that there are six main

stages as the salmon develops
from egg to mature adult. We can
also see that salmon spend time in
three different locations during
the cycle, moving from river to
ocean and then back upstream.

Salmon begin their lives in rivers

where the adult fish lay and
incubate their eggs. After
emerging from eggs, the young
salmon spend the next stage of
their lives being reared in fresh
water. Then, at some point in their
development, the fish swim
downstream to river estuaries
where rearing continues.

Following the estuary rearing

period, the salmon migrate to the
ocean where the eventually
become fully grown adults. Finally,
the adult fish travel back to spawning areas of rivers; here they reproduce and lay
eggs, and the life cycle begins anew.

The diagram provides information about the life cycle of salmon from birth to its
adult form.

It can be seen that this fish experiments a total of six main stages as the salmon
develops from egg to mature form. Also, the salmon spends time in three different
areas during the cycle: River, statuary and the ocean.
Salmon begin their lives in rivers where the adult fish lays and incubates eggs, after
their incubation phase, the young salmon emerges to swim to freshwater where
rearing starts. Then the salmon moves downstream to continue being reared in the
statuary.

Following this stage, the salmon migrates to become a full-grown adult. Finally, once
reach this point, the salmon travels back upstream to spawning areas where
reproduction takes place, laying eggs to anew the cycle again.

The pie chart compares to figure for visitors to four categories of tourist attraction
and five different theme parks in Britain in 1999.

It is clear that the theme parks and museum/galleries were the most popular types
of tourist attraction in that year. Blackpool Pleasure Beach received by far the highest
proportion of visitors in the theme park sector.

Looking at the information in more detail, we can see that 38% of the surveyed
visitors went to a theme park, and 37% of them went to a museum or a gallery. By
contrast, historic houses and monuments were visited by only 16% of the sample ,
while wildlife parks and zoos were the last popular of the four types of tourist
attraction, with only 9% of visitors.

In theme park sector, almost half of the people surveyed (47%) had been to
Blackpool Pleasure Beach. Alton Towers was the second most popular amusement
park, with 17% of the sample, followed by Pleasureland in Southport, with 16%.
Finally, Chessington World of Adventures and Legoland Windoser had each
welcomed 10% of the surveyed visitors.

R: The line graph compares three companies in terms of their waste output between
the years 2000 and 2015.

It is clear that A produced 1 tons of waste, while companies B and C produced

around 8 and 4 tonnes of waste material respectively. Over the following 5 years, the
waste output of companies B and C rose by around 2 tonnes, but the figure for
company A fell by approximately 1 tonne.

From 2005 to 2015, company A cut waste production by 3 tonnes, and company B
reduced its waste by around 7 tonnes. By contrast, company C saw an increase in
waste production of approximately 4 tonnes over the same 10-year period. By 2015,
company C`s waste output had risen to 10 tonnes, while the respective amounts of
waste from companies A and B had dropped to 8 tooner and only 3 tonnes.

The line graph provides information about the output of waste in three different
companies from 2000 to 2015.

It can be seen that company A produced a major quantity of waste. Over the flowing
5 years, the waste output of companies A and B fell by around 3 and 6 tons
respective, in contrast to company c that rose around 10 tons by the end of 2015.
From 2005 to 2015, company A cut its waste production by 3 tonnes and company B
reduced its waste by around 6 tonnes. By contrast, company C saw an increase in
waste production of approximately 7 tonnes over the same 10-year period. By 2015,
company C`s waste production reached a point of around 10 tonnes while the
amount for company B and A dropped to nearly about 3 and 6 tonnes.

R: The pie charts compare visitors` responses to a survey about costumer service at
the parkway hotel In 2005 and 2010.

It is clear that overall customer satisfaction increased considerably from 2005 to

2010. While most hotel guest rated customer service as satisfactory or poor in
2005 ,a clear majority described the hotel`s services as good or excellent in 2010.

Looking at the positive responses first, in 2005 only 5 percent of the hotel`s visitors
rated its customer service as excellent, but its figure rose to 28% at 2010.

Furthermore, while only 14% of guests described customer service in the hotel as
good in 2005, almost three times as many people gave this rating five years later.

With regard to negative feedback, the proportion of guests who consider the hotel`s
customer service to be poor fell from 21% in 2005 to only 12% in 2010.

Similarly, the proportion of people who thought customer service was very poor
dropped from 15% to only 4% over the five-year period.

Finally, a fall in the number of satisfactory ratings in 2010 reflects the fact that more
people gave positive responses to the survey in that year.
The pie charts illustrate the results of surveys made on 2005 and 2010 about the
level of approve gave by guests of customer service to the parkway.

It can be seen that overall customer satisfaction increased from 2005 to 2010. While
most of the guest`s responses were poor or satisfactory in 2005, a major number
described the customer service as good or excellent in 2010.

Looking at the positive responses first, only 5% of the total of guests rated parkway
as excellent, in contrast to 2010 where same level of satisfaction rose to 28%.
Furthermore, as only 14% rated the customer service as good, almost three times
number was registered five years later.

With regard to negative feedback, the number of guests who considered as poor the
attention gave by the parkway fell from 15% to 4% in 2010.

Similarly, the proportion of people who thought customer service was very poor
dropped from 15% to only 4% over the 5-year period.

Finally, a fall in the number of “satisfactory” ratings in 2010 reflects the fact that
more people gave positive responses to the survey in that year.

The pie charts give information about the water used for residential, industrial and
agricultural purposes in San Diego, California and the world as a whole.

It is noticeable, that more water is consumed by homes than by industry or

agriculture in the two American regions. By contrast, agriculture accounts for the
vast majority of water used worldwide.
In san Diego County and California state residential water consumption accounts for
60% and 39% of total water usage. By contrast, a mere 8% of the water used globally
goes to homes. The opposite trend can be seen when we look at water consumption
for agriculture.

This accounts for a massive 69% of global water use, but only 17% and 28% of water
usage in San Diego and California respectively.

Such dramatic differences are not seen when we compare the figures for industrial
water use. The same proportion of water (23% ) is used by industry in San Diego and
worldwide, while the figure for California is 10% higher, at 33%.

The pie charts show information about rates of consumption for different usages of
water (residential, industrial, agricultural), in San Diego County, California and the
World as a whole.

It can be seen that although residential`s usage accounts for the highest percentage
for both American cities: San Diego and California, it does not express a relevant
quantity in worldwide usage. Meanwhile, the use of water for agricultural purposes
is the most representative of the worldwide.

Looking at residential use of water, it represents a vast majority in san Diego and
California reaching points of 60 and 39% respectively, By contrast, compared to
worldwide consumption it only represents a lower 8%.

The opposite trend can be seen when we look at water consumption for agriculture.
It accounts for a massive 69% of global water used. But only 17%, 28% of water
usage in San Diego and California respectively.

Such dramatic differences are not seen when we compare the figures for industrial
water use. Almost the same proportion is used by industry in san Diego, California
and the whole world: 23, 33 and 23 % respectively.
R: The bar chart compares the amount of time spent by people in the UK in three
different types of phone call between 1995 and 2002.

It is clear that calls cause made via local, fixed lines were the most popular type in
terms of average usage through the period showed. The lowest figures on the chart
are for mobile calls but this category also saw the most dramatic increase in use of
minutes.

In 1995 people in the Uk used fixed lines for a total of just over 70 billion minutes for
local calls and about the half of that amount of time for national or international calls

By contrast, mobile phones were only used for around 4 billion minutes. Over the
following 4 years, the figures for all three types of categories increased steadily. By
1999, the amount of time spent on local calls using fixed lines had reached a peak at
90 billion minutes. Subsequently, the figure for this category fell but the raise in the
other two types of call continued.

In 2002, the number of minutes of national/ international landline calls passed 60

billion while the figure for mobiles rose to around 45 billion minutes.
The bar chart provides information about the amount of time spent by people in the
UK on three different types of phone calls between 1995 and 2002.

It can be seen that calls made via local, fixed lines were the most popular type, in
terms of

overall usage, throughout the period shown. The lowest figures on the chart are for

mobile calls, but this category also saw the most dramatic increase in user minutes.

In 1995, the maximum amount of time spent was given by local calls for a total of
just 71 billion minutes and about half of that amount for National and international
calls. Meanwhile, mobile phones were used by nearly 3 billion minutes.

Over the following 4 years, the figures registered a gradually increase, by the end of
the period, the use of local line category reached a peak at 90 billion minutes.
Subsequently, the figure for this category fell but the mobile call`s category rose
considerably. On the other hand, the trend of use for international/national calls
remained unchanged.

By the end of 2002, people in the UK accounted for 60 billion for time spent on
national/international calls, whereas mobile call`s category rose to around 45 billion
minutes.
The two charts give information about single occupant household in England in the
year 2011. The bar chart compares figures for occupant`s age and gender and the pie
chart shows data about the number of bedrooms in these homes.

Overall, females made up a higher proportion of people living alone than males and
this difference is particularly noticeable in the older age categories. We can also see
that the most common number of bedrooms in a single-occupant home was two.

A significant majority of the people aged 65 or over, who were living alone in England
in 2011 were female. Women made up around 72% of single occupants aged 75 to
84, and 76% of those aged 85% or over. By contrast, among younger adults the
figures for males were higher. For example, in the 35- 49 age category, men
accounted for nearly 65% of people living alone.

In the same year, 35.4% of one-person households in England had two bedrooms,
while one-bedroom and three-bedroom homes accounted for 28% and 29.8% of the
total. Under 7% of single- occupant homes had four or more bedrooms.
The tables provide information about the amount of money spent, expressed in
millions of euros, on labeled coffee and bananas by five European countries in 1999
and 2004.

It can be seen that sales of Fairtrade coffee rose in all five European countries from
1999 to 2004, but sales of Fairtrade bananas only went up in three out of the five
countries.

Overall, the UK saw by far the highest levels of spending on the two products.

In 1999, Switzerland had the highest sales of Fairtrade coffee, at $3 million, while
revenue from Fairtrade bananas was the highest in the UK, at $15 million. By 2004,
however, sales of Fairtrade coffee in the UK had risen to $20 million, and this was
over three times higher than Switzerland’s sales figure for Fairtrade coffee in that
year. The year 2004 also saw dramatic increases in the money spent on Fairtrade
banananas in the Uk and Switzerland, with revenues rising by $32 million and $4,5
million respectively.

Sales of the two Fairtrade products were far lower in Denmark, Belgium and Sweden.
Small increases in sale of Fairtrade coffee can be seen, but revenue remained at 2
million or below in all three countries in both years. It is noticeable that the money
spent on Fairtrade bananas actually fell in Belgium and Sweden.

The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plan for changes to
the school

site in 2024.

The two pictures compare the layout of a school as it was in the year 2004 with a
proposed site design for the year 2004.

It is clear that the main change for 2024 involves the addition of a new school
building.

The school will then be able to accommodate a considerably larger number of

students.

In 2004, there were 600 pupils attending the school, and two school buildings were
separated by a path running from the main entrance to the sport fields. By 2024, it is
expected that there will be 1000 pupils, and a third building will have been
constructed. Furthermore, the plan is to join the two original buildings together,
creating a shorter path that links the buildings only.

As the third building and a second car park will be built on the site of the original
sports field, a new, smaller sports field will need to be laid. A new road will also be
built from the main entrance to the second car park. Finally, no changes will be made
to the main entrance and original car park.

The diagrams compare two different methods of defence for homes which are at risk
for being flooded.

The key difference between the diagrams is that they show flood protection with and
without a stopbank. In either case, the at-risk home is raised with stilts above the
ground level.

The first diagram shows how a stopbank acts as a flood barrier to stop river water
from flooding homes. The stopbank is a small mound of land next to the river that is
higher than the 100-year flood level, and prevents the river from bursting its banks.
Nearby houses can be built on stilts to prevent flooding from rainwater, and a
floodgate beneath the stopank can be opened to allow this ponding to drain off into
the river.
When there is no stopbank, as shown in the second diagram, there will be nothing to
stop the river from flooding. In this case, the solution is to put buildings on stilts. The
height of the stilts is measured so that the floor of the house is 300 mm above 100-
year flood level. This measurement is called the “freeboard”.

The bar chart compares the turnover in dollars from sales of video gaes for four
different plataforms, namely mobile phones, online, consoles and handheld devices,
from 2000 to 2006.

It is clear that sales of games for three out of the four platforms rose each year,
leading to a significant rise in total global turnover over the 7-year period. Sales
figures for handheld games were at least twice as high as those for any other
platform in almost every year.
In 2000, worldwide sales of handheld games stood at around $11 million, while
consoled games earned just under $6 billion. No figures are given for mobile or
online games in that year. Over the next 3 years, sales of handheld video games rose
by about $4 billion but the figure for consoles decreased by $2 billion. Mobile phone
and online games started to become popular, with sales reaching around $3 billion in
2003.

In 2006, sales of handheld, online and mobile games, reached peaks of 17, 9 and 7
billion dollars respectively. By contrast, turnover from console games dropped to its
lowest point, at around $2.5 billion.

The table provides information about the number of tons of waste produced in 6
countries (Ireland, Japan, Korea, Poland, Portugal, the US) in the years 1980, 1990
and 2000.

It can be seen that; the US saw by far the highest level of waste production over the
twenty-year period. It is also noticeable an overall rise in number of tons in five out
of the six countries from 1980 to 2000.

At 131 million tons we can seen that The US accounted for the majority of
production levels in 1980. By contrast, a mere 0.6 million tons were registered for
Ireland, being the lowest of the group.

Between 1980 and 2000, waste production in the US rose from 131 to 192 million
tons, and rising trends were also seen in Japan, Poland and Portugal. Japan`s waste
output increased from 28 to 53 million tons, while Poland and Portugal from 4 to 6.6
and from 2 to 5 million tons respectively.
The trends for Ireland and Korea were different from those described above. In
Ireland, waste production increased more than eightfold, from only 0.6 million tons
in 1980 to 5 million tons in 2000. Korea, by contrast, cut its output by 12 million tons
between 1980 and 2000.

three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK
school
in 1981, 1991 and 2001.

Three pie charts provide information about the expenditure of a private school in the
UK in three different years over a twenty-year period.

Overall teacher`s salary item saw by far the highest level of spending money through
the years. By contrast, insurance was the smallest category in each year.
In 1981, 40% of the total budget went up on teacher`s salaries, by 1991, this amount
rose to 50%. In contrast to insurance which was the lowest spending over the 20-
year period but experimented a notable increased from 2% to 8%.

In 2001, spending on resources decreased dramatically to 9% compared to 1991, a

different trend was seen by furniture equipment, o

The table below shows changes in the numbers of residents cycling to work in
different
areas of the UK between 2001 and 2011.

The table compares the level of residents who cycle to work in 12 different areas in
the UK from

2001 to 2011.
It can be seen that an overall increase was saw by all areas, Inner London accounted
for the majority of percentage change between 2001 and 2011

In 2001, both inner London and outer London registered the highest levels of
residents cycling 43494 and 33836 respectively, In contrasto to Gateshead, which
accounted only 816 citizens who use bicycle to go work.

By the end of 2011, the number of residents from Cardiff to outer London rose
slightly to levels between 45 and 65. Different trend compared to Inner London
which went up in 144% more reaching at 106219. Finally, the second area in the
table Brighto, duplicated its number to 6635, similar figures showed Bristol,
Manchester, Newcastle and shelfield.