Government Graduate College (Civil Lines) Khanewal

Mid Term Examination Tutor: Z.A Khan Laser Physics (BS 8th)

Date: 29th September 2021 Time Allowed: 11/2 hours Total Marks: 30

Q.1 Answer the following short questions. ( 2 ×7=14 )

i. Define photon flux.

ii. Prove I =I o e−αl
iii. Write down the rates of Sp. Emission and St. Emission.
iv. What is thermal equilibrium? Write Boltzmann equation for thermal equilibrium.
v. What do you mean by two level saturation?
vi. Why should we look for a material which can operate as a four-level system rather
than as a three-level system?
vii. A laser beam of 5 mW has a wavelength of 6328 ångström. Calculate the number of
photons emitted per second.
Q.2 (a) Derive the threshold condition for laser oscillation (5)
(b) If the irradiance of light doubles after passing once through a laser amplifier 0.5 m
long, calculate the small signal gain coefficient. (3)
Q.3 (a) Derive Einstein’s relations (5)
−3 o
(b) He-Ne laser output 3 mW beam which diverges 3 ×(10 ) . Radius of the spot on the
laser is 0.3 mm. Calculate the brightness of the laser. (3)