‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪ KVL‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ)‪ :(Loop‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﻪ )‪ :(Mesh‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪142‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫‪-1‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ )ﻣﺶﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-2‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-5‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪143‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ‪ Vout‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1kW‬‬ ‫‪1kW‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪Vout‬‬ ‫‪1kW‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫–‬ ‫–‬
‫–‬

‫‪144‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫‪-1‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ )ﻣﺶﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-2‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-5‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪145‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻼً ﺩﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪1kW‬‬ ‫‪1kW‬‬

‫‪1kW‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪Mesh 1‬‬ ‫‪Mesh 2‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫–‬ ‫–‬

‫‪146‬‬
 ‫‪-1‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ )ﻣﺶﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-2‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-5‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪147‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ I1‬ﻭ ‪ I2‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪1kW‬‬ ‫‪1kW‬‬

‫‪1kW‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫–‬ ‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫–‬

‫‪148‬‬
 ‫‪-1‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ )ﻣﺶﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-2‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-5‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪149‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪VR‬‬ ‫–‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪VR‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪I2‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I1‬‬

‫‪VR = I1 R‬‬ ‫‪VR = (I1 - I2 ) R‬‬

‫‪150‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪1kW‬‬ ‫‪1kW‬‬

‫‪1kW‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫–‬ ‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫–‬

‫‪KVL1: -V1 + I1 1kW + (I1 - I2) 1kW = 0‬‬

‫‪KVL 2: (I2 - I1) 1kW+ I2 1kW + V2 = 0‬‬
‫‪151‬‬
 ‫‪-1‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ )ﻣﺶﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-2‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-5‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪152‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻔﺮﻡ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪é1kW + 1kW‬‬ ‫‪- 1kW ù é I 1 ù é V1 ù‬‬

‫‪ê - 1kW‬‬ ‫‪ú‬‬ ‫‪ê‬‬ ‫‪ú‬‬ ‫‪=ê‬‬ ‫‪ú‬‬
‫‪ë‬‬ ‫‪1kW + 1kWû ë I 2 û ë- V2 û‬‬

‫‪153‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ V1=7V‬ﻭ ‪ V2=4V‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪I1 = 3.33 mA‬‬
‫‪I2 = -0.33 mA‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ‪ Vout‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vout = (I1 - I2) 1kW = 3.66V‬‬

‫‪154‬‬
 ‫‪-1‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ )ﻣﺶﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-2‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-5‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪155‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ‪ 1kΩ‬ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ I1‬ﻭ ‪ 3.33mA‬ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ‪ 1kΩ‬ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ I2‬ﻭ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ 0.33mA‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪I1-‬‬
‫‪ I2=3.66mA‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1kW‬‬ ‫‪1kW‬‬

‫‪1kW‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫–‬ ‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫–‬

‫‪156‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪157‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪KVL 1: -10+4 i1+6(i1-i2)=0‬‬

‫‪158‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪i2=-5‬‬

‫‪159‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪i1=-2A‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪i1-i2=-2+5=3A‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪160‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪2 kW‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪6V‬‬
‫‪2000 Ix‬‬ ‫‪4 kW‬‬ ‫‪2 kW‬‬ ‫‪Vo‬‬

‫‪Ix‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪161‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪2 kW‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪6V‬‬
‫‪2000 Ix‬‬ ‫‪4 kW‬‬ ‫‪2 kW‬‬ ‫‪Vo‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬
‫‪Ix‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪162‬‬
 :‫ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬KVL ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬ n

-2000 I x + ( 2 kW ) I1 + ( 4 kW )( I1 - I 2 ) = 0 (1)
K
KVL

K
KVL - ( 6 V ) + ( 2 kW ) I 2 + ( 4 kW )( I 2 - I1 ) = 0 (2)

2 kW +
6V
2000 Ix 4 kW 2 kW Vo
I1 I2
Ix -

163
 ‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﺯﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫)‪(3‬‬
‫‪I x = I2‬‬

‫‪2 kW‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪6V‬‬
‫‪2000 Ix‬‬ ‫‪4 kW‬‬ ‫‪2 kW‬‬ ‫‪Vo‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬
‫‪Ix‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪164‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪I1 =3 mA I2 = 3 mA‬‬ ‫‪Ix = 3 mA‬‬

‫‪165‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪166‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ‪ i1‬ﻭ ‪ i2‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎً‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪i1=4mA‬‬ ‫‪i2=-2mA‬‬

‫‪167‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪ KVL‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪4000(i3-i2) + 2000(i3-i1)+6000i3-3 = 0‬‬

‫‪168‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ i1‬ﻭ ‪ i2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ‪ i3‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪i3=0.25mA‬‬

‫‪Vo = 6000i3 – 3 = -1.5 V‬‬

‫‪169‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪mA‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪I1=i2-i1=-2-4=-6‬‬
‫‪I2=i1-i3=4-0.25=3.75mA‬‬ ‫‪I3=i2-i3=-2-0.25=-2.25mA‬‬

‫‪I4=i3=0.25mA‬‬

‫‪170‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ‪ 1Ω‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1W‬‬

‫‪5W‬‬ ‫‪4W‬‬

‫‪50 V‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪if‬‬ ‫‪20 W‬‬ ‫‪15 if‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫‪171‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ‪ KVL‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪KVL 1: 5(i1 – i2) + 20(i1 – i3)-50=0‬‬

‫‪KVL 2: 5(i2 – i1) + 1i2 + 4(i2 – i3)=0‬‬

‫‪1W‬‬

‫‪i2‬‬
‫‪5W‬‬ ‫‪4W‬‬

‫‪50 V‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪i1‬‬ ‫‪if‬‬ ‫‪20 W‬‬ ‫‪i3‬‬ ‫‪15 if‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫‪172‬‬
KVL 3: 20(i3 - i1) + 4(i3 – i2) + 15iΦ=0

1W

i2
5W 4W

50 V +
i1 if 20 W i3 15 if
-

173
 ‫‪iΦ = i1 – i3‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪1W‬‬

‫‪i2‬‬
‫‪5W‬‬ ‫‪4W‬‬

‫‪50 V‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪i1‬‬ ‫‪if‬‬ ‫‪20 W‬‬ ‫‪i3‬‬ ‫‪15 if‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫‪174‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺯ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪i1=29.6mA‬‬ ‫‪i2=26mA‬‬ ‫‪i3=28mA‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ‪ 1Ω‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ i2‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪1W‬‬ ‫‪ 26mA‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪i2‬‬
‫‪5W‬‬ ‫‪4W‬‬

‫‪50 V‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪i1‬‬ ‫‪if‬‬ ‫‪20 W‬‬ ‫‪i3‬‬ ‫‪15 if‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫‪175‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺑﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫‪ n‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ‪ KVL‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻱ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ KVL‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﺪﻭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪176‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪177‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ 4mA‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪I3‬‬

‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬

‫‪178‬‬
 ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪ KVL‬ﺍﺑﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪KVL: -6 + 1kI3+2kI2+2k(I2-I1)+1k(I3-I1) = 0‬‬

‫‪I3‬‬

‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬

‫‪179‬‬
 ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ I2‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ 2mA‬ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ 4mA‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪I3‬‬ ‫‪I1=2mA‬‬
‫‪I2-I3=4mA‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬

‫‪180‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺯ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪I1=2mA‬‬
‫‪I2=10/3mA‬‬
‫‪I3=-2/3mA‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ I3‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪2/3mA‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪181‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ‪ V0‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ix‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪5 mA‬‬ ‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪2 kW I2‬‬ ‫‪2 Ix‬‬ ‫‪I3‬‬ ‫‪1 kW‬‬ ‫‪Vo‬‬
‫_‬

‫‪182‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ix‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪5mA‬‬ ‫‪2 kW‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫‪1 kW‬‬ ‫‪Vo‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫_‬

‫‪183‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ I1‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ 5mA‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ KVL‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺑﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪I1 = 5mA‬‬
‫‪KVL: 2k(I2-I1) +1kI3 = 0‬‬
‫‪Ix‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪5mA‬‬ ‫‪2 kW‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫‪1 kW‬‬ ‫‪Vo‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫_‬

‫‪184‬‬
 ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪I2-I3 = 2 Ix‬‬
‫‪I1-I2 = Ix‬‬
‫‪Ix‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪5 mA‬‬ ‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪2 kW I2‬‬ ‫‪2 Ix‬‬ ‫‪I3‬‬ ‫‪1 kW‬‬ ‫‪Vo‬‬
‫_‬

‫‪185‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪I1 =5 mA‬‬
‫‪I2 = 4 mA‬‬
‫‪I3= 2 mA‬‬
‫‪Ix= 1 mA‬‬
‫‪V0= 1 I3=2V‬‬

‫‪186‬‬
 ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ‪-‬ﮔﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ؟‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ‪-‬ﮔﺮﻩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ‪-‬ﮔﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪187‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫‪188‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪189‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮔﺬﺭﺍ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪190‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ :RC‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ :RL‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪191‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻮﺭﺗﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻧﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬

‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ )ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﻮﻧﻦ( ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ )ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻮﺭﺗﻦ( ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪192‬‬
193
‫‪RC‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫‪194‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RC‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RC‬ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﻮﻧﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫– )‪vr(t‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪vc(t‬‬
‫)‪vs(t‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫–‬
‫–‬

‫‪195‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RC‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪ KVL‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫)‪vr(t) + vc(t) = vs(t‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫– )‪vr(t‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪vc(t‬‬
‫)‪vs(t‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫–‬
‫–‬

‫‪196‬‬
 t
1
Ri (t ) + ò i( x)dx = vs (t )
C -¥
di(t ) dvs (t )
RC + i (t ) = C
dt dt
dvr (t ) dvs (t )
RC + vr (t ) = RC
dt dt
197
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪198‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RC‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RC‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺭژ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪199‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‪ RC‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎَ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻁﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬

‫‪200‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺷﺎﺭژ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪201‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪ KCL‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪202‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‪RC‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t=0‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪203‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪Ri (t ) + ò i( x)dx = vs (t‬‬
‫‪C -¥‬‬
‫) ‪di(t‬‬ ‫) ‪dvs (t‬‬
‫‪RC‬‬ ‫‪+ i (t ) = C‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪204‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪1000 di/dt + i =0‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻔﺮﻡ ‪ ke-1000t‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ k‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪205‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫)‪Vs=R i0+ + Vc(0+‬‬

‫‪100=105 i0+ + 0‬‬
‫‪i0+=10-3‬‬

‫‪206‬‬
 ‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪i0+=10-3‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪i(t)=10-3 e-1000t‬‬

‫‪207‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RC‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪208‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬

dv(t )
RT C + v(t ) = vT (t )
dt

209
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ‪ ke-t/Rc‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫) ‪dv(t‬‬
‫‪RT C‬‬ ‫) ‪+ v(t ) = vT (t‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ VT‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪-t‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪RC‬‬
‫‪v(t ) = vT + ke‬‬

‫‪210‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RC‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 30‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪t=0‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ )‪.i(t‬‬

‫‪211‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ REQ‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪REQ=20||20+10=20K‬‬

‫‪212‬‬
vc (t ) + REQi(t ) = 0
dvc
è vc (t ) + REQ C =0
dvc (t ) dt
i (t ) = c
dt
-2
dvc
vc (t ) + 10 =0
dt

213
 ‫ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪vc (t ) = ke-100t‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪ 30‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫‪ v0+=30V‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪-100t‬‬
‫‪vc (t ) = 30e‬‬

‫‪214‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪dvc‬‬
‫‪i (t ) = C‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5 ´ 10-6 ´ 30(-100)e -100t‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬

‫‪i (t ) = -1.5 ´10-3 e -100t‬‬

‫‪215‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪RC‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪Rc‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪t = RC‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪)*e-t/RC‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪-‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ(‪+‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ=ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫‪216‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RC‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪217‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 20‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪t = RC = (20 ´103 ) ´ (0.5 ´10-6 ) = 0.01‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫) ‪vC (0‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪i0+ = -‬‬ ‫‪= - k = -1.5 ´10-3‬‬
‫‪REQ‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫‪218‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺩﺷﺎﺭژ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪i (¥ ) = 0‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪219‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-100t‬‬
‫‪i (t ) = 0 + (-1.5 ´10 ) e‬‬

‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-100t‬‬
‫‪i (t ) = -1.5 ´10 e‬‬

‫‪220‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RC‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ )‪ U(t‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1MW‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫)‪vs (t) = u(t‬‬ ‫)‪vu (t‬‬
‫‪2mF‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪221‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫‪t = RC = 10 ´ 2 ´10 = 2‬‬

‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪VC(0+)=VC(0-)=0‬‬
‫‪VC(∞)=1‬‬

‫‪222‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪)*e-t/RC‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪-‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻳﻪ(‪+‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ=ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫‪VC(t)=1-(0-1)e-t/2‬‬
‫‪VC(t)=1-e-t/2‬‬

‫‪223‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RC‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ )‪.v(t‬‬

‫‪224‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺩﻭ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪225‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﻮﻧﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪226‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪227‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪)*e-t/RC‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪-‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻳﻪ(‪+‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ=ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫‪228‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ‪RL‬‬

‫‪229‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪RL‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ RC‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪230‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RL‬‬

‫‪231‬‬
n

232
 ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‪RL‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪233‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬

VS
i (t ) = 1 - e -( R / L )t
( )
R

234
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RC‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 3‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪235‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RL‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RL‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪236‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‪ RL‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎَ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻁﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬

‫‪237‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺳﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺳﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪238‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RL‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RC‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪)*e-tR/L‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪-‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻳﻪ(‪+‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ=ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫‪239‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RL‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪ L1=10mH‬ﻭ ‪ L2=30mH‬ﻭ ‪ R1=2K‬ﻭ ‪R2=6K‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻭ ‪ iL(0-)=100mA‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪240‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪241‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ L/R‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-37500t‬‬
‫‪i (t ) = 0 + (100 - 0)e‬‬
‫‪-37500t‬‬
‫‪i (t ) = 100e‬‬ ‫‪mA‬‬

‫‪242‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪243‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‪RL‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪244‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ‪ i(0-)=0‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪i(∞)=10/2=5A‬‬

‫‪245‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪=L/R=5/2=2.5‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪)*e-tR/L‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪-‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻳﻪ(‪+‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ=ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫)‪i(t)=5+(0-5) e-t/2.5=5(1-e-t/2.5‬‬

‫‪246‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RL‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪247‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪i(0-) =10/(2||2)=10A‬‬

‫‪248‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪i(0+)=i(0-)=10A‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪i(∞)=10/2=5A‬‬

‫‪249‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪2‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪=L/R=5/2=2.5S‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪250‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪)*e-tR/L‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪-‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻳﻪ(‪+‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ=ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫)‪i(t)=5+(10-5) e-t/2.5=5(1+e-t/2.5‬‬

‫‪251‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪252‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪t=10‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻫﻢ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪253‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ 10‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪254‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪Vc(0-)=5 (2 || 2)=5V‬‬

‫‪255‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪VC(0+)=VC(0-)=5V‬‬
‫‪iR(0+)=5/2=2.5A‬‬

‫‪256‬‬
 ‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 10‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪iR(∞)=5A‬‬
‫‪VC(∞)=5*2=10V‬‬

‫‪257‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪t = RC = (2W) (3F) = 6s‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪iR(t)=5 + (2.5 – 5)e-t/t‬‬
‫‪iR(t)=5 - 2.5 e-t/6‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫‪VC(t)=10 + (5-10) e-t/6‬‬

‫‪258‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ‪ 10‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪ t=10‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪ t=10‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪VC(t)=10 + (5-10) e-t/6‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪VC(10-)=10 + (5-10) e-10/6=9.06V‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪VC(10+)= VC(10-)=9.06V‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪iR(10+)=9.1V/2W = 4.53V‬‬

‫‪259‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ 10‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ )ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪iR(¥)=2.5A‬‬

‫‪260‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪RTH = 2W || 2W = 1W‬‬
‫‪t = RC = (1W) (3F) = 3S‬‬

‫‪261‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪iR(t)=2.5 + (4.53 – 2.5)e-(t-10)/3‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪4.5‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪3.5‬‬

‫)‪i(t‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪2.5‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫)‪Time (sec‬‬

‫‪262‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ‬

‫‪263‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RLC‬ﺳﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫‪ RLC‬ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪264‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RLC‬ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫‪265‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RLC‬ﺳﺮﻱ‬

‫‪266‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬

d 2 x(t ) dx(t )
a 2
+b + cx (t ) = f (t )
dt dt

a 1 1
b Rth/L 1/(RthC)
c 1/(LC) 1/(LC)

267
 ‫ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪ +‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ=ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻠﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪268‬‬
 ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪d x(t‬‬ ‫) ‪dx(t‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+b‬‬ ‫) ‪+ cx (t ) = f (t‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪pt‬‬ ‫‪pt‬‬ ‫‪pt‬‬
‫‪ap Ae + bpAe + cAe = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(ap‬‬ ‫‪+ bp + c Ae pt = 0‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪ap 2 + bp + c = 0‬‬
‫‪269‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪-b±‬‬ ‫‪b 2 - 4ac‬‬

‫= ‪p1 , p2‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻴﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﺮﺍ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪270‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻴﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ b2 > 4ac‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ p1‬ﻭ ‪ p2‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻠﻲ )ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮔﺬﺭﺍ( ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪- p1t‬‬ ‫‪- p2t‬‬
‫‪xtrans (t ) = A1e‬‬ ‫‪+ A2e‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ p1‬ﻭ ‪ p2‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‪ A1‬ﻭ ‪ A2‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪271‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ b2 = 4ac‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪- pt‬‬ ‫‪- pt‬‬

‫‪xtrans (t ) = A1e‬‬ ‫‪+ A2te‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ p1‬ﻭ ‪ p2‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ A1‬ﻭ ‪A2‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪272‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ b2 < 4ac‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪p1, 2 = -a ± jb‬‬
‫) ‪xtrans (t ) = Ce -at sin( bt + f‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ p1‬ﻭ ‪ p2‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‪ C‬ﻭ ‪f‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪273‬‬
274
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ‪ RLC‬ﺳﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RLC‬ﺳﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ C=0.25uF‬ﻭ ‪ L=1H‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ‪ RT=8.5kΩ‬ﻭ ‪ 4k‬ﻭ ‪ 8k‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬

‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﻴﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻴﺮﺍ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪275‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ap2 + bp + c = 0‬‬

‫‪- b ± b 2 - 4ac‬‬
‫= ‪p1 , p2‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﻴﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻴﺮﺍ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪276‬‬
 ‫‪RT=8.5KΩ‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺮﻱ ‪ a=1‬ﻭ ‪ b=R/L‬ﻭ ‪ c=1/LC‬ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪ap2 + bp + c = 0‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬‫‪.‬‬‫‪5‬‬ ‫´‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫(‪p +‬‬ ‫(‪)p+‬‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫‪)=0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1´ 0.25 ´10‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪p + 8.5 ´10 p + 4 ´10 = 0‬‬

‫‪277‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ b2-4ac=56.25*106‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻴﺮﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪p1=-8000‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪p2=-500‬‬

‫‪278‬‬
 ‫‪RT=4KΩ‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ c=1/LC‬ﻭ ‪ b=R/L‬ﻭ ‪a=1‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ c=4*106‬ﻭ ‪ b=4000‬ﻭ ‪a=1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪b2-4ac=16*106-16*106=0‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻭ ‪ -2000‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪279‬‬
 ‫‪RT=1KΩ‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ c=1/LC‬ﻭ ‪ b=R/L‬ﻭ ‪a=1‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪a=1, b=1000, c=4*106‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪b2-4ac=106-16*106=-15*106‬‬

‫‪280‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﺔ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺮﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪p1, p2 = -500± 500 15 j‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ 1936‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪w = 500 15 = 1936 rad / sec‬‬

‫‪281‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RLC‬ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RLC‬ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪282‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪iL(0-) =9/(250+50)=30mA‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪VC(0-)=0‬‬

‫‪283‬‬
 RLC n
b=1/RC a=1 RLC
. c=1/LC
a=1
b=1/(50*4*10-6)=5000
c=1 /(4*10-6)=25*104

RLC

284
 ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ap + bp + c = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪p + 5000 p + 25 ´10 = 0‬‬

‫‪b 2 - 4ac = (2500 - 4 ´ 25)104 = 24 ´106‬‬

‫‪p1 = -50.51 , p2 = -4950‬‬

‫‪285‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻴﺮﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪286‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪287‬‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪288‬‬
n

289
 ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﭘﻠﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RLC‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼً ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RLC‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪ +‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ=ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫‪290‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﭘﻠﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪RLC‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪291‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RLC‬ﺳﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪vn (t ) = K1e-250t cos968t + K2e-250t sin 968t , t ³ 0‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪292‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪293‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺯ ﺣﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ k1‬ﻭ ‪ k2‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪K1=-10 , K2=-2.58‬‬

‫‪294‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪295‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪RLC‬‬

‫‪296‬‬
RLC n

n
.

297
298