Smehjh < - Odocmtd ; - Jldrhjgc hc nj prdlncoêtekj y rcnjkeûm kdm nj mdrojtevehjh

 pjnjlrjs knjvcs hc nj psekdnd`ïj gurïhekj

 pdr7

Jm`cnd hc Gcs÷s Kjhjveh Kdrrcj

KK. 0:003128

@rupd7

86;6;6T:0<

Xutdr7

Ojrtbj Vjtrekej Vcúj Hïjz

Kursd7

Jkkeûm psekdsdkejn y kdmtcxtd gurïhekd

Smevcrsehjh mjkedmjn jlecrtj y j hestjmkej Smjh

Vrd`rjoj hc Vsekdnd`ïj

Jlren /;/ <6<:

 

Emtrdhukkeûm

Kdm nj rcjnezjkeûm hcn prcscmtc trjljgd mds hjods kucmtj hcsocmuzjmhd njs pjnjlrjs knjvcs

hc vjreds hdkuocmtds kujncs sdm njs tcroemdnd`ïjs hjhjs pjrj hekbj pjrtc hc Nj Vsekdnd`ïj

Gurïhekj nj kujn cs um êrcj hc trjljgd c emvcste`jkeûm psekdnû`ekj cspckejnezjhj kuyd dlgctd

cs cn cstuhed hcn kdopdrtjoecmtd hc nds jktdrcs gurïhekds cm cn êoletd hcn Hcrckbd, nj Ncy y

nj Gustekej. Cstj êrcj cstê rckdmdkehj pdr Jsdkejkedmcs y Dr`jmezjkedmcs hc mevcn mjkedmjn c

emtcrmjkedmjn hc Vsekdnd`ïj Gurïhekj y/d Adrcmsc. Cn cstjhd jktujn hc nj Vsekdnd`ïj Gurïhekj

cspjúdnj sc puchc cmtcmhcr sc`÷m njs hestemtjs êrcjs cm quc sc cstê trjljgjmhd, rcancgjhjs cm

nj emtrdhukkeûm hc cstc hdkuocmtd. Nj knjseaekjkeûm md cs umêmeococmtc kdopjrtehj hclehd

j njs pckunejrehjhcs kunturjncs, kecmtïaekjs y hc nc`esnjkeûm hc kjhj pjïs, y jsï, pdr cgcopnd,

nj Vsekdnd`ïj Vdnekejn tecmc um cskjsd d mund hcsjrrdnnd cm pjïscs njtemdjocrekjmds y

jhquecrc pdr cn kdmtrjred um cxkcncmtc mevcn cm pjïscs jm`ndsjgdmcs y hcn cstc curdpcd. Cm

tdhd kjsd cn kjopd hc nj Vsekdnd`ïj Gurïhekj quc cstjods emtcmtjhd hcaemer sc`÷m vj

kdmsdnehjmhd sus tjrcjs hc adroj cspckïaekj hclc cstjlnckcr sus nïoetcs y sus cstjhds

ardmtcrezds kdm dtrjs êrcjs psekdnû`ekjs kdm njs kuêncs kdnjldrj emtcrheskepnemjrocmtc.

Nj emvcste`jkeûm psekdnû`ekj cm cn kjopd hcn hcrckbd tecmc kdod dlgctd cn cstuhed hc njs

kjusjs sdkejncs y cstrukturjncs hcn hcnetd kdod prdhuktd hc

h c umj jntcrjkeûm hcn emhevehud cm

 pjrtekunjr jhcoês hc nds ajktdrcs quc hjm dre`cm j nj kdmhuktj gurïhekj cm um prdkcsd pcmjn.
 

Cstrukturj dr`jmezjtevj

Nj cstrukturj dr`jmezjtevj cs umj hespdsekeûm emtcmkedmjn hc rdncs, cm nj quc kjhj pcrsdmj

jsuoc um pjpcn quc sc cspcrj quc kuopnj kdm cn ojydr rcmheoecmtd pdselnc. Nj aemjnehjh

hc umj cstrukturj dr`jmezjtevj cs cstjlnckcr um sestcoj hc pjpcncs quc bjm hc hcsjrrdnnjr nds

oecolrds hc umj cmtehjh pjrj trjljgjr gumtds hc adroj ûpteoj y quc sc jnkjmkcm njs octjs

aegjhjs cm nj pnjmeaekjkeûm y nj ocgdrj hc prdkcsds. Nj cstrukturj dr`jmezjkedmjn cs

aumhjocmtjn cm tdhjs njs dr`jmezjkedmcs, hcaemc oukbjs kjrjktcrïstekjs hc kûod sc vj j

dr`jmezjr, tecmc nj aumkeûm premkepjn hc cstjlnckcr jutdrehjh, gcrjrquïj, kjhcmj hc ojmhd,

dr`jme`rjojs y hcpjrtjocmtjnezjkedmcs, cmtrc dtrjs.

prdycktd hc Emtcrvcmkeûm Vsekdsdkejn

Cn prdkcsd hc emtcrvcmkeûm psekdsdkejn cs um

u m hcsjrrdnnd hc jktujkeûm sdlrc nj rcjnehjh sdkejn

quc tecmc kdod aemjnehjh nd`rjr um hcsjrrdnnd, kjoled d ocgdrj hc setujkedmcs, kdncktevds,

`rupds d emhevehuds quc prcscmtcm jn`÷m tepd hc prdlncoj d mckcsehjh pjrj ajkenetjr su

emtc`rjkeûm sdkejn d su pjrtekepjkeûm jktevj Vjrj pnjmeaekjr y cnjldrjr cstj Vrdpucstj hc

Emtcrvcmkeûm sc tdoj pdr ljsc umj cstrjtc`ej tcûrekd-prêktekj, cstrukturjhj cm trcs ajscs hc

jktujkeûm, quc sc kdrrcspdmhcm rcspcktevjocmtc j umj pnjmeaekjkeûm, hcsjrrdnnd y

kdmknuseûm. Hdmhc nds oês lcmcaekejhds sdm njs kdoumehjhcs vunmcrjlncs.

Kdmtcxtd psekdsdkejn

sc rcaecrc j nj kdmhuktj buojmj y su emscrkeûm cm nj sdkechjh, cn jkkedmjr emhevehujn

jmjnezjhd hcshc nds jspcktds sdkejncs. Cn scr buojmd y su kdopdrtjoecmtd cm um kdmtcxtd

sdkejn cs dlgctd hc cstuhed hc nj psekdnd`ïj emhevehujn y hc nj sdkednd`ïj.cs cn kdmgumtd hc

kerkumstjmkejs (ojtcrejncs d jlstrjktjs) quc sc prdhukcm jnrchchdr hc um bckbd, setujkeûm d

 

cvcmtd hjhd, quc cstêm aejlncocmtc kdoprdljhjs9: cm nds tcsteodmeds hc pcrsdmjs hc

rcputjkeûm kdoprdljhj pdr oched hc nj vdz buojmj, ocmsjgc bjlnjhd, cskretd, `rjaïjs

jmte`ujs, ojmuskretds jmte`uds, cm kjrtjs, hdkuocmtds, nelrds hc bestdrej, pcreûhekds,

emtcrmct, tv, rjhed, ocheds juhedvesujncs odhcrmds u dtrds.

pnjtjadroj hc `csteûm

umj screc hc bcrrjoecmtjs pjrj ajkenetjr nj cvjnujkeûm (emknusd nj emtcrvcmkeûm) cm nds

odocmtds oês cspckïaekds.cs um prd`rjoj quc pdmc j mucstrj hespdsekeûm umj screc hc

bcrrjoecmtjs quc ajkenetjm mucstrd trjljgd. Cstds sestcojs puchcm tcmcr heacrcmtcs

bcrrjoecmtjs. [e lecm jn`umds prd`rjojs sc kcmtrjm ÷mekjocmtc cm nj vehcdkdmacrcmkej y

`csteûm hc ketjs, dtrds hespdmcm hc umj jpnekjkeûm oûven pjrj nds pjkecmtcs cm nj quc

rckelerê rckdrhjtdreds, pdhrê kdopjrter kdmtcmehds, rcspdmhcr tcst, rcspdmhcr rc`estrds,

ocmsjgcrïj emstjmtêmcj kdm cn prdacsedmjn, cmtrc dtrds. [dm sestcojs pcmsjhds cm nds

 psekûnd`ds d psequejtrjs. Smj pnjtjadroj hc `csteûm quc sc jgustj j tus mckcsehjhcs.

kjrjktcrïstekjs sdked ckdmûoekjs

cs umj ochehj tdtjn ckdmûoekj y sdkednû`ekj quc kdolemj nj prcpjrjkeûm njldrjn hc umj
 pcrsdmj, hc nj pdsekeûm ckdmûoekj y sdkejn emhevehujn d ajoenejr cm rcnjkeûm j dtrjs

 pcrsdmjs, ljsjhj cm sus em`rcsds, chukjkeûm y copncd. Jn jmjnezjr cn mevcn sdkedckdmûoekd

hc umj ajoenej sc jmjnezjm, nds em`rcsds hcn bd`jr, nds mevcncs hc drecmtjkeûm chukjkeûm, y

dkupjkeûm, kdod tjoleåm cn em`rcsd kdolemjhd, kdopjrjhd kdm cn emhevehujn, y tjoleåm

sdm jmjnezjhds nds jtrelutds pcrsdmjncs hc sus oecolrds. [c knjseaekj pdr nd `cmcrjn cm trcs

kjtc`drïjs7 Jntd, Oched y Ljgd, cm njs kujncs

k ujncs umj ajoenej puchc scr ulekjhj.
 

Kjrjktcrïstekjs sdkedhcod`rêaekjs

 [dm cn kdmgumtd hc kjrjktcrïstekjs lednû`ekjs, sdked ckdmûoekd kunturjncs quc cstêm

 prcscmtcs cm nj pdlnjkeûm sugctj j cstuhed, tdojmhd jqucnnjs quc puchjm scr ochelncs. ...

kjrjktcrïstekjs quc jntcrjm cn hcsjrrdnnd lednû`ekd, psekdnû`ekd y sdkejn mdrojncs hc um

sugctd. Nds hjtds hcod`rêaekds sdm emadrojkeûm `cmcrjn sdlrc `rupds hc pcrsdmjs.

Hcpcmhecmhd hc nj aemjnehjh, nds hjtds puchcm emknuer jtrelutds kdod nj chjh, cn scxd y cn

nu`jr hc rcsehcmkej, jsï kdod kjrjktcrïstekjs sdkejncs kdod nj dkupjkeûm, nj setujkeûm

ajoenejr d nds em`rcsds quc cstjs pcrsdmjs dltcm`jm sc`÷m su daeked.

kjrjktcrïstekjs pdnïtekjs

cs nj eopncocmtjkeûm hc umj vjrechjh hc oåtdhds, quc emknuycm prdodvcr njs prdpejs

dpemedmcs pdnïtekjs cmtrc njs pcrsdmjs, cs cn kdmgumtd hc jktevehjhcs

jktevehjhcs quc sc jsdkejm kdm nj

tdoj hc hckesedmcs cm `rupd, u dtrjs adrojs hc rcnjkedmcs hc pdhcr cmtrc emhevehuds, kdod

nj hestrelukeûm hc rckursds d cn cstjtus. Xjoleåm cs cn jrtc, hdktremj d prêktekj rcacrcmtc jn

`dlecrmd hc nds Cstjhds,

Cstjhds, prdodvecmhd nj pjrtekepjkeûm
pjrtekepjkeûm keuhjhjmj, Cs umj adroj
adroj hc pdhcr.

Cs nncvjhj j kjld pdr emhevehuds cnc`ehds pdr nds keuhjhjmds. Luskj rcsdnvcr kdmanektds

hcmtrd hc umj sdkechjh pjrj `jrjmtezjr cn lecm kdo÷m. Cstê adrojhj pdr um kdmgumtd hc

jktevehjhcs y rcspdmsjlenehjhcs.

Xåkmekjs Hcskreptevjs

sdm oåtdhds y prdkcheoecmtds cstjhïstekds hescújhds pjrj rckd`cr, prdkcsjr, jmjnezjr

kdopdrtjoecmtds y prcscmtjr nj emadrojkeûm rcsuntjmtc hc um cstuhed, kdm cn dlgctevd hc

rcsjntjr njs kjrjktcrïstekjs oês sdlrcsjnecmtcs hc nj emvcste`jkeûm. 

emvcste`jkeûm. utenezjm nds hjtds
 

dlscrvjhds pjrj rcjnezjr um rcsuocm hc nj emadrojkeûm quc kdmtecmcm. Cstc rcsuocm puchc

scr cxpndrjtdred cm umj preocrj ajsc y nuc`d hcskreptevd cm nj sc`umhj ajsc. Cstjs hds ajscs

 prcpjrjm nj emadrojkeûm pjrj njs tåkmekjs emacrcmkejncs y kdmstrukkeûm hc odhcnds. sc

cmkjr`j hc pumtujnezjr njs kjrjktcrïstekjs hc nj pdlnjkeûm quc cstê cstuhejmhd.

Xåkmekjs Bestûrekd mjrrjtevjs

Jn kdmtjr j cxtrjúds mucstrjs bestdrejs pcrsdmjncs mds nelrjods hc cnnjs y njs kdmvcrteods

cm pjsjhd. Cstd mds pcroetc kdocmzjr j hescújr um auturd j mucstrd `ustd, hdkuocmtjmhd

csds kucmtds pjrj quc md sc pecrhjm cm cn dnvehd y puchjm scrver j dtrds hc emsperjkeûm. Njs

 pcrsdmjs cmtcmhcrêm, kdod csjs cxpcrecmkejs y kerkumstjmkejs jhvcrsjs ncs pcroetecrdm

adrtjnckcrsc. Hc cstj ojmcrj sc rcjnezû umj rcveseûm hdkuocmtjn

h dkuocmtjn hcn tcoj hc tåkmekjs

mjrrjtevjs, kdm cn dlgctevd hc prdaumhezjr nds kdmdkeoecmtds cm cstj eopdrtjmtc bcrrjoecmtj

tcrjpåutekj. [c prdaumhezj cm nj cxtcrmjnezjkeûm kdod kdoecmzd y prdkcsd hc nelcrjkeûm hc

nj pcrsdmj `cmcrjmhd jn oesod tecopd odtevjkeûm pjrj cn kjoled.

Xåkmekjs jmjnïtekjs Cxprcsevjs.

tåkmekjs quc trjljgjm hercktjocmtc kdm eoê`cmcs, nd quc sc bj bckbd hcshc nj jmte`þchjh,

cm cn kjopd rcne`edsd, jrtïstekd, y psekdtcrjpåutekd. Njs utenezjm heacrcmtcs

h eacrcmtcs oåtdhds hc

rcnjgjkeûm, tcrjpejs su`cstevjs y kdopdrtjocmtjncs, nj Vrd`rjojkeûm Mcurdnem`þïstekj, cn

Vsekdhrjoj, nj jktevjkeûm hc nj eoj`emjkeûm cm Xcrjpejs Kd`metevjs, cmtrc dtrds. Nj @cstjnt,

 pdr cgcopnd, bj hcsjrrdnnjhd `rjm kjmtehjh hc cgcrkekeds hc vesujnezjkedmcs y ajmtjsïjs, cm

nd quc bj hcmdoemjhd nj „tcrjpej hcn hjrsc kucmtj‟, umj cspckec hc cmsdújkeûm quc luskj

quc njs pcrsdmjs eoj`emcm, secmtjm y vevcmkecm rcnjkedmcs hc tdhd tepd.

 

Emeoputjlenehjh

cs umj ajntj
ajntj hc kjpjkehjh hc umj pcrsdmj pjrj scr kunpjlnc pdr umj kdmhuktj quc bj

rcjnezjhd y cstê pcmjhj cm cn Kûhe`d Vcmjn , tcmecmhd cm kucmtj quc md te

tecmc
cmc kdmdkeoecmtd

hc nj eneketuh hcn bckbd rcjnezjhd jhcoês hc suarer umj jntcrjkeûm hc nj vdnumtjh, pcrd

cmtcmhecmhd quc nj pcrsdmj

pcrsdmj , cm cn odocmtd hc cgckutjr cn bckbd d kdmhuktj , cstê cm tjn

cstjhd quc md puchc kdoprcmhcr csj kdmhuktj kdod enïketj

enïketj me puchc kdopdrtjrsc
kdopdrtjrsc hc adroj
adroj

hestemtj j kdod nd bj bckbd pdr cstjr prevjhd hc nj ajkuntjh hc pdhcr kdmdkcr d kdoprcmhcr

hc dtrj adroj. Cstj pcrsdmj hclc cstjr cm pdscseûm hc kdmhekedmcs emtcncktujncs y hc nj

vdnumtjh quc md nc pcroetjm kdmdkcr quc su kdmhuktj cs enïketj y quc md puchj jktujr hc

dtrj ojmcrj.

emtcrvcmkeûm kdoumetjrej

Nj emtcrvcmkeûm kdoumetjrej cs um tepd hc emtcrvcmkeûm sdkejn cmadkjhj j nj kdoumehjh.

Vjrtc hc nj ehcj hc quc nj kdoumehjh tecmc su prdpej aucrzj rc`unjhdrj, quc jyuhj jn

emhevehud j hcsjrrdnnjrsc hc adroj emtc`rjn cm cn kdmtcxtd

kd mtcxtd cm cn quc cstê emocrsd.

Hcmtrd hc njs cstrjtc`ejs quc sc kdmgu`jm pjrj pdhcr nncvjr j kjld umj emtcrvcmkeûm

kdoumetjrej, sc hclc kdmsehcrjr quc kjhj setujkeûm cstjrê cstrukturjhj kdm cncocmtds

 prdpeds, tjncs kdod, pcrkcpkeûm hc nj kdoumehjh, kunturj, jktetuhcs y j nj vcz, nj setujkeûm

cm nj kujn sc cmkucmtrj nj kdoumehjh.

 

[crcmhïpety

Smj scrcmhepej cs um hcskulreoecmtd d um bjnnjz`d jadrtumjhd c emcspcrjhd quc sc prdhukc

kujmhd sc cstê luskjmhd dtrj kdsj hestemtj. Xjoleåm puchc rcacrersc j nj bjlenehjh hc um

sugctd pjrj rckdmdkcr quc bj bckbd um hcskulreoecmtd eopdrtjmtc, jumquc md tcm`j

rcnjkeûm kdm nd quc luskj. Cm tåroemds oês `cmcrjncs, sc puchc hcmdoemjr jsï tjoleåm j nj

kjsujnehjh, kdemkehcmkej d jkkehcmtc, cs cn hcskulreoecmtd vjnedsd quc sc prdhukc hc

ojmcrj jkkehcmtjn d kjsujn. Cn acmûocmd hc nj scrcmhepej sc puchc prcscmkejr cm heacrcmtcs

êoletds. Cm cn kjsd hc nj kecmkej, kujmhd sc hcskulrcm kdsjs sem emvcste`jr sdlrc cnnd, pdr

kjsujnehjh.

Oåtdhd jmjnïtekd

Cn oåtdhd jmjnïtekd cs um oåtdhd hc emvcste`jkeûm quc sc hcsprcmhc hcn oåtdhd kecmtïaekd y

cs utenezjhd cm njs kecmkejs mjturjncs y sdkejncs pjrj

p jrj cn hej`mûstekd hc prdlncojs y nj

`cmcrjkeûm hc bepûtcses quc pcroetcm rcsdnvcrnds. Nds oåtdhds hc emvcste`jkeûm kecmtïaekds

md sûnd servcm j cstuhejmtcs y prdacsedmjncs hc hekbjs êrcjs. Xjoleåm, su adroj y

octdhdnd`ïj puchcm scr hc `rjm

` rjm utenehjh pjrj dtrjs heskepnemjs hc tepd sdkejn, kdod nd sdm nj

ckdmdoïj, njs aemjmzjs, cn ojrictem` y nds rckursds buojmds. Cs prckesjocmtc nj

cacktevehjh y prckeseûm quc tecmcm nds oåtdhds kecmtïaekds nds quc servcm j cstjs mucvjs

kecmkejs quc mckcsetjm hc eopjrkejnehjh pjrj hej`mdstekjr prdkcsds hc tepd ckdmûoekd,

kdocrkejn d emhustrejn.

@rupds åtmekds

@rupd hc pcrsdmjs quc kdopjrtcm umj kunturj seoenjr (krccmkejs, vjndrcs y

kdopdrtjoecmtds), ehedoj, rcne`eûm, jmtcpjsjhds y dtrjs kjrjktcrïstekjs quc j ocmuhd pjsjm

 

hc umj `cmcrjkeûm j nj se`uecmtc. Njs pcrsdmjs puchcm vcmer hcn oesod pjïs d vever gumtjs

cm nj oesoj zdmj. Nds bespjmds y nds kbemds Bjm sdm cgcopnds hc `rupds åtmekds. Cs

 pdselnc quc jn`umjs cmacrochjhcs d jackkedmcs `cmåtekjs scjm oês kdoumcs cm kecrtds

`rupds åtmekds quc cm dtrds y sus kjrjktcrïstekjs vjrïjm sc`÷m cn nu`jr hc hdmhc mjkecrdm,
kdod sugctds kdncktevds quc jhukcm um dre`cm, umj bestdrej y um
umjs
js kjrjktcrïstekjs kunturjncs

 prdpejs, quc cstêm hjhjs cm sus kdsodvesedmcs, kdstuolrcs y trjhekedmcs.

emadroc pcrekejn

Cn emadroc pcrekejn cs cn hdkuocmtd rchjktjhd pdr cn pcretd, cm cn quc sc cxpdmcm njs

kdmknusedmcs dltcmehjs pdr cn cxpcrtd, trjs nj emvcste`jkeûm hc um kjsd. \cspdmhc j umj

cxprcseûm hc um cstuhed rcjnezjhd pdr cn cxpcrtd ochejmtc njs tåkmekjs cspckïaekjs

rcnjkedmjhjs kdm cn êrcj cspckïaekj hc kdmdkeoecmtd hc hekbd prdacsedmjn. Cn emadroc

 pcrekejn cs jkdrhjhd pdr cn gucz cm kjsd hc quc scjm mckcsjreds kdmdkeoecmtds kecmtïaekds,

tåkmekds d jrtïstekds cspckïaekds quc bjyjm hc scr jpdrtjhds pdr um cxpcrtd pjrj kdmdkcr d

jprckejr jn`÷m bckbd d kerkumstjmkej hctcroemjmtc cm cn prdkcsd. [c trjtj hc um cncocmtd hc

 pruclj guhekejn, pdr nd quc su dlgctd scrê cstjlnckcr nj vcrhjh.

Nj ocodrej hc nds tcste`ds

Kujmhd kdmtjods jn`d, nd bjkcods kjhj vcz hc ojmcrj heacrcmtc. Hc bckbd, cm psekdnd`ïj

adrcmsc sc pehc j nds tcste`ds quc md kucmtcm j mjhec nds bckbds, cm um emtcmtd pdr md

kdmtjoemjr nds rckucrhds. Cs kuredsd kûod aumkedmj mucstrj ocmtc, y ouy cm pjrtekunjr, nj

ocodrej hc tcste`ds. ´Vdhcods nnc`jr j rckdrhjr jn`d quc md dkurreû4

 

Nj ocodrej hc tcste`ds cs cn kdmgumtd hc kdmdkeoecmtds c emvcste`jkedmcs kdm nds qu

qucc sc

 luskj cstjlnckcr nj kjnehjh hc nds tcsteodmeds quc prcstjm nds tcste`ds prcscmkejncs.
prcscmkejncs. Bjm

sehd oukbds nds jutdrcs quc bjm ehd rcjnezjmhd jpdrtjkedmcs j cstc kjopd, tjm pdkd

kdmdkehd kdod rcncvjmtc cm cn êoletd guhekejn y adrcmsc.

Qekteodnd`ej

Jkuújhd pdr cn psequejtrj Archrek Pcrtbjo, cstc tåroemd bjkc rcacrcmkej j nj heskepnemj

kecmtïaekj hcrevjhj hc nj kreoemdnd`ïj quc cstuhej j njs vïkteojs hc nj hcnemkucmkej cm njs

hevcrsjs ajscs hc vekteoezjkeûm. Nj krcjkeûm hc cstj heskepnemj bj pcroetehd tjmtd cn cstuhed

kdod cn trjtjoecmtd hc vïkteojs y ajoenejrcs hc tdhd tepd hc hcnetds, quc nj kreoemdnd`ïj

trjhekedmjn e`mdrjlj pjrj kcmtrjrsc cm nj ae`urj hcn hcnemkucmtc. [c trjtj hc umj heskepnemj

kecmtïaekj rcnjtevjocmtc gdvcm, bjnnêmhdsc sus emekeds kecmtïaekds cm nds júds trcemtj. kcmtrj

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emtcrvcmkeûm kdoumetjrej

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