JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.

1 (1-23)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect
Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••
www.elsevier.com/locate/fss

New results on pseudo almost periodic solutions of

quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural networks with delays
Changjin Xu a,∗ , Maoxin Liao b , Peiluan Li c , Zixin Liu d , Shuai Yuan e
a Guizhou Key Laboratory of Economics System Simulation, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550004, PR China
b School of Mathematics and Physics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
c School of Mathematics and Statistics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, PR China
d School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550004, PR China
e School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China

Received 23 September 2019; received in revised form 14 March 2020; accepted 19 March 2020

Abstract
This article investigates quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural networks with delays. With the help of fixed point theory,
exponential dichotomy of linear equations and related inequalities, some new sufficient conditions which guarantee the existence
and global exponentially stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions to quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural networks with
delays are established. Computer simulations are carried out to check the practicability of the obtained main results. So far, no
researchers have investigated this topic. The derived results of this article are completely innovative and complement some earlier
investigations to some degree.
© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural networks; Pseudo almost periodic solution; Global exponentially stability; Time delay

1. Introduction

During the past decades, fuzzy cellular neural networks, which are classical neural networks, have been found po-
tential application in numerous fields such as automatic control technique, optimization, perception, image processing
and so on [1–5]. In order to make better use of fuzzy cellular neural networks to serve human beings, many researchers
pay great attention to various dynamical properties of fuzzy cellular neural networks. For example, Wang [6] studied
the finite-time synchronization issue for fuzzy cellular neural networks with proportional delays; Ratnavelu et al. [7]
investigated the design of state estimator of fuzzy cellular neural networks with leakage delays; Tyagi and Martha
[8] discussed the finite-time stability of fractional-order fuzzy neural networks with proportional delay; Rakkiyappan
et al. [9] analyzed the sampled-data state estimation of Markovian jumping delayed fuzzy cellular neural networks;

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: xcj403@126.com (C. Xu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2020.03.016
0165-0114/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.2 (1-23)
2 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

Balasubramaniam and Syed Ali [10] handled the robust stability for uncertain delayed fuzzy cellular neural networks.
In details, one can see [11–21,53–57].
In particular, the periodic solution, almost periodic solution, pseudo almost periodic solution of fuzzy cellular neu-
ral networks play an important role in characterizing the dynamics of neural networks and designing and optimizing
neural networks. Usually, the almost periodicity is more general than the periodicity and the pseudo almost periodicity
can be regarded as the generalization of almost periodicity [1]. In many real natural phenomena, the pseudo almost
periodicity is more common than periodicity and almost periodicity. Thus the investigation on pseudo almost period-
icity has attracted great interest from a lot of scholars. Currently, a large number of excellent works on pseudo almost
periodic solutions of neural networks have been presented continuously. For instance, Aouiti et al. [22] discussed
the existence and exponential stability for piecewise pseudo almost periodic solution for inertial neural networks;
Amdouni and Chérif [23] studied the pseudo almost periodic solutions of Lotka-Volterra recurrent neural networks;
Aouiti et al. [24] investigated the global exponential stability of pseudo almost periodic solution of neural networks
with leakage delays; Wang [25] focused on the piecewise pseudo-almost periodic solution for high-order Hopfield
neural networks; Liu [26] made a detailed analysis on the pseudo almost periodic solutions of CNNs with leakage
delays. For more detailed knowledge on this topic, we refer the readers to [27–39,58–66].
Complex-valued neural networks can be regarded as the extension version of real-valued neural networks. They
play an important role in describing the signal and information of neural network models. They have been widely
applied in various waves such as sonic wave light wave, electron wave, etc. Quaternion-valued neural networks are
the extension form of real-valued neural networks and complex-valued neural networks [40,41].
The skew of quaternion can be described as follows: B := {b = b0 + ib1 + j b2 + kb3 }, where b0 , b1 , b2 , b3 ∈ R
and i, j, k satisfy the following rules:

ij = −j i = k, j k = −kj = i, ki = −ik = j, i 2 = j 2 = k 2 = ij k = −1.

∀ b ∈ B, let b∗ = b0 − ib1 − j b2 − kb3 be the conjugate of b. We give the norm of b as follows:
√ 
||b|| = bb∗ = (b0 )2 + (b1 )2 + (b2 )2 + (b3 )2 .
In recent years, quaternion-valued neural networks have important application value in many fields such as color night
vision, spatial rotation, image impression of three dimension geometrical affine transformation [42–44]. Currently,
some investigators investigated the various dynamical behaviors for quaternion-valued neural networks. For example,
Li et al. [45] considered the anti-periodic synchronization of quaternion-valued delayed impulsive cellular neural
networks; Liu et al. [46] focused on the global exponential stability for quaternion-valued recurrent neural networks;
Li et al. [47] discussed the anti-periodic solutions for quaternion-valued neural networks; Wei and Cao [48] analyzed
the synchronization control of quaternion-valued memristive neural networks.
Unfortunately, until now, no scholar has considered the pseudo almost periodic solutions of quaternion-valued
fuzzy cellular neural networks with delays. It is of great significance to deal with pseudo almost periodic solutions of
quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural networks with delays. In order to make up for this deficiency and inspired by
the above discussion, in this work, we will concentrate on the pseudo almost periodic solutions of quaternion-valued
fuzzy cellular neural networks. In this manuscript, we consider the following quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural
networks with delays:

r 
r
u̇l (t) = −γl (t)ul (t) + αlk (t)hk (uk (t)) + βlk (t)wk (t) + Il (t)
k=1 k=1

r 
r
+ alk (t)pk (uk (t − δlk (t))) + blk (t)qk (uk (t − δlk (t)))
k=1 k=1
r 
r
+ Tlk (t)wk (t) + Hlk (t)wk (t), t ≥ t∗ ∈ R, (1.1)
k=1 k=1

where l = 1, 2, · · · , r and r is a positive integer, γl (t) > 0 denotes the rate at which the lth unit will reset its potential
to the resting state in isolation when disconnected from the network and external inputs [1], ul (t) ∈ B denotes the
state of the lth neuron, alk (t), blk (t), Tlk (t), Hlk (t) ∈ B denote the elements of the fuzzy feedback MIN template,
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.3 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 3

fuzzy feedback MAX template, fuzzy feedforward MIN template and fuzzy feedforward MAX template, respectively
[1], wk (t), Il (t) ∈ B denote the input and bias of the lth neuron,
respectively,
 αlk (t), βlk (t) ∈ B denote the elements
of feedback template and feedforward template, respectively, and are the fuzzy operation and or connective
operation, respectively, hl , pl , ql : B → B are the nonlinear activation functions, δlk (t) ≥ 0 is the transmission delay.
In details, one can see [1,2].
Let BC(R, R r ) denote the set of all bounded continuous functions from R to R r and ḡ = supt∈R g(t), g =
inft∈R g(t), where g(t) denotes a bounded continuous function. The initial condition of system (1.1) is given by
ul (s) = φl (s), s ∈ [−δ, 0], l = 1, 2, · · · , r, (1.2)
where φl ∈ BC([−δ, 0], B), δ = maxl,k=1,2,·,r δ̄lk .
The key object of this manuscript lies in establishing a set of sufficient criteria to ensure the existence and global
exponentially stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions to model (1.1). The key highlight of this manuscript can be
summarized as follows: (i) New quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural networks are firstly established. (ii) A set of
new sufficient conditions to ensure the existence and global exponentially stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions
are derived. (iii) Until now, no scholar studies the pseudo almost periodic solution issues for quaternion-valued fuzzy
cellular neural networks.
The article is planned as follows. In Sect. 2, some basic knowledge is stated. In Sect. 3, the existence of pseudo
almost periodic solutions to model (1.1) is analyzed and the global exponentially stability of pseudo almost periodic
solutions to model (1.1) is discussed. In Sect. 4, numerical simulations are put into effect. The conclusion is drawn to
end this article in Sect. 5.

2. Basic knowledge

In this section, some necessary basic knowledge is presented.

Definition 2.1. [49,50] Assume that w(t) ∈ BC(R, R r ), w(t) is said to be almost periodic on R if ∀  > 0, the set
T (w, ) = {ρ : ||w(t +ρ) −w(t)|| < , ∀ t ∈ R} is relatively dense; namely, ∀  > 0, it is possible to find a real number
l = l() > 0; for any interval with length l(), ∃ a number ρ = ρ() in this interval such that ||w(t + ρ) − w(t)|| < ,
∀ t ∈ R.

Set
⎧ ⎫
⎪
⎨ T ⎪
⎬
1
PAP0 (R, R r ) = g ∈ BC(R, R r )| lim |g(t)|dt = 0 .
⎪
⎩ T →+∞ 2T ⎪
⎭
−T

Definition 2.2. [49,50] A function g ∈ BC(R, R r ) is called pseudo almost periodic solution if g = g1 + g0 , where
g1 ∈ AP(R, R r ) and g0 ∈ P AP (R, R r ). Denote the collection of such functions by PAP(R, R r ).

Based on Definition 2.2, we know that AP(R, R r ) ⊂ PAP(R, R r ).

Definition 2.3. [51] A quaternion-valued function u = uR + iuI + j uJ + kuK ∈ BC(R, R r ) is called a pseudo almost
periodic function if uR , uI , uJ , uK ∈ PAP(R, R r ).

Definition 2.4. [49,50] Assume that u ∈ R r and Q(t) is a r × r continuous matrix defined on R. The linear system
u (t) = Q(t)u(t) (2.1)
is said to admit an exponential dichotomy on R if ∃ constants κ > 0, η > 0 and projection P and the fundamental
solution matrix X (t) of (2.1) satisfying
||X (t)PX −1 (s)|| ≤ κe−η(t−s) , for t ≥ s,
||X (t)(I − P)X −1 (s)|| ≤ κe−η(s−t) , for t ≤ s.
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.4 (1-23)
4 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

Lemma 2.1. [50] Assume that Q(t) is an almost periodic matrix function and f (t) ∈ PAP(R, R r ). If the linear
system (2.1) admits an exponential dichotomy, then the following system

u (t) = Q(t)u(t) + f (t) (2.2)

possesses a unique pseudo almost periodic solution u(t), and
t +∞
−1
u(t) = X (t)PX (s)f (s)ds − X (t)(I − P)X −1 (s)f (s)ds. (2.3)
−∞ t

Lemma 2.2. [49,50] Assume that al (t) is an almost periodic function on R and

T
t+
1
M[al ] = lim al (s)ds > 0, i = 1, 2, · · · , r. (2.4)
T →+∞ T
t

Then the linear system

u (t) = diag(−a1 (t), −a2 (t), · · · , −ar (t))u(t) (2.5)

admits an exponential dichotomy on R.

Throughout this article, the following hypothesis is given:

(S1) For l = 1, 2, · · · , r, ul = uR l + iul + j ul + kul where ul , ul , ul , ul ∈ R. The activation functions hl , pl , gl
I J K R I J K

can be written as the following form:

⎧
⎪ hl (ul ) = hRl (ul , ul , ul , ul ) + ihl (ul , ul , ul , ul )
R I J K I R I J K
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ + j hl (ul , ul , ul , ul ) + khl (ul , ul , ul , uK
J R I J K K R I J
l ),
⎪
⎨
pl (ul ) = plR (uR l , u I
l , u J
l , uK
l ) + ip I R I
l (u l , u l , u J
l , u K
l )
(2.6)
⎪
⎪ + jplJ (uR , uIl , uJl , uK ) + kplK (uR , uIl , uJl , uKl ),
⎪
⎪
l l l
⎪
⎩ ql (ul ) = ql (u l , ul , ul , ul ) + iql (ul , ul , ul , ul )
R R I J K I R I J K
⎪
+ j ql (ul , ul , ul , ul ) + kql (ul , ul , ul , uK
J R I J K K R I J
l ).

Obviously, according to (2.6), system (1.1) can be broken down into the following form:

r

l (t) = −γl (t)ul (t) +

u̇R k [t, u] − αlk (t)hk [t, u]]
R R
(αlk (t)hR I I

k=1
−αlk (t)hk [t, u] − αlk
J J K
(t)hK k [t, u])
r
+ R
(βlk (t)wkR (t) − βlkI
(t)wkI (t) − βlkJ
(t)wkJ (t) − βlk K
(t)wkK (t)) + IlR (t)
k=1
r
+ (alk R
(t)pkR [t, u]] − alk I
(t)pkI [t, u] − alkJ
(t)pkJ [t, u] − alk
K
(t)pkK [t, u])
k=1
r
+ (blk R
(t)qkR [t, u] − blkI
(t)qkI [t, u] − blk
J
(t)qkJ [t, u)] − blk
K
(t)qkK [t, u])
k=1
r
+ (TlkR (t)wkR (t) − TlkI (t)wkI (t) − TlkJ (t)wkJ (t) − TlkK (t)wkK (t))
k=1
r
+ (Hlk R
(t)wkR (t) − Hlk I
(t)wkI (t) − HlkJ
(t)wkJ (t) − Hlk K
(t)wkK (t)), (2.7)
k=1
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.5 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 5


r
u̇Il (t) = −γl (t)uIl (t) + R
(αlk (t)hIk [t, u] + αlk
I
k [t, u]
(t)hR
k=1

+αlk
J
(t)hKk [t, u] − αlk (t)hk [t, u])
K J

r
+ R
(βlk (t)wkI (t) + βlk
I
(t)wkR (t) + βlkJ
(t)wkK (t) − βlk K
(t)wkJ (t)) + IlI (t)
k=1
r
+ (alk R
(t)pkI [t, u] + alk
I
(t)pkR [t, u] + alk
J
(t)pkK [t, u] − alk
K
(t)pkJ [t, u])
k=1
r
+ (blk R
(t)qkI [t, u] + blk
I
(t)qkR [t, u] + blk
J
(t)qkK [t, u] − blk
K
(t)qkJ [t, u])
k=1
r
+ (TlkR (t)wkI (t) + TlkI (t)wkR (t) + TlkJ (t)wkK (t) − TlkK (t)wkJ (t))
k=1

r
+ R
(Hlk (t)wkI (t) + Hlk
I
(t)wkR (t) + Hlk
J
(t)wkK (t) − Hlk
K
(t)wkJ (t)), (2.8)
k=1

r
u̇Jl (t) = −γl (t)uJl (t) + R
(αlk (t)hJk [t, u] + αlk
J
k [t, u]
(t)hR
k=1

−αlk
I
(t)hKk [t, uk (t)] + αlk (t)hk [t, u])
K I

r
+ R
(βlk (t)wkJ (t) + βlk
J
(t)wkR (t) − βlkI
(t)wkK (t) + βlkK
(t)wkI (t)) + IlJ (t)
k=1
r
+ (alk R
(t)pkJ [t, u]] + alk
J
(t)pkR [t, u] − alk
I
(t)pkK [t, u] + alk
K
(t)pkI [t, u])
k=1

r
+ R
(blk (t)qkJ [t, u] + blk
J
(t)qkR [t, u] − blk
I
(t)qkK [t, u] + blk
K
(t)qkI [t, u])
k=1

r
+ (TlkR (t)wkJ (t) + TlkJ (t)wkR (t) − TlkI (t)wkK (t) + TlkK (t)wkI (t))
k=1
r
+ R
(Hlk (t)wkJ (t) + Hlk
J
(t)wkR (t) − Hlk
I
(t)wkK (t) + Hlk
K
(t)wkI (t)), (2.9)
k=1

r

l (t) = −γl (t)ul (t) +

u̇K k [t, u] + αlk (t)hk [t, u]
K R
(αlk (t)hK K R

k=1

−αlk
I
(t)hJk [t, u] − αlk
J
(t)hIk [t, u])
r
+ R
(βlk (t)wkK (t) + βlkK
(t)wkR (t) + βlk
I
(t)wkJ (t) − βlk
J
(t)wkI (t)) + IlK (t)
k=1

r
+ R
(alk (t)pkK [t, u] + alk
K
(t)pkR [t, u] + alk
I
(t)pkJ [t, u] − alk
J
(t)pkI [t, u])
k=1

r
+ R
(blk (t)qkK [t, u] + blk
K
(t)qkR [t, u] + blk
I
(t)qkJ [t, uk (t)] − blk
J
(t)qkI [t, u])
k=1
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.6 (1-23)
6 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••


r
+ (TlkR (t)wkK (t) + TlkK (t)wkR (t) + TlkI (t)wkJ (t) − TlkJ (t)wkI (t))
k=1
r
+ R
(Hlk (t)wkK (t) + Hlk
K
(t)wkR (t) + Hlk
I
(t)wkJ (t) − Hlk
J
(t)wkI (t)), (2.10)
k=1

where

αlk (t) = αlk

R
(t) + iαlk
I
(t) + j αlk
J
(t) + kαlk
K
(t),
βlk (t) = βlk
R
(t) + iβlk
I
(t) + jβlk
J
(t) + kβlk
K
(t),
alk (t) = alk
R
(t) + ialk
I
(t) + j alk
J
(t) + kalk
K
(t),
blk (t) = blk
R
(t) + iblk
I
(t) + j blk
J
(t) + kblk
K
(t),
Hlk (t) = Hlk
R
(t) + iHlk
I
(t) + j Hlk
J
(t) + kHlk
K
(t),
Tlk (t) = TlkR (t) + iTlkI (t) + j TlkJ (t) + kTlkK (t),
Il (t) = IlR (t) + iIlI (t) + j IlJ (t) + kIlK (t),
wl (t) = wlR (t) + iwlI (t) + j wlJ (t) + kwlK (t)
and

k [t, u] = hk (ul (t), ul (t), ul (t), ul (t)),

hR R R I J K

hIk [t, u] = hIk (uR I J K

l (t), ul (t), ul (t), ul (t)),
hJk [t, u] = hJk (uR I J K
l (t), ul (t), ul (t), ul (t)),

k [t, u] = hk (ul (t), ul (t), ul (t), ul (t)),

hK K R I J K

pkR [t, u] = pkR (uR

k (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t))),
I J K

pkI [t, u] = pkI (uR

k (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t))),
I J K

pkJ [t, u] = pkJ (uR

k (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t))),
I J K

pkK [t, u] = pkK (uR

k (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t))),
I J K

qkR [t, u] = qkR (uR

k (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t))),
I J K

qkI [t, u] = qkI (uR

k (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t))),
I J K

qkJ [t, u] = qkJ (uR

k (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t))),
I J K

qkK [t, u] = qkK (uR

k (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t)), uk (t − δlk (t))).
I J K

Let
⎡ R (t) −α I (t) K (t) ⎤
αlk lk −αlk
J (t) −αlk
⎢ α R (t) α I (t) J
αlk (t) −αlkK (t) ⎥
⎢
Clk (t) = ⎣ R lk lk ⎥, (2.11)
αlk (t) αlkJ (t) −αlk
I (t) αlk (t) ⎦
K
R K
αlk (t) αlk (t) −αlk
I (t) −αlkJ (t)
⎡ R K (t) ⎤
βlk (t) −βlk I (t) −βlk
J (t) −βlk
⎢ β R (t) β I (t) J
βlk (t) −βlkK (t) ⎥
Dlk (t) = ⎢ lk lk
⎣ β R (t) β J (t)
⎥, (2.12)
lk lk −βlk
I (t) βlk (t) ⎦
K

βlkR (t) βlkK (t) −βlk

I (t) −βlkJ (t)
⎡ R K (t) ⎤
alk (t) −alk I (t) −alk
J (t) −alk
⎢ a (t) a (t)
R I J
alk (t) K (t) ⎥
−alk
Elk (t) = ⎢ lk lk
⎣ a R (t) a J (t)
⎥, (2.13)
lk lk −alk
I (t) alk (t) ⎦
K
R (t)
alk K (t)
alk −alk
I (t) −alk
J (t)
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.7 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 7

⎡ R (t) −bI (t) −bJ (t) −bK (t) ⎤

blk lk lk lk
⎢ bR (t) bI (t) b J (t) −b K ⎥
Flk (t) = ⎢ lk lk lk lk (t) ⎥ (2.14)
⎣ bR (t) bJ (t) −bI (t) bK (t) ⎦ ,
lk lk lk lk
blkR (t) K (t)
blk −blk I (t) −bJ (t)
lk
⎡ R ⎤
Tlk (t) −TlkI (t) −TlkJ (t) −TlkK (t)
⎢ T R (t) T I (t) TlkJ (t) −TlkK (t) ⎥
Glk (t) = ⎢ lk lk
⎣ T (t) T (t) −T I (t) T K (t) ⎦ ,
R J
⎥ (2.15)
lk lk lk lk
TlkR (t) TlkK (t) TlkI (t) −TlkJ (t)
⎡ R I (t) −T J (t) −HK (t) ⎤
Hlk (t) −Hlk lk lk
⎢ HR (t) HI (t) T J (t) −H K ⎥
Jlk (t) = ⎢ lk lk lk lk (t) ⎥ (2.16)
⎣ HR (t) HJ (t) −T I (t) HK (t) ⎦ ,
lk lk lk lk
Hlk R (t) HlkK (t) TlkI (t) −Hlk J (t)
⎡ R ⎤ ⎡ R ⎤ ⎡ R ⎤
ul (t) wl (t) Il (t)
⎢ uI (t) ⎥ ⎢ w I (t) ⎥ ⎢ I I (t) ⎥
Ul (t) = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ l ⎥ ⎢ l
⎣ uJ (t) ⎦ , Wl (t) = ⎣ w J (t) ⎦ , Kl (t) = ⎣ I J (t) ⎦ ,
l ⎥ (2.17)
l l l
uK
l (t) wlK (t) IlK (t)
⎡ R ⎤ ⎡ R ⎤ ⎡ R ⎤
hl [t, u(t)] pl [t, u(t)] ql [t, u(t)]
⎢ hI [t, u(t)] ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥
Hl [t, u] = ⎢ l ⎥ , Pl [t, u] = ⎢ pl [t, u(t)] ⎥ , Ql [t, u] = ⎢ ql [t, u(t)] ⎥ . (2.18)
⎣ hJ [t, u(t)] ⎦ ⎣ p J [t, u(t)] ⎦ ⎣ q J [t, u(t)] ⎦
l l l
hKl [t, u(t)] plK [t, u(t)] qlK [t, u(t)]
Then (2.7)-(2.10) can be rewritten as

r 
r
U̇l (t) = −γl (t)Ul (t) + Clk (t)Hk [t, u] + Dlk (t)Wk (t) + Kl (t)
k=1 k=1

r 
r
+ Elk (t)Pk [t, u] + Flk (t)Qk [t, u]
k=1 k=1
r 
r
+ Glk (t)lk (t)Wk (t) + Jlk (t)Wk (t), (2.19)
k=1 k=1
where l = 1, 2, · · · , r. The initial value of (2.19) is
Ul (s) = φl (s), l = 1, 2, · · · , r, s ∈ [−δ, 0], (2.20)
where φl (s) = (φlR (s), φlI (s), φlJ (s), φlK (s))T , φlR (s), φlI (s), φlJ (s), φlK (s) ∈ BC([−δ, 0], R).
Set X = {g(t)|g ∈ PAP(R, R 4r )} with the norm ||g||X = supt∈R ||(g(t)||, where ||g(t)|| = max1≤i≤4r {|gi (t)|},
then X is a Banach space. Now we give some hypotheses as follows:
(S2) For l = 1, 2, · · · , r, ∃ positive constants HlR , HlI , HlJ , HlK , PlR , PlI , PlJ , PlK , QR I J K
l , Ql , Ql , Ql such that the
following conditions hold.
|hR
l (ul , ul , ul , ul ) − hl (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
R I J K R R I J K

≤ HlR |uR
l − vl | + Hl |ul − vl | + Hl |ul − vl | + Hl |ul − vl |,
R I I I J J J K K K

l , ul , ul , ul ) − hl (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|hIl (uR I J K I R I J K

≤ HlR |uR
l − vl | + Hl |ul − vl | + Hl |ul − vl | + Hl |ul − vl |,
R I I I J J J K K K

l , ul , ul , ul ) − hl (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|hJl (uR I J K J R I J K

≤ HlR |uR
l − vl | + Hl |ul − vl | + Hl |ul − vl | + Hl |ul − vl |,
R I I I J J J K K K

l (ul , ul , ul , ul ) − hl (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|hK R I J K K R I J K

≤ HlR |uR
l − vl | + Hl |ul − vl | + Hl |ul − vl | + Hl |ul − vl |,
R I I I J J J K K K
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.8 (1-23)
8 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

|plR (uR
l , ul , ul , ul ) − pl (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
I J K R R I J K

≤ PlR |uR
l − vl | + Pl |ul − vl | + Pl |ul − vl | + Pl |ul − vl |,
R I I I J J J K K K

l , ul , ul , ul ) − pl (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|plI (uR I J K I R I J K

≤ PlR |uR
l − vl | + Pl |ul − vl | + Pl |ul − vl | + Pl |ul − vl |,
R I I I J J J K K K

l , ul , ul , ul ) − pl (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|plJ (uR I J K J R I J K

≤ PlR |uR
l − vl | + Pl |ul − vl | + Pl |ul − vl | + Pl |ul − vl |,
R I I I J J J K K K

l , ul , ul , ul ) − pl (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|plK (uR I J K K R I J K

≤ PlR |uR
l − vl | + Pl |ul − vl | + Pl |ul − vl | + Pl |ul − vl |,
R I I I J J J K K K

l , ul , ul , ul ) − ql (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|qlR (uR I J K R R I J K

≤ QR
l |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl |,
R R I I I J J J K K K

l , ul , ul , ul ) − ql (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|qlI (uR I J K I R I J K

≤ QR
l |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl |,
R R I I I J J J K K K

l , ul , ul , ul ) − ql (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|qlJ (uR I J K J R I J K

≤ QR
l |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl |,
R R I I I J J J K K K

l , ul , ul , ul ) − ql (vl , vl , vl , vl )|
|qlK (uR I J K K R I J K

≤ QR
l |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl | + Ql |ul − vl |
R R I I I J J J K K K

and

l (0, 0, 0, 0) = hl (0, 0, 0, 0) = hl (0, 0, 0, 0) = hl (0, 0, 0, 0) = 0,

hR I J K

plR (0, 0, 0, 0) = plI (0, 0, 0, 0) = plJ (0, 0, 0, 0) = plK (0, 0, 0, 0) = 0,

qlR (0, 0, 0, 0) = qlI (0, 0, 0, 0) = qlJ (0, 0, 0, 0) = qlK (0, 0, 0, 0) = 0.

(S3) For l, k = 1, 2, · · · , r, γl ∈ C(R, R + ) with M[γl ] > 0 is almost periodic, Ul ∈ C(R, R 4×1 ), Clk , Dlk , Elk , Flk ,
Glk , Jlk ∈ C(R, R 4×4 ) and δlk ∈ C(R, R + ) are pseudo almost periodic.
(S4) ∃ a constant η such that
    
1 j V l + O l + Rl
max max (Vl η + Ol η + Rl η + Il ) ≤ η, max := ϑ < 1,
l=1,2,··· ,r j ∈{R,I,J,K} γl l=1,2,··· ,r γl

where
r 
 
Vl = R
ᾱlk + ᾱlk
I
+ ᾱlk
J
+ ᾱlk
K
(HkR + HkI + HkJ + HkK ),
k=1
 r  
Ol = R
ālk + ālk
I
+ ālk
J
+ ālk
K
(PkR + PkI + PkJ + PkK ),
k=1
r  
Rl = R
b̄lk + b̄lk
I
+ b̄lk
J
+ b̄lk
K
k + Qk + Qk + Qk ),
(QR I J K

k=1
 
IlR = β̄lk
R R
w̄l + β̄lk
I I
w̄l + β̄lk
J J
w̄l + β̄lk
K K
w̄l + ĪlR
 
+ T̄lkR w̄lR + T̄lkI w̄lI + T̄lkJ w̄lJ + T̄lkK w̄lK
 
+ H̄lkR w̄lR + H̄lkI w̄lI + H̄lkJ w̄lJ + H̄lkK w̄lK .
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.9 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 9

Definition 2.5. Assume that u = (uR 1 , u1 , u1 , u1 , · · · , ur , ur , ur , ur ) is a solution of (2.19) with the initial value
I J K R I J K T

ψ = (ψ1 , ψ1 , ψ1 , ψ1 , · · · , ψr , ψr , ψr , ψr ) ∈ ((−δ, 0], R ) and v = (v1R , v1I , v1J , v1K , · · · , vrR , vrI , vrJ , vrK )T is
R I J K R I J K T 4r

an arbitrary solution of (2.19) with the initial value φ = (φ1R , φ1I , φ1J , φ1K , · · · , φrR , φrI , φrJ , φrK )T ∈ ((−δ, 0], R 4r ). If
∃ positive constants λ, θ such that

||u(t) − v(t)|| ≤ θ ||ψ − φ||e−λt , t > 0,

where

||u(t) − v(t)|| = max {|uR

l (t) − vl (t)|, |ul (t) − vl (t)|, |ul (t) − vl (t)|, |ul (t) − vl (t)|},
R I I J J K K
l=1,2,··· ,r

||ψ − φ|| = max { sup |ψlR (s) − φlR (s)|, sup |ψlI (s) − φlI (s)|,
l=1,2,··· ,r s∈(−δ,0] s∈(−δ,0]

| sup |ψlJ (s) − φlJ (s)|, sup |ψlK (s) − φlK (s)|}.
s∈(−δ,0] s∈(−δ,0]

3. Main results

Theorem 3.1. Assume that (S1)-(S4) are satisfied. Then model (2.19) has a unique pseudo almost periodic solution
which remains in X0 = {ψ|ψ ∈ X , ||ψ||X ≤ }.

Proof. Assume that ψ = (ψ1R , ψ1I , ψ1J , ψ1K , · · · , ψ1R , ψ1I , ψ1J , ψ1K )T ∈ X . By (S1), one knows that Hk [t, ψ],
Pk [t, ψ], Qk [t, ψ](k = 1, 2, · · · , r) are uniformly continuous functions on R. Let m(t, x) = ψl (t − x) = (ψlR (t −
x), ψlI (t − x), ψlJ (t − x), ψlK (t − x))(l = 1, 2, · · · , r). In view of Theorem 5.3 and Definition 5.7 of [50], one knows
that m(t, x) ∈ PAP(R, )( ⊂ R) and m(t, x) is uniformly continuous for t ∈ R and x ∈ K, where K denotes a
compact subset of  ⊂ R. In view of δ ∈ PAP(R, R + ) and Theorem 5.11 of [50], one gets

ψk (t − δlk (t)) ∈ PAP(R, R 4 ), k, l = 1, 2, · · · , r.

By Corollary 5.4 of [4], one has

Hk [t, ψ], Pk [t, ψ], Qk [t, ψ] ∈ PAP(R, R 4×1 ), k = 1, 2, · · · , r.

Then

r 
r 
r
Clk (t)Hk [t, u], Elk (t)Pk [t, u], Flk (t)Qk [t, u] ∈ PAP(R, R 4×1 ), k = 1, 2, · · · , r.
k=1 k=1 k=1
∀ ψ ∈ X , we discuss the following equation:

r 
r
U̇l (t) = −γl (t)Ul (t) + Clk (t)Hk [t, ψ] + Dlk (t)Wk (t) + Kl (t)
k=1 k=1

r 
r
+ Elk (t)Pk [t, ψ] + Flk (t)Qk [t, ψ]
k=1 k=1
r 
r
+ Glk (t)lk (t)Wk (t) + Jlk (t)Wk (t), l = 1, 2, · · · , r. (3.1)
k=1 k=1
According to Lemma 2.2, one knows that the following system

U̇l (t) = −γl (t)Ul (t), l = 1, 2, · · · , r (3.2)

admits an exponential dichotomy. In view of Lemma 2.1, one can conclude that system (3.1) has exactly one pseudo
periodic solution:
ψ ψ
U ψ = (U1 , U2 , · · · , Urψ ),
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.10 (1-23)
10 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

where
t  r
t  
r
ψ −
Ul (t) = e s γl (v)dv
Clk (s)Hk [s, ψ] + Dlk (s)Wk (s) + Kl (s)
−∞ k=1 k=1


r 
r
+ Elk (s)Pk [s, ψ] + Flk (s)Qk [s, ψ]
k=1 k=1

r 
r
+ Glk (s)lk (s)Wk (s) + Jlk (s)Wk (s) ds, l = 1, 2, · · · , r. (3.3)
k=1 k=1

Define a mapping  : X → X as follows:

(ψ)(t) = X ψ (t), ∀ ψ ∈ X . (3.4)

It is easy to see that X0 is a closed convex subset of X . Next, we will prove that  is a self-mapping from X0 to X0 .
∀ ψ ∈ X0 , one has
 
 t t  r

sup |(ψ)l | = sup 
R
e− s γl (v)dv (αlkR
(s)hRk [s, ψ] − αlk (s)hk [s, ψ)]
I I
t∈R t∈R  k=1
−∞

−αlk
J
(t)hJk [s, ψ] − αlk K
(s)hK k [s, ψ])
 r
+ R
(βlk (s)wkR (s) − βlk I
(s)wkI (s) − βlk J
(s)wkJ (s) − βlkK
(s)wkK (s)) + IlR (s)
k=1
r
+ (alk R
(s)pkR [s, ψ)] − alk I
(s)pkI [s, ψ] − alk J
(s)pkJ [s, ψ] − alk
K
(s)pkK [s, ψ])
k=1
r
+ (blk R
(s)qkR [s, ψ] − blk I
(s)qkI [s, ψ] − blkJ
(s)qkJ [s, ψ)] − blk
K
(s)qkK [s, ψ])
k=1
r
+ (TlkR (s)wkR (s) − TlkI (s)wkI (s) − TlkJ (s)wkJ (s) − TlkK (s)wkK (s))
k=1
 
r 

+ (Hlk (s)wk (s) − Hlk (s)wk (s) − Hlk (s)wk (s) − Hlk (s)wk (s) ds 
R R I I J J K K

k=1
 t  r
   
 − st γl (v)dv
≤ sup  e R
ᾱlk + ᾱlk
I
+ ᾱlk
J
+ ᾱlkK
t∈R  k=1
−∞

×(HkR |ψkR (s)| + HkI |ψkI (s)| + HkJ |ψkJ (s)| + HkK |ψkK (s)|)
 
+ β̄lk
R R
w̄l + β̄lk
I I
w̄l + β̄lk
J J
w̄l + β̄lk
K K
w̄l + ĪlR
r 
 
+ R
ālk + ālk
I
+ ālk
J
+ ālk
K
(PkR |ψkR (s − δ(s))| + PkI |ψkI (s − δ(s))|
k=1
+PkJ |ψkJ (s − δ(s))| + PkK |ψkK (s − δ(s))|)
r  
+ R
b̄lk + b̄lk
I
+ b̄lk
J
+ b̄lk
K
k |ψk (s − δ(s))| + Qk |ψk (s
(QR R I I
− δ(s))|
k=1
+QJk |ψkJ (s − δ(s))| + QK k |ψk (s − δ(s))|)
K
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.11 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 11

 
+ T̄lkR w̄lR + T̄lkI w̄lI + T̄lkJ w̄lJ + T̄lkK w̄lK

 
+ H̄lk w̄l + H̄lk w̄l + H̄lk w̄l + H̄lk w̄l
R R I I J J K K
ds

 t  r
 t  
 − s γl (v)dv
≤ sup  e R
ᾱlk + ᾱlk
I
+ ᾱlk
J
+ ᾱlk
K
t∈R  k=1
−∞
×(HkR + HkI + HkJ+ HkK )||ψ||X
 
+ β̄lk
R R
w̄l + β̄lk
I I
w̄l + β̄lk
J J
w̄l + β̄lk
K K
w̄l + ĪlR
r 
 
+ R
ālk + ālk
I
+ ālk
J
+ ālk
K
(PkR + PkI + PkJ + PkK )||ψ||X
k=1
r 
 
+ R
b̄lk + b̄lk
I
+ b̄lk
J
+ b̄lk
K
k + Qk + Qk + Qk )||ψ||X
(QR I J K

k=1
 
+ T̄lkR w̄lR + T̄lkI w̄lI + T̄lkJ w̄lJ + T̄lkK w̄lK

 
+ H̄lkR w̄lR + H̄lkI w̄lI + H̄lkJ w̄lJ + H̄lkK w̄lK ds

1
≤ (Vl η + Ol η + Rl η + IlR ), (3.5)
γl
where l = 1, 2, · · · , r. Analogously, one has
⎧
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪ sup |(ψ)Il | ≤ (Vl η + Ol η + Rl η + IlI ),
⎪
⎪ γ
⎪
⎪
t∈R l
⎨ 1
sup |(ψ)Jl | ≤ (Vl η + Ol η + Rl η + IlJ ), (3.6)
⎪
⎪ t∈R γl
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
⎪
⎩ sup |(ψ)l | ≤ (Vl η + Ol η + Rl η + Il ).
K K
t∈R γl
Hence

||ψ||X ≤ η. (3.7)
Then one has ψ ∈ X0 . Thus  is a self-mapping from X0 to X0 .
Next we will prove that  : X0 → X0 is a contraction mapping.
∀ ψ, φ ∈ X0 , one has

sup |(ψ)R
l (t) − (φ)l (t)|
R
t∈R
 t  r
 t  

≤ sup  e− s γl (v)dv R
ᾱlk + ᾱlk
I
+ ᾱlk
J
+ ᾱlk
K
t∈R  k=1
−∞
×(Hk |ψk (s) − φk (s)| + HkI |ψkI (s) − φkI (s)|
R R R

+HkJ |ψkJ (s) − φkJ (s)| + HkK |ψkK (s) − φkK (s)|)
r  
+ R
ālk + ālk
I
+ ālk
J
+ ālk
K
(PkR |ψkR (s − δ(s)) − φkR (s − δ(s))|
k=1
+PkI |ψkI (s − δ(s)) − φkI (s − δ(s))| + PkJ |ψkJ (s − δ(s)) − φkJ (s − δ(s))|
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.12 (1-23)
12 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

+PkK |ψkK (s − δ(s)) − φkK (s − δ(s))|)

r 
 
+ R
b̄lk + b̄lk
I
+ b̄lk
J
+ b̄lk
K
k |ψk (s − δ(s)) − φk (s − δ(s))|
(QR R R

k=1
+QIk |ψkI (s − δ(s)) − φkI (s − δ(s))| + QJk |ψkJ (s − δ(s)) − φkJ (s − δ(s))|

+QK
k |ψk (s − δ(s)) − φk (s − δ(s))|) ds
K K

 t  r
   
 − st γl (v)dv
≤ sup  e R
ᾱlk + ᾱlk
I
+ ᾱlk
J
+ ᾱlk
K
t∈R  k=1
−∞

×(HkR + HkI + HkJ + HkK )||ψ − φ||X

r 
 
+ R
ālk + ālk
I
+ ālk
J
+ ālk
K
(PkR + PkI + PkJ + PkK )||ψ − φ||X
k=1
r 

 
+ b̄lk + b̄lk + b̄lk + b̄lk (Qk + Qk + Qk + Qk )||ψ − φ||X ds
R I J K R I J K

k=1
1
≤ (Vl + Ol + Rl )||ψ − φ||X . (3.8)
γl
Analogously, one has
⎧
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪ sup |(ψ)Il − (φ)Il | ≤ (Vl + Ol + Rl )||ψ − φ||X ,
⎪
⎪ γl
⎪
⎪
t∈R
⎨ 1
sup |(ψ)Jl − (φ)Jl | ≤ (Vl + Ol + Rl )||ψ − φ||X , (3.9)
⎪
⎪ t∈R γl
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
⎪
⎩ sup |(ψ)l − (φ)l | ≤ (Vl + Ol + Rl )||ψ − φ||X .
K K
t∈R γl
Then

||(ψ) − (φ)||X ≤ ϑ||ψ − φ||X , (3.10)

which implies that  : X0 → X0 is a contraction mapping. Thus we can conclude that system (2.19) possesses a unique
pseudo almost periodic solution in X0 . We end the proof. 

Theorem 3.2. Suppose that (S1)-(S4) are fulfilled. Then model (2.19) has a unique pseudo almost periodic solution
which is globally exponentially stable.

Proof. According to Theorem 3.1, one knows that model (2.19) has a pseudo almost periodic solution Y ∗ =
(Y1∗ , Y2∗ , · · · , Yr∗ )T with initial value ψ ∗ = (ψ1∗ , ψ2∗ , · · · , ψr∗ )T . Assume that Y = (Y1 , Y2 , · · · , Yr )T is an arbitrary
solution of (2.19) with initial value ψ = (ψ1 , ψ2 , · · · , ψr )T . Set V = Y − Y ∗ . Then one has

r
V̇l (t) = −γl (t)Vl (t) + Clk (t)(Hk [t, V + Y ∗ ] − Hk [t, Y ∗ ])
k=1

r
+ Elk (t)(Pk [t, V + Y ∗ ] − Pk [t, Y ∗ ])
k=1
r
+ Flk (t)(Qk [t, V + Y ∗ ] − Qk [t, Y ∗ ]), (3.11)
k=1
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.13 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 13

where l = 1, 2, · · · , r. The initial value of (3.11) is

Vl (s) = ψl (s) − ψl∗ (s) = ωl (s), l = 1, 2, · · · , r, s ∈ [−δ, 0]. (3.12)

Define

l (ζ ) = ζ − γ l + Vl + Ol eζ δ̄lk + Rl eζ δ̄lk , l = 1, 2, · · · , r. (3.13)

By (S4), one knows that

l (0) = −γ l + Vl + Ol + Rl < 0, l = 1, 2, · · · , r. (3.14)

Notice that limζ →+∞ l (ζ ) = +∞, then ∃ a positive constant l such that l (l ) = 0 and l (σ ) < 0 ∀ σ ∈ (0, l ),
where l = 1, 2, · · · , r. Thus one can choose a constant λ ∈ (0, min{minl=1,2,··· ,r l , minl=1,2,··· ,r {γ l }} such that
l (λ) < 0, l = 1, 2, · · · , r.
Set χl = Vl + Ol eλδ̄lk + Rl eλδ̄lk , l = 1, 2, · · · , r. Then χl < γ l − λ, l = 1, 2, · · · , r. Choose a constant θ such that
γl −λ
θ> > 1, l = 1, 2, · · · , r.
χl
Then
1 χl
− < 0, l = 1, 2, · · · , r.
θ γl −λ
For every ε > 0, on has

||Vl (0)|| < (||ψ||0 + ε) (3.15)

and

||Vl (t)|| < (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λt < θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λt , t ∈ [−δ, 0]. (3.16)
In the sequel, we will show that

||Vl (t)|| < θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λt , t > 0. (3.17)

In fact, if (3.17) is not true, then ∃ some k ∈ {1, 2, · · · , r} and constant ι > 0 such that

||Vk (ι)|| = ||V (ι)|| = θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι ,
(3.18)
||Vl (t)|| < θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λt , t < ι.
By (3.11), one has
t 
t t 
r
− −
V̇l (t) = Vl (0)e 0 γl (v)dv + e 0 γl (v)dv Clk (s)(Hk [s, V + Y ∗ ] − Hk [s, Y ∗ ])
0 k=1


r
+ Elk (s)(Pk [s, V + Y ∗ ] − Pk [s, Y ∗ ])
k=1

r
+ Flk (s)(Qk [s, V + Y ∗ ] − Qk [s, Y ∗ ]) ds, (3.19)
k=1
where l = 1, 2, · · · , r. According to (3.18) and (3.19), one knows that
  r
 t  
 R ι ι
|vl (ι)| = Vl (0)e 0 l
R − γ (v)dv −
+ e s l γ (v)dv R
(αlk (t)(hR R ∗
k [t, Y ] − hk [t, Y ])
 k=1
0
−αlk (t)(hk [t, Y )] − hIk [t, Y ∗ )]) − αlk
I I J
(t)(hJk [t, Y ] − hJk [t, Y ∗ ])
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.14 (1-23)
14 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

∗
−αlk
K
(t)(hKk [t, Y ] − hk [t, Y ]))
K

r
+ (alk R
(t)(pkR [t, Y )] − pkR [t, Y ∗ )]) − alk
I
(t)(pkI [t, Y ] − pkI [t, Y ∗ ])
k=1
−alk
J
(t)(pkJ [t, Y ] − pkJ [t, Y ∗ ]) − alk
K
(t)(pkK [t, Y ] − (pkK [t, Y ∗ ]))
 r
+ (blk R
(t)(qkR [t, Y ] − qkR [t, Y ∗ ]) − blk
I
(t)(qkI [t, Y ] − qkI [t, Y ∗ ])
k=1
 


−blk
J
(t)(qkJ [t, Y )] − qkJ [t, Y ∗ )]) − blk
K
(t)(qkK [t, Y ] − qkK [t, Y ∗ ])) ds 

ι  r 
ι ι  
− −
≤ (||ψ||0 + ε)e 0 γl (v)dv + e s γl (v)dv R
ᾱlk + ᾱlk
I
+ ᾱlk
J
+ ᾱlk
K

0 k=1
r 
 
×(HkR + HkI + HkJ + HkK ) + R
ālk + ālk
I
+ ālk
J
+ ālk
K

k=1
r 
 
×(PkR + PkI + PkJ + PkK )eλδ̄lk + R
b̄lk + b̄lk
I
+ b̄lk
J
+ b̄lk
K

k=1

k + Qk + Qk + Qk )e
×(QR I J K λδ̄lk
dsθ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι

ι  r
ι ι  
≤ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι e− 0 (γl (v)−λ)dv + e− s γl (v)dv R
ᾱlk + ᾱlk
I
+ ᾱlk
J
+ ᾱlk
K

0 k=1


r 
×(HkR + HkI + HkJ + HkK ) + R
ālk + ālk
I
+ ālk
J
+ ālk
K

k=1
r 
 
×(PkR + PkI + PkJ + PkK )eλδ̄lk + R
b̄lk + b̄lk
I
+ b̄lk
J
+ b̄lk
K

k=1

×(QR
k + Qk + Qk + Qk )e
I J K λδ̄lk
dsθ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι
ι
≤ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι e− 0 (γl (v)−λ)dv

1 − e(λ−γ l )ι
+ (Vl + Ol eλδ̄lk + Rl eλδ̄lk )θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι
γ̄l − λ
!  "
−λι 1 χl (λ−γ l )ι χl
≤ θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e − e +
θ γl −λ γl −λ
≤ θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι . (3.20)
In a same way, one can obtain
⎧ I −λι
⎨ ||vl (ι)|| < θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e ,
||v (ι)|| < θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι ,
J
(3.21)
⎩ lK
||vl (ι)|| < θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι .
By (3.20) and (3.21), one gets

||Vl (ι)|| < θ (||ψ||0 + ε)e−λι . (3.22)

JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.15 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 15

According to (3.18) and (3.22), then (3.17) is true. Let ε → 0+ in (3.17), one gets

||V (t)|| < θ (||ψ||0 )e−λt , t > 0. (3.23)

Thus we can conclude that the pseudo almost periodic solution of model (2.19) is globally exponentially stable. We
end the proof. 

Based on Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.2, one can obtain the following theorem:

Theorem 3.3. Suppose that (S1)-(S4) are fulfilled. Then model (1.1) has a unique pseudo almost periodic solution
which is globally exponentially stable.

Remark 3.1. In [22–36,52], the authors investigated pseudo-almost periodic solution, piecewise pseudo almost pe-
riodic solution, or weighted pseudo almost periodic solution of differential type neural networks, but they did not
involve the quaternion-valued neural networks. In [40–48], the authors studied the periodic solutions, stability, anti-
periodic solutions, synchronization control of quaternion-valued neural networks, but they did not involve the fuzzy
case and pseudo almost periodic solution. In this manuscript, we discuss the pseudo almost periodic solution of fuzzy
delayed quaternion-valued cellular neural networks. All the derived results in [22–36,40–48,52] can not be applicable
to model (1.1) to establish the existence and globally exponentially stability of pseudo almost periodic solution for
model (1.1). Based on this viewpoint, our results on the existence and globally exponentially stability of pseudo almost
periodic solution for model (1.1) are essentially new and complement earlier known publications to some degree.

Remark 3.2. Although there are some articles which study the pseudo almost periodic solutions for neural networks,
they do not deal with the fuzzy term case. Due to the existence of fuzzy term in quaternion-valued cellular neural
networks, the different analysis technique and inequality skill are applied to investigate the existence and globally
exponentially stability of pseudo almost periodic solution of the involved neural networks, which is different from the
previous publications.

4. Computer simulations

Considering the following quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural networks


r 
r
u̇l (t) = −γl (t)ul (t) + αlk (t)hk (uk (t)) + βlk (t)wk (t) + Il (t)
k=1 k=1

r 
r
+ alk (t)pk (uk (t − δlk (t))) + blk (t)qk (uk (t − δlk (t)))
k=1 k=1
r 
r
+ Tlk (t)wk (t) + Hlk (t)wk (t), (4.1)
k=1 k=1
where
1 1 I 1 1 K 
hl (ul ) = l + ul ) + i |ul + ul | + j cos ul + k
cos2 (uR J K J
|ul + 2| + |uKl |−2 ,
8 2 4 4# $
1 2 R 1 1 1 1 1
pl (ul ) = sin (ul + uJl ) + i |uIl + uK l | + j sin uJ
l + k |u K
l + | + |uK
l | − ,
8 4 4 8 2 2
1 1 J
ql (ul ) = tan uJl + i sin2 (uR
l + ul ) + j |ul | + k cos 10πul ,
I K
2 2
α11 = 0.3 sin 10πt + i0.4 sin 10πt + j 0.3 sin 10πt + k0.2 cos 10πt,
α12 = 0.1 cos 10πt + i0.3 sin 10πt + j 0.2 sin 10πt + k0.1 sin 10πt,
α21 = 0.2 sin 10πt + i0.1 cos 10πt + j 0.3 sin 10πt + k0.2 sin 10πt,
α22 = 0.3 cos 10πt + i0.2 sin 10πt + j 0.1 cos 10πt + k0.3 cos 10πt,
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.16 (1-23)
16 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

β11 = 0.2 cos 10πt + i0.5 sin 10πt + j 0.2 sin 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
β12 = 0.1 sin 10πt + i0.3 cos 10πt + j 0.2 sin 10πt + k0.2 cos 10πt,
β21 = 0.1 cos 10πt + i0.5 cos 10πt + j 0.2 sin 10πt + k0.2 sin 10πt,
β22 = 0.2 cos 10πt + i0.3 cos 10πt + j 0.1 sin 10πt + k0.2 cos 10πt,
a11 = 0.5 cos 10πt + i0.1 cos 10πt + j 0.3 sin 10πt + k0.4 cos 10πt,
a12 = 0.3 cos 10πt + i0.4 cos 10πt + j 0.1 sin 10πt + k0.3 cos 10πt,
a21 = 0.3 sin 10πt + i0.4 sin 10πt + j 0.1 sin 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
a22 = 0.2 cos 10πt + i0.4 sin 10πt + j 0.1 sin 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
b11 = 0.3 sin 10πt + i0.6 cos 10πt + j 0.1 sin 10πt + k0.2 cos 10πt,
b12 = 0.5 cos 10πt + i0.6 cos 10πt + j 0.2 cos 10πt + k0.2 cos 10πt,
b21 = 0.2 cos 10πt + i0.4 sin 10πt + j 0.2 cos 10πt + k0.2 sin 10πt,
b22 = 0.6 cos 10πt + i0.1 sin 10πt + j 0.7 cos 10πt + k0.2 cos 10πt,
T11 = 0.1 sin 10πt + i0.2 sin 10πt + j 0.7 cos 10πt + k0.2 cos 10πt,
T12 = 0.2 sin 10πt + i0.5 cos 10πt + j 0.7 cos 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
T21 = 0.2 sin 10πt + i0.4 cos 10πt + j 0.2 cos 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
T22 = 0.1 sin 10πt + i0.4 cos 10πt + j 0.3 sin 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
H11 = 0.2 sin 10πt + i0.4 cos 10πt + j 0.5 sin 10πt + k0.2 sin 10πt,
H12 = 0.2cos10πt + i0.1 sin 10πt + j 0.2 cos 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
H21 = 0.3 sin 10πt + i0.4 cos 10πt + j 0.3 sin 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
H22 = 0.4 sin 10πt + i0.2 sin 10πt + j 0.3 sin 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
W1 = 0.2 cos 10πt + i0.2 sin 10πt + j 0.3 cos 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
W2 = 0.4 sin 10πt + i0.2 cos 10πt + j 0.2 cos 10πt + k0.2 sin 10πt,
I1 = 0.2 sin 10πt + i0.5 sin 10πt + j 0.2 cos 10πt + k0.1 cos 10πt,
I2 = 0.4 sin 10πt + i0.2 cos 10πt + j 0.2 cos 10πt + k0.2 sin 10πt,
δ11 = 0.2| cos sin 10πt|,
δ12 = 0.2| cos sin 10πt|,
δ21 = 0.2| cos sin 10πt|,
δ22 = 0.2| cos sin 10πt|,
γ1 = 5 + cos sin 10πt,
γ2 = 4 + cos sin 10πt.
Then
R
ᾱ11 = 0.3, ᾱ11
I
= 0.4, ᾱ11
J
= 0.3, ᾱ11
K
= 0.2,
R
ᾱ12 = 0.1, ᾱ12
I
= 0.3, ᾱ12
J
= 0.2, ᾱ12
K
= 0.1,
R
ᾱ21 = 0.2, ᾱ21
I
= 0.1, ᾱ21
J
= 0.3, ᾱ21
K
= 0.2,
R
ᾱ22 = 0.3, ᾱ22
I
= 0.2, ᾱ22
J
= 0.1, ᾱ22
K
= 0.3,
R
β̄11 = 0.2, β̄11
I
= 0.5, β̄11
J
= 0.2, β̄11
K
= 0.1,
R
β̄12 = 0.1, β̄12
I
= 0.3, β̄12
J
= 0.2, β̄12
K
= 0.2,
R
β̄21 = 0.1, β̄21
I
= 0.5, β̄21
J
= 0.2, β̄21
K
= 0.2,
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.17 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 17

R
β̄22 = 0.2, β̄22
I
= 0.3, β̄22
J
= 0.1, β̄22
K
= 0.2,
R
ā11 = 0.5, ā11
I
= 0.1, ā11
J
= 0.3, ā11
K
= 0.4,
R
ā12 = 0.3, ā12
I
= 0.4, ā12
J
= 0.1, ā12
K
= 0.3,
R
ā21 = 0.3, ā21
I
= 0.4, ā21
J
= 0.1, ā21
K
= 0.1,
R
ā22 = 0.2, ā22
I
= 0.4, ā22
J
= 0.1, ā22
K
= 0.1,
R
b̄11 = 0.3, b̄11
I
= 0.6, b̄11
J
= 0.1, b̄11
K
= 0.2,
R
b̄12 = 0.5, b̄12
I
= 0.6, b̄12
J
= 0.2, b̄12
K
= 0.2,
R
b̄21 = 0.2, b̄21
I
= 0.4, b̄21
J
= 0.2, b̄21
K
= 0.2,
R
b̄22 = 0.6, b̄22
I
= 0.1, b̄22
J
= 0.7, b̄22
K
= 0.2,
T̄11
R
= 0.1, T̄11
I
= 0.2, T̄11
J
= 0.7, T̄11
K
= 0.2,
T̄12
R
= 0.2, T̄12
I
= 0.5, T̄12
J
= 0.7, T̄12
K
= 0.1,
T̄21
R
= 0.2, T̄21
I
= 0.4, T̄21
J
= 0.2, T̄21
K
= 0.1,
T̄22
R
= 0.1, T̄22
I
= 0.4, T̄22
J
= 0.3, T̄22
K
= 0.1,
H̄11
R
= 0.2, H̄11
I
= 0.4, H̄11
J
= 0.5, H̄11
K
= 0.2,
H̄12
R
= 0.2, H̄12
I
= 0.1, H̄12
J
= 0.2, H̄12
K
= 0.1,
H̄21
R
= 0.3, H̄21
I
= 0.4, H̄21
J
= 0.3, H̄21
K
= 0.1,
H̄22
R
= 0.4, H̄22
I
= 0.2, H̄22
J
= 0.3, H̄22
K
= 0.1,
w̄1R = 0.2, w̄1I = 0.2, w̄1J = 0.3, w̄1K = 0.1,
w̄2R = 0.4, w̄2I = 0.2, w̄2J = 0.2, w̄2K = 0.2,
Ī1R = 0.2, Ī1I = 0.5, Ī1J = 0.2, Ī1K = 0.1,
Ī2R = 0.4, Ī2I = 0.2, Ī2J = 0.2, Ī2K = 0.2,
δ̄11 = δ̄12 = δ̄21 = δ̄22 = 0.2, γ 1 = 5, γ 2 = 4,
1 1 1 1
HlR = , HlI = , HlJ = , HlK = ,
4 2 4 2
1 1 1 1
PlR = , PlI = , PlJ = , PlK = ,
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
QRl = , Ql = , Ql = , Ql = .
I J K
2 2 2 4
Let η = 3, then one has
    
1 j V l + O l + Rl
max max (Vl η + Ol η + Rl η + Il ) ≈ 2.013 ≤ 3 = η, max = 0.7795 = ϑ < 1.
l=1,2 j ∈{R,I,J,K} γ l=1,2 γl
l

Thus all the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1, Theorem 3.2 and Theorem 3.3 are fulfilled, thus we know that system (4.1)
has a unique pseudo almost periodic solution which is globally exponentially stable. The following Figs. 1-8 have
revealed this fact.

5. Conclusions

The pseudo almost periodic solution is an important peculiarity of neural networks. Over the past few decades, a lot
of scholars pay much attention to this aspect. In this article, we mainly focus on the existence and global exponentially
stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions for quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural networks with delays. By
applying some inequality techniques, fixed point theory and exponential dichotomy of linear system, we established
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.18 (1-23)
18 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

Fig. 1. Numerical results of model (4.1): t -uR

1.

Fig. 2. Numerical results of model (4.1): t -uI1 .

Fig. 3. Numerical results of model (4.1): t -uJ1 .

JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.19 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 19

Fig. 4. Numerical results of model (4.1): t -uK

1 .

Fig. 5. Numerical results of model (4.1): t -uR

2.

Fig. 6. Numerical results of model (4.1): t -uI2 .

JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.20 (1-23)
20 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

Fig. 7. Numerical results of model (4.1): t -uJ2 .

Fig. 8. Numerical results of model (4.1): t -uK

2 .

a set of new sufficient criteria to ensure the existence and global exponentially stability of pseudo almost periodic
solutions of involved network models. Up to now, there are very rare studies that deal with this topic for quaternion-
valued fuzzy cellular neural networks with delays. The obtained main findings can provide convenience for human to
optimize neural networks. The analysis method of this manuscript on pseudo almost periodic solutions of quaternion-
valued fuzzy cellular neural networks with delays enriches and develops the pseudo almost periodic solution theory of
quaternion-valued fuzzy neural networks. Also, the theoretical findings of this manuscript complement some previous
studies to some extent. The obtained results can be applied in designing and optimizing neural networks, disease
diagnosis in medicine, intelligent control, image processing and so on [59]. In addition, we argue that the pseudo
almost periodic solution of quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural networks with leakage delays are a meaningful
theme. However few researchers study the pseudo almost periodic solution of quaternion-valued fuzzy cellular neural
networks with leakage delays. We will deal with this topic in the near future.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.21 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 21

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61673008) and Project of High-
level Innovative Talents of Guizhou Province ([2016]5651) and Major Research Project of The Innovation Group
of The Education Department of Guizhou Province ([2017]039), Innovative Exploration Project of Guizhou Univer-
sity of Finance and Economics ([2017]5736-015), Project of Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province with Financial
and Physical Features ([2017]004), Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling and Analysis in
Engineering (Changsha University of Science & Technology) (2018MMAEZD21), University Science and Technol-
ogy Top Talents Project of Guizhou Province (KY[2018]047), Foundation of Science and Technology of Guizhou
Province ([2019]1051), Guizhou University of Finance and Economics (2018XZD01). The authors would like to
thank the referees and the editor for helpful suggestions incorporated into this paper.

References

[1] Y. Tang, Exponential stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions for fuzzy cellular neural networks with time-varying delays, Neural Process.
Lett. 49 (2) (2019) 851–861.
[2] J.X. Liang, H. Qian, B.W. Liu, Pseudo almost periodic solutions for fuzzy cellular neural networks with multi-proportional delays, Neural
Process. Lett. 48 (2) (2018) 1201–1212.
[3] L. Duan, H. Wei, L.H. Huang, Finite-time synchronization of delayed fuzzy cellular neural networks with discontinuous activations, Fuzzy
Sets Syst. 361 (2019) 56–70.
[4] P. Mani, R. Rajan, L. Shanmugam, Y.H. Joo, Adaptive control for fractional order induced chaotic fuzzy cellular neural networks and its
application to image encryption, Inf. Sci. 491 (2019) 74–89.
[5] K. Ratnavelu, M. Kalpana, P. Balasubramaniam, K. Wong, P. Raveendran, Image encryption method based on chaotic fuzzy cellular neural
networks, Signal Process. 140 (2017) 87–96.
[6] W.T. Wang, Finite-time synchronization for a class of fuzzy cellular neural networks with time-varying coefficients and proportional delays,
Fuzzy Sets Syst. 338 (2018) 40–49.
[7] K. Ratnavelu, M. Manikandan, P. Balasubramaniam, Design of state estimator for BAM fuzzy cellular neural networks with leakage and
unbounded distributed delays, Inf. Sci. 397–398 (2017) 91–109.
[8] S. Tyagi, S.C. Martha, Finite-time stability for a class of fractional-order fuzzy neural networks with proportional delay, Fuzzy Sets Syst. 381
(2020) 68–77.
[9] R. Rakkiyappan, N. Sakthivel, Ju H. Park, O.M. Kwon, Sampled-data state estimation for Markovian jumping fuzzy cellular neural networks
with mode-dependent probabilistic time-varying delays, Appl. Math. Comput. 221 (2013) 741–769.
[10] P. Balasubramaniam, M. Syed Ali, Robust stability of uncertain fuzzy cellular neural networks with time-varying delays and reaction diffusion
terms, Neurocomputing 74 (1–3) (2010) 439–446.
[11] P. Balasubramaniam, M. Syed Ali, S. Arik, Global asymptotic stability of stochastic fuzzy cellular neural networks with multiple time-varying
delays, Expert Syst. Appl. 37 (12) (2010) 7737–7744.
[12] W.G. Yang, W.W. Yu, J.D. Cao, F.E. Alsaadi, T. Hayat, Global exponential stability and lag synchronization for delayed memristive fuzzy
Cohen-Grossberg BAM neural networks with impulses, Neural Netw. 98 (2018) 122–153.
[13] Z.Y. Guo, S.Q. Gong, S.F. Yang, T.W. Huang, Global exponential synchronization of multiple coupled inertial memristive neural networks
with time-varying delay via nonlinear coupling, Neural Netw. 108 (2018) 260–271.
[14] R.W. Jia, Finite-time stability of a class of fuzzy cellular neural networks with multi-proportional delays, Fuzzy Sets Syst. 319 (2017) 70–80.
[15] A.L. Wu, Z.G. Zeng, Exponential passivity of memristive neural networks with time delays, Neural Netw. 49 (2014) 11–18.
[16] P. Balasubramaniam, M. Kalpana, R. Rakkiyappan, Existence and global asymptotic stability of fuzzy cellular neural networks with time
delay in the leakage term and unbounded distributed delays, Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 30 (6) (2011) 1595–1616.
[17] M. Syed Ali, N. Gunasekaran, Q.X. Zhu, State estimation of T-S fuzzy delayed neural networks with Markovian jumping parameters using
sampled-data control, Fuzzy Sets Syst. 306 (2017) 87–104.
[18] W.J. Xie, Q.X. Zhu, Mean square exponential stability of stochastic fuzzy delayed Cohen-Grossberg neural networks with expectations in the
coefficients, Neurocomputing 166 (2015) 133–139.
[19] Q.X. Zhu, X.D. Li, Exponential and almost sure exponential stability of stochastic fuzzy delayed Cohen-Grossberg neural networks, Fuzzy
Sets Syst. 203 (2012) 74–94.
[20] Y.K. Li, L. Yang, Almost automorphic solution for neutral type high-order Hopfield neural networks with delays in leakage terms on time
scales, Appl. Math. Comput. 242 (2014) 679–693.
[21] Y.K. Li, C. Wang, Existence and global exponential stability of equilibrium for discrete-time fuzzy BAM neural networks with variable delays
and impulses, Fuzzy Sets Syst. 217 (2013) 62–79.
[22] C. Aouiti, E.A. Assali, I.B. Gharbia, Y.E. Foutayeni, Existence and exponential stability of piecewise pseudo almost periodic solution of
neutral-type inertial neural networks with mixed delay and impulsive perturbations, Neurocomputing 357 (2019) 292–309.
[23] M. Amdouni, F. Chérif, The pseudo almost periodic solutions of the new class of Lotka-Volterra recurrent neural networks with mixed delays,
Chaos Solitons Fractals 113 (2018) 79–88.
[24] C. Aouiti, I.B. Gharbia, J.D. Cao, M.S. M’hamdi, A. Alsaedi, Existence and global exponential stability of pseudo almost periodic solution
for neutral delay BAM neural networks with time-varying delay in leakage terms, Chaos Solitons Fractals 107 (2018) 111–127.
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.22 (1-23)
22 C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–•••

[25] C. Wang, Piecewise pseudo-almost periodic solution for impulsive non-autonomous high-order Hopfield neural networks with variable delays,
Neurocomputing 171 (2016) 1291–1301.
[26] B.W. Liu, Pseudo almost periodic solutions for neutral type CNNs with continuously distributed leakage delays, Neurocomputing 148 (2015)
445–454.
[27] L. Duan, Existence and global exponential stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions of a general delayed BAM neural networks, J. Syst.
Sci. Complex. 31 (3) (2018) 608–620.
[28] Y.L. Xu, Exponential stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions for neutral type cellular neural networks with D operator, Neural Process.
Lett. 46 (1) (2017) 329–342.
[29] Y.H. Yu, Exponential stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions for cellular neural networks with multi-proportional delays, Neural Process.
Lett. 45 (1) (2017) 141–151.
[30] F.C. Kong, X.W. Fang, Pseudo almost periodic solutions of discrete-time neutral-type neural networks with delays, Appl. Intell. 48 (10) (2018)
3332–3345.
[31] C.J. Xu, P.L. Li, Pseudo almost periodic solutions for high-order Hopfield neural networks with time-varying leakage delays, Neural Process.
Lett. 46 (1) (2017) 41–58.
[32] Y.K. Li, X.F. Meng, L.L. Xiong, Pseudo almost periodic solutions for neutral type high-order Hopfield neural networks with mixed time-
varying delays and leakage delays on time scales, Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybern. 8 (6) (2017) 1915–1927.
[33] F.C. Kong, Z.G. Luo, X.P. Wang, Piecewise pseudo almost periodic solutions of generalized neutral-type neural networks with impulses and
delays, Neural Process. Lett. 48 (3) (2018) 1611–1631.
[34] Z.B. Chen, A.P. Zhang, Weighted pseudo almost periodic shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks with multi-proportional delays, Neural
Process. Lett. 50 (2) (2019) 1831–1843.
[35] A. Arbi, J.D. Cao, Pseudo-almost periodic solution on time-space scales for a novel class of competitive neutral-type neural networks with
mixed time-varying delays and leakage delays, Neural Process. Lett. 46 (2) (2017) 719–745.
[36] X.X. Yu, Q.R. Wang, Weighted pseudo-almost periodic solutions for shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks on time scales, Bull. Malays.
Math. Sci. Soc. 42 (5) (2019) 2055–2074.
[37] C.J. Xu, Q.M. Zhang, On anti-periodic solutions for Cohen-Grossberg shunting inhibitory neural networks with time-varying delays and
impulses, Neural Comput. 26 (10) (2014) 2328–2349.
[38] C.J. Xu, P.L. Li, Y.C. Pang, Exponential stability of almost periodic solutions for memristor-based neural networks with distributed leakage
delays, Neural Comput. 28 (12) (2016) 2726–2756.
[39] C.J. Xu, X.H. Tang, M.X. Liao, Frequency domain analysis for bifurcation in a simplified tri-neuron BAM network model with two delays,
Neural Netw. 23 (7) (2010) 872–880.
[40] L.S. Saoud, R. Ghorbani, F. Rahmoune, Cognitive quaternion valued neural network and some applications, Neurocomputing 221 (2017)
85–93.
[41] R.X. Li, X.B. Gao, J.D. Cao, Quasi-state estimation and quasi-synchronization control of quaternion-valued fractional-order fuzzy memristive
neural networks: vector ordering approach, Appl. Math. Comput. 362 (2019) 124572.
[42] Y.K. Li, J.L. Qin, Existence and global exponential stability of periodic solutions for quaternion-valued cellular neural networks with time-
varying delays, Neurocomputing 292 (2018) 91–103.
[43] S.M. Abedi Pahnehkolaei, A. Alfi, J.A. Tenreiro Machado, Delay-dependent stability analysis of the QUAD vector field fractional order
quaternion-valued memristive uncertain neutral type leaky integrator echo state neural networks, Neural Netw. 117 (2019) 307–327.
[44] J.W. Zhu, J.T. Sun, Stability of quaternion-valued neural networks with mixed delays, Neural Process. Lett. 49 (2) (2019) 819–833.
[45] Y.K. Li, Y.C. Fang, J.L. Qin, Anti-periodic synchronization of quaternion-valued generalized cellular neural networks with time-varying delays
and impulsive effects, Int. J. Control. Autom. Syst. 17 (5) (2019) 1191–1208.
[46] Y. Liu, D.D. Zhang, J.Q. Lu, Global exponential stability for quaternion-valued recurrent neural networks with time-varying delays, Nonlinear
Dyn. 87 (1) (2017) 553–565.
[47] Y.K. Li, J.L. Qin, B. Li, Anti-periodic solutions for quaternion-valued high-order Hopfield neural networks with time-varying delays, Neural
Process. Lett. 49 (3) (2019) 1217–1237.
[48] R.Y. Wei, J.D. Cao, Synchronization control of quaternion-valued memristive neural networks with and without event-triggered scheme, Cogn.
Neurodyn. 13 (5) (2019) 489–502.
[49] A.M. Fink, Almost Periodic Differential Equations, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 377, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1974.
[50] C. Zhang, Almost Periodic Type Functions and Ergodicity, Science Press, Beijing, China, 2003.
[51] X.F. Meng, Y.K. Li, Pseudo almost periodic solutions for quaternion-valued cellular neural networks with discrete and distributed delays, J.
Inequal. Appl. 245 (2018), 17 pp.
[52] C.J. Xu, Q.M. Zhang, Existence and stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions for shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks with neutral
type delays and time-varying leakage delays, Netw. Comput. Neural Syst. 25 (4) (2014) 168–192.
[53] X.F. Chen, Q.K. Song, State estimation for quaternion-valued neural networks with multiple time delays, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern.
Syst. 49 (11) (2019) 2278–2287.
[54] X.F. Chen, Q.K. Song, Z.S. Li, Design and analysis of quaternion-valued neural networks for associative memories, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man
Cybern. Syst. 48 (2018) 2305–2314.
[55] K.B. Shi, J. Wang, Y.Y. Tang, S.M. Zhong, Reliable asynchronous sampled-data filtering of T-S fuzzy uncertain delayed neural networks with
stochastic switched topologies, Fuzzy Sets Syst. 381 (2020) 1–25.
[56] K.B. Shi, J. Wang, S.M. Zhong, Y.Y. Tang, J. Cheng, Hybrid-driven finite-time H∞ sampling synchronization control for coupling memory
complex networks with stochastic cyber attacks, Neurocomputing (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.01.022, in press.
[57] C.X. Huang, S.G. Wen, L.H. Huang, Dynamics of anti-periodic solutions on shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks with multi-
proportional delays, Neurocomputing 357 (2019) 47–52.
JID:FSS AID:7831 /FLA [m3SC+; v1.328; Prn:25/03/2020; 15:44] P.23 (1-23)
C. Xu et al. / Fuzzy Sets and Systems ••• (••••) •••–••• 23

[58] C.X. Huang, R.L. Su, J.D. Cao, S.L. Xiao, Asymptotically stable high-order neutral cellular neural networks with proportional delays and D
operators, Math. Comput. Simul. 171 (2020) 127–135.
[59] A. Elham, S. Seyed Kamaledin, S. Ali, M. Mohammad Reza, T. Mohammad, Modeling the connections of brain regions in children with
autism using cellular neural networks and electroencephalography analysis, Artif. Intell. Med. 89 (2018) 40–50.
[60] C.X. Huang, J. Cao, J.D. Cao, Stability analysis of switched cellular neural networks: a mode-dependent average dwell time approach, Neural
Netw. 82 (2016) 84–99.
[61] Z.W. Cai, L.H. Huang, Z.Y. Wang, Mono/multi-periodicity generated by impulses control in time-delayed memristor-based neural networks,
Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 36 (2020) 100861.
[62] Q.X. Zhu, C.X. Huang, X.S. Yang, Exponential stability for stochastic jumping BAM neural networks with time-varying and distributed
delays, Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 5 (1) (2011) 52–77.
[63] X.S. Yang, Q.X. Zhu, C.X. Huang, Generalized lag-synchronization of chaotic mix-delayed systems with uncertain parameters and unknown
perturbations, Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 12 (1) (2011) 93–105.
[64] Z.Y. Wang, L.H. Huang, Y. Zuo, L.L. Zhang, Global robust stability of time-delay systems with discontinuous activation functions under
polytopic parameter uncertainties, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 47 (1) (2010) 89–102.
[65] C.X. Huang, H. Zhang, L.H. Huang, Almost periodicity analysis for a delayed Nicholson’s blowflies model with nonlinear density-dependent
mortality term, Commun. Pure Appl. Anal. 18 (6) (2019) 3337–3349.
[66] C.X. Huang, Z.C. Yang, T.S. Yi, X.F. Zou, On the basins of attraction for a class of delay differential equations with non-monotone bistable
nonlinearities, J. Differ. Equ. 256 (7) (2014) 2101–2114.